IJamani yahlulwe yangamanqanaba amathathu: umanyano, ilizwe, kunye nommandla, kunye namazwe ali-16 kunye nemimandla eyi-14,808. Amagama ala mazwe ali-16 ngala: Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia ILun, iRhineland-Palatinate, iSaarland, iSaxony, iSaxony-Anhalt, iSchleswig-Holstein kunye neThuringia. Phakathi kwabo, iBerlin, iBremen kunye neHamburg zizixeko kunye namazwe.

Abantu baseJamani bahlala eJamani namhlanje. Iintlanga zenziwa ngokuthe ngcembe kwi-2-3 yenkulungwane ye-AD. Umbuso wobukhosi baseJamani wasekwa ngenkulungwane ye-10. Ukusahlula ukwahlula phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-13th. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-18, i-Austria ne-Prussia zaphakama zayila i-Confederation yase-Jamani ngokweNkomfa yase-Vienna e-1815, kwaye ubukhosi obumanyeneyo base-Germany basekwa ngo-1871. Ubukhosi baxhokonxa iMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala ngo-1914, kwaye bawa ngo-1918 bakuba boyisiwe. NgoFebruwari 1919, iJamani yasungula iRiphabhlikhi yeWeimar. UHitler waqalisa ukulawula ngo-1933 ephumeza ulawulo lobuzwilakhe. IJamani yaqalisa iMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi ngo-1939, yaza iJamani yanikezela ngoMeyi 8, 1945.

Emva kwemfazwe, ngokwesiVumelwano saseYalta kunye nesiVumelwano sasePotsdam, iJamani yayihluthwe yi-United States, i-Bhritane, i-France kunye ne-Soviet Union, kwaye la mazwe mane aseka iKomiti yoLawulo oluManyeneyo ukuze ithathe elona gunya liphezulu lase-Jamani. Isixeko saseBerlin sikwahlulelwe kwimimandla emi-4. NgoJuni 1948, imimandla eyayihluthwe eUnited States, eBritani naseFransi yadibana. Ngomhla we-23 kuCanzibe kunyaka olandelayo, indawo edityanisiweyo yaseNtshona esekwe iFederal Republic yaseJamani. Nge-Okthobha ye-7 kwakuloo nyaka, i-Democratic Republic yaseJamani yasekwa kwindawo ekuhlalwa kuyo yiSoviet empuma. Ukusukela ngoko, iJamani yahlulwa ngokusemthethweni yaba ngamazwe amabini azimeleyo. Ngo-Okthobha u-3, 1990, i-GDR yajoyina ngokusemthethweni iFederal Republic yaseJamani. Umgaqo-siseko, iQela laBantu, kunye noRhulumente we-GDR bacinywa ngokuzenzekelayo.Izithili zokuqala ezili-14 zatshintshwa zenziwa izithili ezi-5 ukuze zikwazi ukumelana neFederal Germany.Zadityaniswa kwiFederal Republic yaseJamani, zaza ezo Germany zimbini ezahlulwa ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-40 zahlanganiswa.

Iflegi yesizwe: uxande oxwesileyo kunye nomyinge wobude kububanzi be-5: 3. Ukusuka phezulu kuye ezantsi, yenziwa ngokudibanisa oonxantathu abathathu abalinganayo nabalinganayo abamnyama, bomvu, natyheli. Kukho imibono eyahlukeneyo ngemvelaphi yeflegi ye-tricolor.Ingalandelwa emva kubukhosi baseRoma bamandulo kwinkulungwane yokuqala ye-AD.Kwathi emva koko kwi-Peasant War yaseJamani ngenkulungwane ye-16 kunye ne-German bourgeois democracy kwi-17th century, iflegi ye-tricolor emele iriphabliki nayo yayindiza kwilizwe laseJamani. . Emva kokuwa koBukhosi baseJamani ngo-1918, iRiphabhlikhi yaseWeimar nayo yamkela iflegi emnyama, ebomvu, nephuzi njengeflegi yelizwe. Nge-Septemba ka-1949, iRiphabhlikhi yase-Jamani yaseJamani yasekwa kwaye yamkela iflegi ye-tricolor yeRiphabhlikhi ye-Weimar; I-Democratic Republic yase-Germany yasekwa ngo-Okthobha kwakuloo nyaka nayo yamkela iflegi ye-tricolor, kodwa uphawu lwesizwe kubandakanya isando, igeji, indlebe yengqolowa, njl njl. Yongezwa embindini weflegi. Ipatheni yokubonisa umahluko. Nge-3 ka-Okthobha ka-1990, iJamani emanyanisiweyo yayisayisebenzisa iflegi yeFederal Republic yaseJamani.

IJamani inabantu abangama-82.31 yezigidi (ngoDisemba 31, 2006). Ngokukodwa amaJamani, nenani elincinci lamaDanes, amaSorbian, amaFrisian kunye namaGypsies. Kukho i-7.289 yezigidi zamanye amazwe, ezenza i-8.8% yabemi bebonke. Jikelele weJamani. Bamalunga nama-53 ezigidi abantu abakholelwa ebuKristwini, abazizigidi ezingama-26 abakholelwa kubuRoma Katolika, abazizigidi ezingama-26 abakholelwa kubuKrestu bamaProtestanti, abangama-900 000 abakholelwa kwiCawa yobuOthodoki yaseMpuma.

IJamani lilizwe elinemveliso ephucukileyo.Ngonyaka ka-2006, imveliso yelizwe iyonke yayiyi-US $ 2,858.234 yezigidigidi, enexabiso lomntu ngamnye nge-US $ 34679. Amandla ayo oqoqosho aqala kuqala eYurophu, kwaye alandela e-United States nase-Japan kwihlabathi liphela. Amagunya amathathu aphambili ezoqoqosho. IJamani ngumthumeli wempahla enkulu kumazwe angaphandle, Isiqingatha seemveliso zayo sithengiswa phesheya, kwaye ixabiso laso lokuthumela kwelinye ilizwe ngoku likwindawo yesibini kwihlabathi. Amaqabane aphambili kwezorhwebo ngamazwe aseNtshona. IJamani ihlwempuzekile kwimithombo yobutyebi yendalo.Ukongeza koovimba abatyebileyo bamalahle aqinileyo, i-lignite kunye netyuwa, ixhomekeke kakhulu ekungenisweni elizweni ngokubhekisele kunikezelo lwempahla eluhlaza kunye namandla, kwaye isibini kwisithathu samandla ombane asisiseko kufuneka angeniswe elizweni. Umzi mveliso waseJamani ulawulwa yimizi-mveliso enzima, iimoto, ukuveliswa koomatshini, iikhemikhali, kunye nokubala okungaphezulu kwe-40% yexabiso elipheleleyo lemveliso. Izixhobo zokucwangcisa, i-optics, kunye ne-aviation kunye ne-aerospace shishini nazo ziphuculwe kakhulu. Ezokhenketho nezothutho ziphuculwe kakuhle. IJamani lilizwe elikhulu elivelisa ibhiya, imveliso yalo yebhiya iphakathi kweyona ndawo iphambili kwihlabathi, kwaye iOktoberfest idume kwihlabathi liphela. I-Euro (i-EURO) okwangoku yithenda esemthethweni yaseJamani.

IJamani yenze impumelelo ebalaseleyo kwinkcubeko nakwezobugcisa.Amanani adumileyo afana noGoethe, Beethoven, Hegel, Marx no-Engels bavele kwimbali. Zininzi iindawo ezinomdla eJamani, abamele zezi: Isango laseBrandenburg, iCologne Cathedral, njl.

Isango laseBrandenburg (Isango laseBrandenburg) likwinqanaba lesitalato iLinden kunye neJuni 17th Street embindini weBerlin.Yindawo enomtsalane yabakhenkethi edolophini yaseBerlin kwaye iluphawu lomanyano lwaseJamani. I-Sans Souci Palace (I-Sans Souci Palace) imi kwiidolophu ezisemantla ePotsdam, ikomkhulu laseBrandenburg kwimpuma yeFederal Republic yaseJamani. Igama lebhotwe lithathwe kwintsingiselo yentsusa "yokungakhathali" ngesiFrentshi.

I-Sanssouci Palace kunye neegadi ezikufutshane zakhiwa ngexesha lika-King Frederick II wase-Prussia (1745-1757), elandela isitayile sokwakha seNdlu yaseVersailles eFrance. Isitiya siphela sigubungela ummandla weehektare ezingama-290 kwaye simi kwinduli yentlabathi, ke sikwaziwa njenge "bhotwe kwinduli yentlabathi". Yonke imisebenzi yokwakha yeNdlu yaseSanssouci yathatha malunga neminyaka engama-50, eli libindi lobugcisa bokwakha baseJamani.

ICologne Cathedral yeyona cawe igqibeleleyo yeGothic emhlabeni, ebekwe kwiRhine River embindini weCologne, eJamani. Ubude bempuma-ntshona yi-144.55 yeemitha, ububanzi basentla-mzantsi yi-86.25 yeemitha, iholo i-43.35 yeemitha ukuphakama, kwaye intsika ephezulu ziimitha ezili-109 ukuphakama.Phakathi zizipili ezimbini eziphindwe kabini ezidityaniswe eludongeni lomnyango.Iipili ezimbini zeemitha ezili-157.38 zifana neenkemba ezimbini ezibukhali. Ngqo esibhakabhakeni. Isakhiwo siphela senziwe ngamatye acoliweyo, agubungela ummandla we-8,000 yeemitha zesikwere, kunye nendawo yokwakha emalunga ne-6,000 yeemitha zesikwere. Kukho izinto ezincinci ezingenakubalwa ezijikeleze i-cathedral.I-cathedral yonke imnyama, ekhangeleka kakhulu kuzo zonke izakhiwo esixekweni.

IBerlin: IBerlin, njengekomkhulu emva kokudityaniswa kwakhona kweJamani ngo-Okthobha u-1990, intsha kwaye indala. Ime embindini weYurophu kwaye yindawo yokudibana eMpuma naseNtshona. Isixeko sigubungela ummandla weekhilomitha ezingama-883, apho iipaki, amahlathi, amachibi kunye nemilambo zibalelwa malunga nekota yommandla wesixeko sonke isixeko singqongwe ngamahlathi namathafa engca, njengesiqithi esikhulu esiluhlaza. Abemi bamalunga nezigidi ezi-3.39. IBerlin yidolophu enkulu eyaziwayo yamandulo yaseYurophu kwaye yasekwa ngo-1237. Emva kweBismarck yaseJamani emanyeneyo ngo-1871, kwagqitywa ngeDublin. Ngo-Oktobha 3, 1990, la mazwe mabini aseJamani amanyana, yaza iMpuma neNtshona Berlin zaphinda zadityaniswa zaba sisixeko esinye.

IBerlin ngumtsalane wabakhenkethi odumileyo eYurophu, apho kukho izakhiwo ezininzi zakudala nezangoku. Ubugcisa bokwakha kunye nobakudala bayancedisana kwaye bayancedisana, bebonisa iimpawu zobugcisa bokwakha baseJamani. Iholo leenkomfa eligqitywe ngo-1957 ngomnye wemisebenzi yokwakha yobugcisa bale mihla.Kumantla ayo, i-Empire State Capitol ibuyiselwe inxenye. I-Symphony Hall eyakhiwe ngo-1963 kunye neGalari yeSizwe yobuGcisa bemihla ngemihla eyilwe ngumzobi odumileyo uLudwig inoveli ngesitayile. Kuwo omabini amacala amadala e-Kaiser Wilhelm I Memorial Hall, kukho icawe enamacala amathandathu kunye nentsimbi ende. Kukho isakhiwo esinemigangatho engama-20 saseYurophu esinezakhiwo zentsimbi kunye neglasi kufutshane. "Isitalato esiphantsi komthi weBodhi" esinekhilomitha ezili-1.6 ubude yibhoulevard eyaziwayo eYurophu. Yakhiwa nguFrederick II. Isitalato sineemitha ezingama-60 ububanzi kwaye sizaliswe yimithi macala omabini. Kwintshona yesitalato iSango laseBrandenburg elakhiwe ngohlobo lwesango lase-Acropolis kwiGrisi yamandulo.Isango elihle laseBrandenburg luphawu lweBerlin.Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezulu kwama-200 yomoya nemvula, ingabizwa njengengqina lembali yanamhlanje yaseJamani.

IBerlin yeyona festile yangaphandle inkulu yenkcubeko yaseJamani. IBerlin inezindlu ze-opera ezi-3, iithiyetha ezili-150 kunye nemidlalo yeqonga, iimyuziyam ezili-170, iigalari ezingama-300, iimovie ezingama-130 kunye neethiyetha zomoya ezivulekileyo ezingama-400. IBerlin Philharmonic Orchestra yaziwa kwihlabathi liphela. IYunivesithi yaseHumboldt eyimbali kunye neDyunivesithi yasimahla yaseBerlin ngamaziko aziwayo kwihlabathi liphela.

IBerlin ikwayindawo yokuhamba yamanye amazwe. Ukuvulwa kukaloliwe waseBerlin-Berstein ngo-1838 kwaphawula ukuqala kwexesha lesitimela laseYurophu.Ngowe-1881, itramu yokuqala yomhlaba yasetyenziswa eBerlin. I-Berlin Metro yakhiwa ngo-1897, kunye nobude obupheleleyo beekhilomitha ezingama-75 ngaphambi kwemfazwe, nezikhululo ezingama-92, ezenza ukuba ibe yenye yezona nkqubo zendlela zikaloliwe zigqibeleleyo eYurophu. IBerlin ngoku inezikhululo zeenqwelo moya ezintathu, izikhululo zikaloliwe ezi-3 zamanye amazwe, iikhilomitha ezingama-5170 zeendlela, kunye neekhilomitha ezingama-2,387 zothutho lukawonkewonke.

EMunich: Ifumaneka kumantla eAlps, iMunich sisixeko esihle sentaba esijikelezwe ziintaba nemilambo. Ikwaliziko lezenkcubeko elibalaseleyo eJamani. Njengesixeko sesithathu ngobukhulu eJamani esinabemi abazizigidi eziyi-1.25, iMunich ibisoloko igcina isimbo sayo sasezidolophini esinezakhiwo ezininzi zecawa nezinye izakhiwo zamandulo. IMunich sisixeko esidumileyo ngokwenkcubeko.Ngaphandle kokuba nelayibrari enkulu yesizwe, iithiyetha ezingama-43 kunye neyunivesithi enabafundi abangaphezulu kwama-80,000, zingaphezulu kwesine eMunich, kubandakanya iimyuziyam, imithombo yepaki, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye nebhiya. ezininzi.

Njengesixeko esinembali nenkcubeko, iMunich inezakhiwo ezininzi zeBaroque kunye neGothic. Bangabameli abaqhelekileyo bexesha lokuvuselelwa kweYurophu.Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyahlukeneyo igcwele esixekweni kwaye icacile.

I-Oktoberfest ngo-Okthobha minyaka le yeyona mthendeleko inkulu yabantu ehlabathini.Ngaphezu kwezigidi ezintlanu zeendwendwe ezivela kwihlabathi liphela ziya kuza apha ukubhiyozela lo mnyhadala uzukileyo. I-Oktoberfest eMunich yavela kuthotho lwemibhiyozo eyayibanjelwe e-1810 ukubhiyozela iinkulungwane phakathi kweNkosana yaseBavaria kunye neNkosazana uDairis yaseSaxony-Hildenhausen. Ngaphezulu kwekhulu leminyaka, rhoqo ngeyoMsintsi nango-Okthobha, bekukho "umoya wobhiya" kwizitrato zedolophu. Bekukho iindawo ezininzi zokutya ibhiya ezitratweni. Abantu babehleli kwizitulo ezinde ezenziwe ngamaplanga kwaye babambe iicagi ezinkulu zeekheram ezazinokubamba ilitha enye yebhiya. Sela kangangoko ufuna, isixeko siphela sigcwele yimincili, zizigidi zeelitha zebhiya, amakhulu amawaka amabhanana atshayelwe kude. "Isisu sebhiya" sabantu baseMunich sikwabonisa abantu ukuba bangasela kakuhle.

IFrankfurt ibekwe kunxweme loMlambo omkhulu.IFrankfurt liziko lezemali laseJamani, isixeko somboniso, isango lomoya kunye nehabhu yezothutho kwihlabathi. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izixeko zaseJamani, iFrankfurt inabantu abaninzi. Njengelinye lamaziko ezezimali emhlabeni, abakhi bezakhiwo ezikwisithili sebhanki iFrankfurt bafakwe emgceni, nto leyo edidisayo. Ngaphezulu kweebhanki ezingama-350 kunye namasebe akho kwizitrato zaseFrankfurt. "I-Deutsche Bank" ikumbindi weFrankfurt. Ibhanki esembindini yeRiphabhlikhi yaseJamani ifana nemithambo-luvo ephambili echaphazela uqoqosho lonke lwaseJamani. Ikomkhulu le-European Bank kunye neJamani Stock Exchange zibekwe eFrankfurt. Ngesi sizathu, isixeko saseFrankfurt sibizwa ngokuba yi "Manhattan kwi-Main".

IFrankfurt ayisiyiyo iziko lezemali kuphela emhlabeni, kodwa ikwisixeko esidumileyo somboniso esineminyaka engama-800 yembali. Malunga ne-15 lemiboniso emikhulu yamazwe aphesheya ibanjwa minyaka le, njenge-International Consumer Goods Fair ebanjwa entwasahlobo nasehlotyeni unyaka nonyaka;

Isikhululo senqwelomoya iRhein-Main saseFrankfurt sisikhululo senqwelomoya sesibini ngobukhulu eYurophu kunye nesango laseJamani kwihlabathi.Ihamba nabagibeli abazizigidi ezili-18 minyaka le. Iinqwelomoya ezisuka apha zibhabhela kwizixeko ezili-192 kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye kukho iindlela ezingama-260 ezidibanisa iFrankfurt ngokusondeleyo nehlabathi.

IFrankfurt ayisiyiyo kuphela indawo yezomnotho yaseJamani, kodwa ikwisixeko senkcubeko. Le yidolophu yaseGoethe, umbhali wehlabathi, kunye nendawo awayehlala kuyo kumbindi wesixeko. Kukho iimyuziyam ezili-17 kunye neendawo ezininzi ezinomdla eFrankfurt.Iintsalela zamaRoma amandulo, ipaki yemithi yesundu, iHeninger Tower, i-Eustinus Church, kunye neopera zakudala zonke kufanelekile ukuzibona.