Izwi reJapan rinoreva "nyika yekubuda kwezuva" .Japan iri kumahombekombe ekumadokero kwePacific Ocean uye inyika yakaita searc nyika ichibva kure kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kusvika kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero. Yakaparadzaniswa neEast China Sea, Gungwa reYero, iyo Korean Strait, uye Gungwa reJapan, rinotarisana neChina, North Korea, South Korea neRussia. Iyo nharaunda ine zvitsuwa zvina zvikuru zveHokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, uye Kyushu, uye zvinopfuura zvitanhatu zvitanhatu, saka Japan inozivikanwawo se "nyika yezviwi zviuru." Iyo nzvimbo yenzvimbo yeJapan ingangoita 377,800 mativi emakiromita. Japan iri munzvimbo ine hunyoro, ine mamiriro ekunze akapfava uye nemwaka mina yakasarudzika. Sakura iruva renyika reJapan.Chirimo chega chega, maruva echeri ari kuzara zvizere pakati pemakomo akasvibira uye nemvura yakasvibira. Kune makomo mazhinji muJapan, uye nzvimbo dzine makomo dzinotora chikamu chinosvika makumi manomwe kubva muzana yenzvimbo dzese.Makomo mazhinji makomo anoputika.Pakati pavo, gomo rine mukurumbira rinoita gomo reFuji riri pamusoro pegungwa mamita 3.776.Ndiro gomo rakakwirira kwazvo muJapan uye mucherechedzo weJapan. Kune kudengenyeka kwenyika kwakajairika muJapan, kune kudengenyeka kwepasi kunopfuura chiuru gore rega rega.Ndiyo nyika ine kudengenyeka kwepasi kwakanyanya pasi rose.10% yekudengenyeka kwenyika kunoitika muJapan nenzvimbo dzakatenderedza.

Misoro mikuru yeJapan, matunhu, matunhu, nematunhu zvakafanana nharaunda dzekutanga dzehutongi, zvakananga pasi pehurumende yepakati, asi guta rega rega, prefecture, prefecture, nedunhu zvine kuzvitonga. Nyika yakakamurwa kuita 1 metropolis (Tokyo: Tokyo), 1 dunhu (Hokkaido: Hokkaido), 2 matunhu (Osaka: Osaka, Kyoto: Kyoto) nematunhu makumi mana nematatu (mapurovhinzi) ane maguta, mataundi, nemisha. Mahofisi ayo anonzi "madhipatimendi", kureva kuti, "metropolitan hall", "dao hall", "prefectural hall", "county hall", uye mukuru mukuru anonzi "gavhuna". Guta rega rega, dunhu, prefecture, nedunhu zvine maguta akati wandei, mataundi (akaenzana nemataundi eChinese), nemisha. Mukuru mukuru anonzi "meya", "meya weguta", uye "sabhuku wemusha".

Matunhu makumi mana nematatu muJapan ndeaya: Aichi, Miyazaki, Akita, Nagano, Aomori, Nagasaki, Chiba, Nara, Fukui, Shinga, Fukuoka, Oita, Fukushima, Okayama, Gifu , Saga, Ehime, Okinawa, Gunma, Saitama, Hiroshima, Shiga, Hyogo, Shimane, Ibaraki, Shizuoka, Ishikawa, Saga, Iwate, Tokushima, Kagawa, Tottori, Kagoshima, Toyama , Kanagawa, Wakayama, Kochi, Yamagata, Kumamoto, Yamaguchi, Mie, Yamanashi, Miyagi.

Pakati pezana ramakore rechina, Japan yakatanga kuve nyika yakabatana inonzi Yamato. Muna 645 AD, iyo "Dahua Reformation" yakaitika, ichitevedzera Tang Dynasty mutemo system, ichimisikidza centralized state system pamwe namambo semhedzisiro monarch. Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi nemaviri, Japan yakapinda munyika yevarwi vechiuto uko kirasi yevaSamurai yaive ichitarisira simba chairo, iro raidaidzwa kuti "shogun era" munhoroondo. Pakati pezana ramakore rechi19, Britain, United States, Russia nedzimwe nyika dzakamanikidza Japan kuti isayine zvibvumirano zvakawanda zvakaenzana.Makakatanwa erudzi neagariro akawedzera.Tokugawa shogunate, iyo yakateedzera mutemo wekuzvivharira, yakazungunuswa.Masimba emuno Satsuma naChoshu vaine pfungwa dzekuvandudza hupfumi. Ivo vaviri vanonamata vakawira pasi pemashoko ekuti "remekedzai mambo uye murwisane nevatorwa" uye "kufumisa nyika nekusimbisa mauto." Muna 1868, "Meiji Kudzoreredza" yakaitwa, hunyanzvi hwekuparadzanisa shogunate system hwakabviswa, nyika yakabatana yakatangwa, uye hutongi hukuru hwamambo hwakadzorerwa.

Mushure mekudzoreredzwa kweMeiji, capitalism yeJapan yakatanga nekukurumidza uye ikatanga mugwagwa wehasha nekuwedzera. Muna 1894, Japan yakatanga Hondo yeSino-Japan ya1894-1895; yakamutsa Hondo yeRussia-Japan muna 1904; ndokupinda Korea muna 1910. MuHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, Japan yakatanga hondo yechisimba.Musi waAugust 15, 1945, Japan yakazivisa kuzvipira kwayo zvisina muganho ikava nyika yakakundwa. Mukutanga kwenguva yapashure pehondo, mauto eU.S. akaraira basa rakasiyana reJapan. Muna Chivabvu 1947, Japan yakadzika bumbiro idzva, ichichinja kubva pamhedzisiro yeumambo kuenda padare remakurukota ehurumende pamwe namambo sechiratidzo chenyika.Mambo ndiye "mucherechedzo" wevanhu veJapan nevaJapan.

Mureza wenyika: Zuva mureza, rectangular muchimiro, chiyero chehurefu kusvika paupamhi ndi3: 2. Mureza wakachena nezuva dzvuku pakati. Ichena inofananidzira kutendeka uye kuchena, uye tsvuku inomiririra kutendeka uye kushingairira. Izwi rekuti Japan rinoreva "nyika yekubuda kwezuva." Zvinonzi Japan rakagadzirwa namwari wezuva, mambo aive mwanakomana wamwari wezuva, uye mureza wezuva wakabva pane izvi.

Huwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu veJapan hunosvika mamirioni 127.74 (kubva muna Kukadzi 2006). Dzinza rakakura ndiYamato, uye kune makumi maviri nemana makumi maviri eAinu muHokkaido. ChiJapanese chinotaurwa, uye vashoma vanhu muHokkaido vanogona kutaura Ainu. Zvitendero zvikuru chiShinto uye chiBuddha, uye huwandu hwevanhu vanonamata vanosvika 49.6% uye 44.8% yevanamati zvakateerana. .

Japan inyika ine hupfumi hwakanyanya, uye chigadzirwa chayo chakaipisisa chiri chechipiri chete kuUnited States, chinzvimbo chechipiri pasirese. Muna 2006, GDP yeJapan yaive zviuru mazana mana nezviuru mazana mapfumbamwe negumi nematanhatu nemakumi matatu nematanhatu emadhora ekuAmerica, ingangoita kaviri iyo yenzvimbo yechitatu kuGerman, paine avhareji yemadhora eUS $ 38,533 pamunhu. Indasitiri yeJapan yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya uye ndiyo mbiru huru yehupfumi hwenyika. Iyo yakazara maindasitiri anoburitsa kukosha anosvika 40% yezvakakomba zvigadzirwa zvemumba. Inonyanya kuve yakamisikidzwa muPacific mhenderekedzo. Keihama, Hanshin, Chukyo neKitakyushu ndiwo mana echinyakare maindasitiri nzvimbo. Nzvimbo nyowani dzeindasitiri dzakadai seKanto, Chiba, Seto Inland Sea uye Suruga Bay. Vatengesi vakuru veJapan ndivo United States, nyika dzeAsia uye nyika dzeEU. Japan ine urombo muzvicherwa zviwanikwa, kunze kwemarasha uye zinc, ayo ane mamwe matura, mazhinji acho anovimba nekutenga zvinhu kunze kwenyika. Nzvimbo yesango iri mahekita mamirioni makumi maviri nemakumi maviri nematanhatu, ichiverengera 66,6% yenzvimbo yepasi rose, asi 55.1% yematanda anoenderana nekutenga zvinhu kunze, ichiiita nyika inotengesa matanda akawanda pasi rose. Hydropower zviwanikwa zvakawandisa, uye hydropower chizvarwa account nezve ingangoita 12% yeiyo yakazara magetsi magetsi. Iwo ekumahombekombe ekuredza zviwanikwa akapfuma.

Mamiriro ezvinhu akasarudzika eJapan enhoroondo uye nhoroondo refu akarera yakasarudzika tsika yechiJapan. Sakura, kimono, haiku uye samurai, nekuda, uye chiShinto zvinoumba zvikamu zviviri zvetsika dzeJapan-chrysanthemum uye pfumo. MuJapan, pane dzakakurumbira "nzira nhatu", ndiko kuti, mutambo wechiJapan wevanhu tii, mhemberero yemaruva, uye calligraphy.

Mhemberero yeti inozivikanwawo seti yetii (Ting Ming Hui), uye yave ichinyanya kudiwa nekirasi yepamusoro senzira yekushongedza kubva kunguva dzekare. Mazuva ano, iyo tii mhemberero inoshandiswa kudzidzisa kuisa pfungwa, kana kurima hunhu, uye inogamuchirwa nevoruzhinji.

Nzira yemaruva yakaberekwa senzira yekugadzira maruva ari kutumbuka musango mukamuri yetii. Kune zvikoro zvinodarika makumi maviri zve ikebana nekuda kwekusiyana kwemitemo uye nzira dzinoratidzwa.Pane zvakare zvikoro zvakawanda muJapan zvinodzidzisa hunyanzvi hwerudzi rumwe nerumwe.

Sumo inobva pamitambo yechitendero chechiJapan Shinto. Vanhu vaiita makwikwi kuna mwari wekukohwa mutembere, vachitarisira kuunza gohwo rakanaka. Munguva yeNara naHeian nguva, sumo yaive yemitambo yekutarisa padare, uye panguva yeKamakura Sengoku, sumo yakava chikamu chekudzidziswa kwemaSamurai. Nyanzvi sumo mutsimba yakabuda muzana ramakore rechi18, iro rakafanana chaizvo nemakwikwi aripo sumo.

Kimono izita reJapan yechinyakare koshitomu yenyika. Inonziwo "zhewu" muJapan. Iyo kimono inoenzanisirwa mushure mekugadziriswazve kweSui neTang dynasties muChina. Kubva muzana remakore rechisere kusvika rechitanhatu AD, zvipfeko "zveTang style" zvaimbozivikanwa muJapan. Kunyangwe zvachinja kuita chimiro chakasarudzika cheJapan mune ramangwana, ichine mamwe maitiro ezvipfeko zvekare zveChinese. Musiyano wemavara uye vara remakimono evakadzi chiratidzo chezera uye kuroora. Semuenzaniso, vasikana vasina kuroorwa vanopfeka dzakapfeka maoko akasimba, vakadzi vakaroora vanopfeka dzakapfeka maoko akapamhama; muzinga iyo "Shimada" bvudzi (rimwe remagadzirirwo eJapan, muchimiro chembiya), uye jekete dzvuku kora musikana ane bvudzi rakatenderera Mubhaini, amai vemba vakapfeka hembe yakajeka.

Kune nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekufarira muJapan, kusanganisira Mount Fuji, Toshodai Tembere, Tokyo Tower, nezvimwe, zvese izvo zvinozivikanwa pasi rose.

Gomo reFuji: Gomo reFuji (Gomo reFuji) riri kumaodzanyemba-pakati peHonshu, iine kukwirira kwemamita mazana matatu nemakumi matatu nematanhatu nematanhatu. Ndicho chirefu chepamusoro muJapan. Inoonekwa nemaJapan se "gomo rinoyera". Chiratidzo cherudzi rweJapan. Icho chiri chinenge makiromita makumi masere kubva kuTokyo. Shizuoka uye Yamanashi matunhu anofukidza nzvimbo inosvika 90.76 mativi emakiromita. Gomo rese rakaita kunge koni, uye pamusoro pegomo rakafukidzwa nechando gore rese. Gomo reFuji rakakomberedzwa ne "Fuji Eight Peaks" senge Kenfeng, Hakusan, Kusushidake, Oriyake, Izu, Jojodake, Komagatake, uye Mitake.

Toshodai Tembere: Toshodai Tembere (Toshodai Tembere) Iri muNara Guta, Toshodai Tembere yakavakwa nemamongi ane mukurumbira Jianzhen anobva kuTang Dynasty muChina.Iyo ndiyo tembere huru yeJapan Buddhist Ryūzong. Izvo zvivakwa mune dhizaini yekuvaka yeTang Dynasty zvakazivikanwa seJapan pfuma yenyika. Mushure menguva yeTang Dynasty mumongi Jianzhen (688-763 AD) akaita rwendo rwake rwechitanhatu rwekumabvazuva kuenda kuJapan, kuvaka kwakatanga mugore rechitatu raTianpingbaozi (759 AD) uye kwakapera muna 770 AD. Bhendi dzvuku "Toshoti Tembere" riri pagedhi retembere rakanyorwa naMambokadzi weJapan Xiaoqian achitevedzera mafonti aWang Xizhi naWang Xianzhi.

Tokyo Tower: Tokyo Tower iri muTokyo.Yakavakwa muna 1958 uye ine urefu hwemasentimita 333. Shongwe refu yakazvimiririra muJapan yakaiswa nhepfenyuro nomwe dzeTV uye 21 maTV muTokyo. Nhepfenyuro inotumira maantenas enzvimbo dzekutumira uye nhepfenyuro. Pakukwirira kwemamita zana, pane chivakwa chine nhurikidzwa mbiri; pakukwirira kwemamita mazana maviri, pane zvakare yakakosha yekuongorora. Kune mahwindo egirazi-epasi-padenga mahombe pamativi ese mana ekucherechedza, uye mahwindo anotsvedza kunze. Wakamira panzvimbo yekutarisisa, unogona kukanganwa guta reTokyo, uye unogona kuona panoramic yeguta.

Tokyo: Tokyo, guta guru reJapan (Tokyo), iguta razvino renyika dzakawanda riri kumucheto kwekumaodzanyemba kweKanto Plain muHonshu.Rine matunhu makumi maviri nematatu, maguta makumi maviri nemana, mataundi mashanu, misha misere uye Izu Islands uye Ogasawara Islands, iine nzvimbo inokwana 2,155 mativi emakiromita uye huwandu hwevanhu mamirioni gumi nemakumi mashanu nemashanu, ari pakati pemaguta ane vanhu vakawanda pasi rose.

Tokyo inzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika yeJapan. Iwo manejimendi, emitemo, ezvekutonga uye mamwe mamiririri ehurumende akaiswa pano. Nzvimbo ye "Kasumigaseki", iyo inozivikanwa se "Guanting Street", inounganidza National Diet Building, Dare Repamusorosoro, pamwe nehurumende-yakabatana nemasangano ehurumende akaita se Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, uye Ministry of Education. Iyo yaimbova Edo Castle ikozvino yave iyo Miyagi kunogara Emperor.

Tokyo zvakare iri nzvimbo yehupfumi yeJapan. Makambani makuru eJapan akaiswa pano. Mazhinji acho anoparadzirwa munzvimbo dzeChiyoda, Chuo neMinato. Tokyo, Yokohama kumaodzanyemba uye Chiba nzvimbo kumabvazuva inoumba inozivikanwa yeKeihinye Industrial Zone muJapan. Iwo maindasitiri makuru isimbi nesimbi, kuvaka ngarava, kugadzira michina, makemikari, zvemagetsi, nezvimwe. Indasitiri yezvemari yeTokyo nekutengeserana zvinokudziridzwa, uye zviitiko zvebhizinesi repamba nekunze zvinowanzoitika. Inozivikanwa se "moyo weTokyo", Ginza ndiyo dunhu rakabudirira kwazvo munzvimbo iyi.

Tokyo zvakare iri tsika netsika yekudzidzisa yeJapan. Nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzetsika dzakagarwa nevanhu vakawanda, kusanganisira makumi masere kubva muzana (80%) edzimba dzenyika dzinoburitsa, midziyo mikuru nemhando yepamusoro, National Museum, Western Art Museum, uye National Library. Masayunivhesiti ari muTokyo anoverengera chetatu chehuwandu hweyunivhesiti muJapan, uye vadzidzi vakanyoresa mumayunivhesiti aya vanodarika inopfuura hafu yenhamba dzese dzevadzidzi veyunivhesiti nyika yese.

traffic yeTokyo iri nyore kwazvo.Shinkansen, iyo inomhanya nespidhi yemakiromita mazana maviri paawa, inotambanuka kubva kuTokyo kuenda kuKyushu nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Iyo yepasi pevhu inogona kusvika kunenge kwese nzvimbo dzakakosha. Zvitima, migwagwa mikuru, kubhururuka, uye kutumira fomu yakakura yekutakura network inosvika kune nyika yese nepasirese.

Osaka: Osaka (Osaka) iri pamahombekombe eOsaka Bay kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweJapan's Honshu Island, padyo neSeto Inland Sea.Iro ndiro guta guru reOsaka Prefecture uye maindasitiri, ezvokutengeserana, mvura, ivhu uye nendege yekufambisa nzvimbo yedunhu reKansai. Guta rinofukidza nzvimbo yemakumi makiromita makumi maviri nemana emakiromita uye rine huwandu hwevanhu vanopfuura mamirioni e2.7, ichiita iro guta rechipiri pakukura muJapan. Mamiriro ekunze pano akapfava uye akanyorova, ane maruva akasvibira nemiti nguva dzese, uye hova kwese kwese, asi nemigwagwa nemabhiriji pamusoro perwizi, inozivikanwa se "guta guru remvura" uye "mabhiriji mazana masere nemasere" emvura dhorobha, uye inozivikanwawo se "guta remabhiriji ane chiuru".

Osaka yainzi "Naniwa" munguva dzekare, inonziwo "Namba", uye yainzi Osaka kubvira muzana ramakore rechi19. Kubva muzana ramakore rechipiri kusvika rechitanhatu AD, raimbova guta guru reJapan. Nekuda kwekuve padyo neSeto Inland Sea, Osaka yanga iri suo reNara neKyoto, guta rekare kwemakore chiuru, uye ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzekutanga muJapan mukusimudzira nekutengeserana. Kubva iyo Tokugawa shogunate nguva, Osaka yakava muzinda wezvehupfumi wenyika yese uye inonzi "kicheni chenyika." Gare gare, Osaka zvishoma nezvishoma yakatanga kuva yakazara yakazara yazvino maindasitiri uye guta rekutengesa.

Osaka ine nhoroondo refu yekuvaka guta, uye kune nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekufarira. Pakati pavo, matongo eimba yamambo wekare Namba Palace munguva yeNara, iyo Sumiyoshi Taisha shrine iyo inovhara mwari wekare wehondo, nziyo, uye saint patron saint, uye Taibutsu Tembere munguva yaHeian. mukurumbira. Osaka yakave nehukama hwepedyo netsika pamwe nehupfumi neChina kubvira kare. Nhume dzakakurumbira dzakatumirwa kuSui Dynasty uye Tang Dynasty munhoroondo yeJapan vakatanga kubva kuNamba panguva iyoyo. Muna 608 AD, nhume Pei Shiqing yakatumwa naMambo Yang weSui Dynasty akashanyirawo Namba.

Sapporo: Sapporo ndiro guta guru reHokkaido, Japan.Iyo iri kumadokero kumucheto kweIshikari Plain nenzvimbo yayo ine zvikomo ine nzvimbo.Inotakura nzvimbo yemakiromita mazana masere negumi nesere uye ine huwandu hwevanhu vangangoita mamirioni 1.8. Sapporo inotorwa kubva murudzi rwechiAinu mutauro, zvichireva "nzvimbo yakakura uye yakaoma".

Sapporo ndiro guta hombe muHokkaido, hupfumi uye tsika tsika yeHokkaido, uye indasitiri iyi zvakare yakagadziriswa. Kunyanya zvinosanganisira kudhinda, hemp, zvigadzirwa zvemukaka, zvigadzirwa zvesimbi, michina uye kugadzira matanda uye mamwe maindasitiri zvikamu. Kune zvakare migodhi yemarasha munzvimbo dzekumadokero dzemakomo, uye zviwanikwa zvesango zvakawandisawo. Sapporo ine nzvimbo dzinoyevedza, ine mapaki mazhinji nenzvimbo dzinoyevedza muguta, nenzvimbo dzemakomo dzine makomo uye matsime anopisa anenge kiromita imwe pamusoro pegungwa.

Guta guru reKyoto: Kyoto City (Kyoto) inovhara nzvimbo yemakiromita makiromita 827.90 uye ine huwandu hwevanhu vanokwana 1,469,472. Ndicho zvakare chigaro cheKyoto Prefecture. Iri iguta rakasarudzwa nemutemo wehurumende, uye rinosanganisira Tokyo seguta rechinomwe rine vanhu vakawanda muJapan. Pamwe chete naOsaka naKobe, yakave iyo "Keihanshin Metropolitan Area".

Kyoto raive guta guru reJapan kubva muna 794-1869 AD, rakanzi "Heiankyo". Heiankyo yakavakwa panguva yeHeian Period muJapan uye ikava guta guru reHeian Period neMuromachi Period, uye yaive muzinda wesimba rezvematongerwo enyika reJapan; kusvika makore 1100 erwendo rwaEmperor Meiji kuenda kuTokyo, raiwanzove iro guta raigara Emperor weJapan.

Guta rakavambwa muna 1889. Iyo indasitiri inotungamirwa nemachira, inoteverwa nechikafu (kugadzira waini, nezvimwewo), michina yemagetsi, michina yekufambisa, kutsikisa nekudhinda, michina chaiyo, kemesitiri, kugadzira mhangura, nezvimwe. Iyo Luonan indasitiri nzvimbo yakaumbwa muchikamu chekumaodzanyemba kweguta iri chikamu cheHanshin Industrial Zone. Kyoto inyika uye yekufambisa mhepo hub. Kuvandudza kwekutengeserana. Kune akawanda makoreji nemayunivhesiti akadai seNational Kyoto University. Iyo indasitiri yekushanya inovandudzwa, iine nzvimbo zhinji dzezvakaitika kare uye zvisaririra zvekare, seGuta Rakarambidzwa uye Heian Shrine MuGuishan Park mujinga mezvikomo zveArashiyama kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweguta, paive nechirangaridzo chedetembo raZhou Enlai muna 1979.