Igama laseJapan lithetha "ilizwe lokuphuma kwelanga". IJapan ibekwe kunxweme olusentshona loLwandlekazi lwePasifiki kwaye lilizwe elime njenge-arc ilizwe elisuka kumantla mpuma ukuya emazantsi-ntshona. Yahlulwe luLwandle lwaseMpuma China, uLwandle oluMthubi, iStrait yaseKorea, kunye noLwandle lwaseJapan, ijongene ne China, North Korea, South Korea ne Russia. Ummandla uqukethe iziqithi ezinkulu ze-4 zaseHokkaido, iHonshu, iShikoku, neKyushu, kunye nezinye iziqithi ezincinci ezingama-6,800, ngoko iJapan yaziwa nangokuthi "lilizwe lamawaka eziqithi." Indawo yomhlaba waseJapan imalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-377,800 zesikwere. IJapan ikwindawo enemozulu epholileyo, enemozulu epholileyo kunye namaxesha onyaka amane ahlukeneyo. I-Sakura yintyatyambo yelizwe laseJapan, kwaye rhoqo entwasahlobo iintyatyambo ziyatyatyamba phakathi kweentaba nemilambo eluhlaza. Zininzi iintaba eJapan, kwaye iindawo ezinentaba zibala malunga ne-70% yendawo yonke.Iintaba ezininzi ziintaba-mlilo.Phakathi kwazo, intaba-mlilo edumileyo esebenzayo yeFuji ikwiimitha ezingama-3,776 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle.Yintaba ephezulu eJapan kwaye iluphawu lweJapan. Kukho iinyikima ezixhaphakileyo eJapan, kwaye kubakho iinyikima ezingaphezu kwe-1 000. Lelona lizwe lineenyikima ezininzi emhlabeni.I-10% yeenyikima zomhlaba zenzeka eJapan nakwimimandla eyingqongileyo.

Iinqununu zaseJapan, izithili, izithili, kunye neekota zihambelana nemimandla yolawulo lokuqala, ngokuthe ngqo phantsi koorhulumente ophakathi, kodwa isixeko ngasinye, isithili, isithili kunye ne-county inokuzimela. Ilizwe lahlulwe nge-1 metropolis (eTokyo: eTokyo), kwiphondo eli-1 (eHokkaido: eHokkaido), kwizithili ezi-2 (Osaka: Osaka, eKyoto: eKyoto) nakumaphondo angama-43 (amaphondo) aneedolophu, iidolophu kunye neelali. Iiofisi zayo zibizwa ngokuba "ngamasebe", oko kukuthi, "iholo lemetropolitan", "iholo ye-dao", "iholo yesithili", "iholo yesithili", kunye nomphathi omkhulu obizwa ngokuba "yirhuluneli". Isixeko ngasinye, iphondo, isithili, kunye nedolophu inezixeko ezininzi, iidolophu (ezilingana needolophu zamaTshayina), kunye neelali.Isigqeba solawulo sibizwa ngokuba "ngusodolophu", "usodolophu wedolophu", kunye "nenkosi yelali".

Iindawo ezingama-43 eJapan zezi: Aichi, Miyazaki, Akita, Nagano, Aomori, Nagasaki, Chiba, Nara, Fukui, Shinga, Fukuoka, Oita, Fukushima, Okayama, Gifu , Saga, Ehime, Okinawa, Gunma, Saitama, Hiroshima, Shiga, Hyogo, Shimane, Ibaraki, Shizuoka, Ishikawa, Saga, Iwate, Tokushima, Kagawa, Tottori, Kagoshima, Toyama , Kanagawa, Wakayama, Kochi, Yamagata, Kumamoto, Yamaguchi, Mie, Yamanashi, Miyagi. Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-4, iJapan yaqala ukuba lilizwe elimanyeneyo elibizwa ngokuba yiYamato. Ngo-645 AD, kwenzeka "iDahua Reformation", ilingisa inkqubo yomthetho weTang Dynasty, iseka inkqubo yaseburhulumenteni esembindini kunye nomlawuli njengokumkani opheleleyo. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-12, iJapan yangena kwilizwe lomkhosi apho umkhosi wama Samurai wawuphethe amandla okwenene, awabizwa ngokuba yi "shogun era" embalini. Embindini wenkulungwane ye-19, i-Bhritane, i-United States, i-Russia kunye namanye amazwe anyanzela i-Japan ukuba ityikitye izivumelwano ezininzi ezingalinganiyo.Ukungqubana ngobuhlanga nezentlalo kwanda. Aba babini banobukhosi bawela phantsi kwesiqubulo esithi "hlonipha inkosi kwaye ulwe nama-barbarians" kwaye "utyebise ilizwe kwaye womeleze amajoni." Ngo-1868, "ukubuyiselwa kwe-Meiji" kwaphunyezwa, inkqubo ye-feudal separatist shogunate yapheliswa, kwasekwa ilizwe elimanyeneyo, kwaye ulawulo oluphezulu lomlawuli lwabuyiselwa.

Emva koBuyiselo lweMeiji, ubungxowankulu baseJapan bakhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye baqala indlela yobundlongondlongo kunye nokwanda. Ngo-1894, i-Japan yasungula iMfazwe yase-Sino-Japan ka-1894 ukuya ku-1895; yaxhokonxa iMfazwe yase Russo-Japan ngo-1904, yaza yahlasela iKorea ngo-1910. Ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, iJapan yaqala imfazwe yobundlongondlongo.Ngomhla ka-Agasti 15, 1945, iJapan yabhengeza ukunikezela kwayo ngaphandle kwemiqathango kwaye yaba lilizwe eloyisileyo. Kwithuba lokuqala lasemva kwemfazwe, umkhosi wase-US wanyanzelisa ukuba iJapan ithathe indawo eyahlukileyo. Ngo-Meyi ka-1947, i-Japan yaphumeza umgaqo-siseko omtsha, itshintsha ukusuka kwinkqubo ye-emperor ngokupheleleyo yaya kwi-palamente ye-khanari kunye nomlawuli njengophawu lwesizwe.Umlawuli "luphawu" lulonke lwabantu base Japan nabase Japan.

Iflegi yelizwe: Iflegi yelanga, uxande, kunye nomyinge wobude kububanzi be-3: 2. Iflegi imhlophe nelanga elibomvu embindini. Umhlophe ubonakalisa ingqibelelo nobunyulu, kwaye bomvu luphawu lokunyaniseka kunye nomdlandla. Igama elithi Japan lithetha "ilizwe lokuphuma kwelanga." Kuthiwa iJapan yadalwa nguthixo welanga, umlawuli wayengunyana wothixo welanga, kwaye iflegi yelanga yavela koku.

Inani labantu baseJapan limalunga nezigidi ezili-127.74 (ukusukela ngoFebruwari 2006). Olona hlanga luphambili yiYamato, kwaye kukho malunga nama-24,000 abantu baseAinu eHokkaido. Kuthethwa isiJapan, kwaye bambalwa abantu baseHokkaido abanokuthetha isiAinu. Ezona nkolo ziphambili bubuShinto kunye nobuBuddha, kwaye inkolo yabantu i-49.6% kunye ne-44.8% yabemi bonqulo ngokulandelelana. .

IJapan lilizwe elinenkqubela phambili ngokwezoqoqosho.I-GDP yayo ikwindawo yesibini kuphela eUnited States, ikwindawo yesibini kwihlabathi. Ngo-2006, i-GDP yase-Japan yayizi-4,911.362 zezigidigidi zase-US, phantse kabini indawo yesithathu eJamani, ngomndilili wama-38,533 eedola zaseMelika ngomntu ngamnye. Ishishini laseJapan liphuhliswe kakhulu kwaye liyintsika ephambili kuqoqosho lwesizwe.Ixabiso elipheleleyo lemveliso lishicilela malunga neepesenti ezingama-40 zemveliso epheleleyo yasekhaya.Ijolise ikakhulu kunxweme lwePasifiki.iKhamahama, iHanshin, iChukyo kunye neKitakyushu ziindawo ezine zemveli zemizi-mveliso. Imimandla emitsha yemizi-mveliso efana neKanto, Chiba, Seto Inland Sea kunye neSuruga Bay. Amaqabane aphambili kurhwebo lwaseJapan yiMelika, amazwe aseAsia kunye namazwe e-EU. IJapan ihlwempuzekile kwimithombo yezimbiwa.Ngaphandle kwamalahle kunye ne-zinc, enovimba othile, uninzi lwabo luxhomekeke ekungenisweni elizweni. Indawo yehlathi ziihektare ezingama-25.26 ezigidi, ebala i-66.6% yommandla womhlaba uwonke, kodwa i-55.1% yemithi ixhomekeke ekungenisweni elizweni, iyenza ilizwe elithengisa eyona mithi ininzi emhlabeni. Izibonelelo zombane zininzi, kwaye ukuveliswa kwamandla kwe-hydroelectric kumalunga ne-12% yamandla onke okuphehlwa kwamandla. Izixhobo zonxweme zokuloba zityebile.

iimeko zaseJapan ezizodwa kunye nembali ende zikhulise inkcubeko eyahlukileyo yaseJapan. I-Sakura, i-kimono, i-haiku kunye ne-Samurai, ngenxa, kunye ne-Shinto zenza izinto ezimbini zemveli zase-Japan-chrysanthemum kunye nekrele. EJapan kukho "iindlela ezintathu" ezidumileyo, oko kukuthi, umsitho weti yeti yaseJapan, umsitho weentyatyambo, kunye necalligraphy.

Umsitho weti ukwaziwa ngokuba yisuphu yeti (iTing Ming Hui), kwaye ibithandwa kakhulu kwiklasi ephezulu njengesiko lobuhle ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo. Kule mihla, umsitho weti usetyenziselwa ukuqeqesha uxinzelelo, okanye ukuhlakulela isimilo, esamkelwa ngokubanzi luluntu jikelele.

Indlela yeentyatyambo yazalwa njengesixhobo sokuvelisa iintyatyambo ezikhula endle kwigumbi leti. Zingaphezulu kwama-20 izikolo ze-ikebana ngenxa yomahluko kwimithetho neendlela ezibonisiweyo.Kukwakho nezikolo ezininzi eJapan ezifundisa ubuchule bohlobo ngalunye.

I-Sumo ivela kwizithethe zonqulo lobuShinto baseJapan. Abantu babenokhuphiswano kuthixo wesivuno etempileni, ngethemba lokuzisa isivuno esihle. Ngexesha lamaxesha kaNara kunye noHeian, i-sumo yayiyimidlalo yokubukela enkundleni, kwaye ngexesha le-Kamakura Sengoku, i-sumo yaba yinxalenye yoqeqesho lwama-Samurai. Ukulwa i-sumo yobungcali kwavela ngenkulungwane ye-18, efana kakhulu nokhuphiswano lwasumo lwangoku.

I-Kimono ligama lesinxibo sesizwe saseJapan. Ikwabizwa ngokuba "zhewu" eJapan. I-kimono imodareyithwa emva kohlengahlengiso lwe-Sui kunye ne-Tang dynasties e-China. Ukusuka kwinkulungwane ye-8 ukuya kweye-9 AD, "isimbo seTang" isinxibo sasikhe sathandwa eJapan. Nangona itshintshile yenze isitayile esahlukileyo saseJapan kwixa elizayo, iseneempawu ezithile zeempahla zamandulo zaseTshayina. Umahluko kwizitayile kunye nemibala yeekimono zabafazi luphawu lobudala kunye nomtshato. Umzekelo, amantombazana angatshatanga anxiba iimpahla ezingaphandle ezinemikhono, abafazi abatshatileyo banxiba impahla enemikhono ebanzi; kama iinwele "Shimada" (enye yeenwele zaseJapan, ezimile njengesitya), kunye nehempe ebomvu ikhola yintombazana eneenwele ezingqukuva Updo, umama wekhaya unxibe ihempe ecacileyo.

Zininzi iindawo ezinomdla eJapan, kubandakanya iNtaba iFuji, iToshodai Temple, iTokyo Tower, njl., Zonke ziyaziwa ehlabathini.

INtaba iFuji: Intaba iFuji (Intaba iFuji) imi emazantsi kumbindi weHonshu, nokuphakama kweemitha ezingama-3,776. Yeyona ncopho iphakamileyo eJapan. Ithathwa ngamaJapan njenge "ntaba engcwele". luphawu lwesizwe saseJapan. Imalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-80 ukusuka eTokyo. I-Shizuoka kunye ne-Yamanashi counties zigubungela indawo ye-90.76 yeekhilomitha. Yonke intaba imile okwe cone, kwaye umphezulu wentaba ugqunywe likhephu unyaka wonke. INtaba iFuji ijikelezwe zii "Fuji Eight Peaks" ezinje ngeKenfeng, Hakusan, Kusushidake, Oriyake, Izu, Jojodake, Komagatake, kunye neMitake.

Itempile yaseToshodai: Itempile yaseToshodai (iToshodai Temple) Ifumaneka kwisiXeko saseNara, iTempile yaseToshodai yakhiwa yimonki yaseTshayina iJianzhen kwiTang Dynasty .Yitempile ephambili yobuBuddha baseJapan. Izakhiwo ezikwindlela yoyilo lweTang Dynasty zichongiwe njengobuncwane besizwe baseJapan. Emva kobukumkani obubalaseleyo be-Tang Dianasty Jianzhen (688-763 AD) wenza uhambo lwakhe lwesithandathu oluya empuma eJapan, ulwakhiwo lwaqala ngonyaka wesithathu we-Tianpingbaozi (759 AD) kwaye yagqitywa ngo-770 AD. Ibhanti ebomvu "iToshoti Temple" esangweni letempile ibhalwe nguKumkanikazi u-Xiaoqian elinganisa ifonti ka-Wang Xizhi kunye no-Wang Xianzhi.

ITokyo Tower: ITokyo Tower ibekwe eTokyo.Yakhiwa ngo-1958 kwaye ineemitha ezingama-333 ubude.Inqaba ende ezizimeleyo eJapan ixhotyiswe ngezikhululo zeTV ezisixhenxe kunye nezikhululo zeTV ezingama-21 eTokyo. Ukuhambisa unomathotholo ii-eriyali zezitishi ezithumela kunye nezikhululo zosasazo. Ukuphakama kweemitha ezili-100, kukho indawo enemigangatho emibini yokujonga; kubude beemitha ezingama-250, kukwakho nendawo yokujonga ekhethekileyo. Kukho iifestile zeglasi eziphantsi komgangatho ophakamileyo kumacala omane oqwalaselo, kunye neefestile ezingaphandle. Ukuma kwindawo yokujonga, ungasijonga isixeko saseTokyo, kwaye unokubona umbono wesixeko.

ITokyo: ITokyo, idolophu enkulu yaseJapan (iTokyo), sisixeko sanamhlanje esimi kumazantsi e-Kanto Plain eHonshu. Inezithili ezingama-23 ezizodwa, iidolophu ezingama-27, iidolophu ezi-5, iilali ezisi-8 kunye. Iziqithi zeIzu kunye neeOgasawara Islands, ezinendawo eyi-2 155 yeekhilomitha ezizigidi kunye nabemi abazizigidi ezili-12.54, ziphakathi kwezona zixeko zinabantu abaninzi ehlabathini.

ITokyo liziko lezopolitiko laseJapan. Ezolawulo, ezomthetho, ezomthetho kunye nezinye iiarhente zikarhulumente zigxile apha. Indawo yase "Kasumigaseki", neyaziwa njenge "Guanting Street", iqokelela iSakhiwo seSizwe sokutya, iNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye neearhente zikarhulumente ezinxulumene nekhabhinethi ezinje nge-Ofisi yoMphathiswa Wezangaphandle, Icandelo loMphathiswa Wezorhwebo Namashishini, kunye noMphathiswa Wezemfundo. Inqaba yangaphambili ye-Edo ngoku sele iyi-Miyagi apho kuhlala khona uMlawuli.

ITokyo ikwangumbindi wezoqoqosho eJapan. Iinkampani ezinkulu zaseJapan zigxile apha. Uninzi lwazo luhanjiswe kwiindawo zaseChiyoda, zeYunivesithi kunye neMinato. I-Tokyo, i-Yokohama emazantsi kunye ne-Chiba esempuma kunye zenza i-Keihinye Industrial Zone eyaziwayo eJapan. Amashishini aphambili ayintsimbi kunye nentsimbi, ukwakhiwa kweenqanawa, ukuveliswa komatshini, iikhemikhali, ii-elektroniki, njl. Icandelo lezemali laseTokyo kunye nezorhwebo ziyaphuhliswa, kwaye imisebenzi yeshishini yasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe ixhaphakile. Eyaziwa ngokuba "yintliziyo yaseTokyo", iGinza yeyona ndawo ineshishini elinenkqubela phambili kule ndawo.

ITokyo ikwangumbindi wezenkcubeko nezemfundo eJapan. Amaziko enkcubeko ahlukeneyo anabantu abaninzi, kubandakanya i-80% yezindlu zokupapasha zeli, izixhobo ezinkulu kunye nezihambele phambili, iMyuziyam kaZwelonke, iMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseNtshona, kunye neThala leencwadi leSizwe. Iiyunivesithi ezifumaneka eTokyo zenza isinye kwisithathu senani elipheleleyo leeyunivesithi eJapan, kwaye abafundi ababhalise kwezi yunivesithi banemali engaphezu kwesiqingatha senani lilonke labafundi baseyunivesithi kwilizwe liphela. Izithuthi zaseTokyo zilunge kakhulu.I-Shinkansen enesantya seekhilomitha ezingama-200 ngeyure isuka eTokyo iye eKyushu nasemantla mpuma. Indlela engaphantsi ikwazi ukufikelela phantse kuzo zonke iindawo ezibalulekileyo. Oololiwe, oohola bendlela, ukuhamba ngenqwelomoya, kunye nokuhambisa ngenqanawa kuthungelwano olubanzi lwezothutho olukhokelela kulo lonke ilizwe kunye nehlabathi.

I-Osaka: I-Osaka (Osaka) imi kunxweme lwase-Osaka Bay kumazantsi-ntshona esiqithi saseJapan i-Honshu, kufutshane ne-Seto Inland Sea.Lilikomkhulu le-Osaka Prefecture kunye nezorhwebo, ezentengiso, amanzi, umhlaba kunye neziko lezothutho lomoya lommandla waseKansai. Isixeko sigubungela ummandla weekhilomitha ezingama-204 kwaye sinabantu abangaphezulu kwezigidi ezi-2.7, siyenza idolophu yesibini ngobukhulu eJapan. Imozulu yalapha ithambile kwaye ifumile, ineentyatyambo ezihlala ziluhlaza kunye nemithi kuwo onke amaxesha onyaka, kwaye imilambo inqumla kuyo yonke indawo, kodwa ukubona iindlela kunye neebhulorho ngaphaya komlambo, yaziwa ngokuba yi "capital yamanzi" kunye "neebhulorho ezingamakhulu asibhozo anesibhozo" idolophu yamanzi, kwaye ikwabizwa ngokuba yi "sixeko samawaka amabhlorho".

I-Osaka yayibizwa ngokuba yi "Naniwa" kumaxesha amandulo, ikwabizwa ngokuba yi "Namba", kwaye yabizwa ngokuba yi-Osaka ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-19. Ukususela nge-2 ukuya kweyesithandathu inkulungwane ye-AD, yayikade ilikomkhulu laseJapan. Ngenxa yokusondela kuLwandle i-Seto Inland, i-Osaka ibe yindlela yokungena eNara naseKyoto, ikomkhulu lakudala iminyaka eliwaka, kwaye yenye yeendawo zokuqala eJapan kuphuhliso lwezorhwebo kunye norhwebo. Ukusukela kwixesha le-shogunate yaseTokugawa, u-Osaka uye waba liziko lezoqoqosho kwilizwe liphela kwaye ubizwa ngokuba "likhitshi lehlabathi". Emva kwexesha, u-Osaka ngokuthe ngcembe wakhula waba sisixeko esibanzi seshishini kunye nezorhwebo.

I-Osaka inembali ende yokwakha isixeko, kwaye zininzi iindawo ezibangela umdla. Phakathi kwazo, amabhodlo ebhotwe lakudala lobukhosi iNamba Palace kwixesha laseNara, itempile yaseSumiyoshi Taisha ebeka uthixo wamandulo wemfazwe, ingoma, kunye nomgcini wengcwele yolwandle, kunye netempile yaseTaibutsu kwixesha likaHeian. odumileyo. I-Osaka ibinonxibelelwano olusondeleyo lwenkcubeko kunye nezoqoqosho kunye ne China ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo. Abathunywa abadumileyo abathunyelwe kwi-Sui Dynasty kunye neTang Dynasty kwimbali yaseJapan baqala ukusuka eNamba ngelo xesha. Ngo-608 AD, umthunywa uPei Shiqing othunyelwe ngu-Emperor Yang weSui Dynasty naye watyelela iNamba.

ISapporo: ISapporo sisixeko esilikomkhulu laseHokkaido, eJapan, kwaye ibekwe kumda osentshona weThafa laseIshikari kunye nommandla weenduli onxibeleleneyo.Igubungela indawo eyi-1118 yeekhilomitha kwaye inabemi abamalunga ne-1.8 yezigidi. I-Sapporo ithathwa kulwimi lwasekhaya i-Ainu, elithetha "indawo enkulu neyomileyo".

ISapporo sesona sixeko sikhulu eHokkaido, iziko lezoqoqosho nenkcubeko eHokkaido, kwaye nomzi mveliso wayo nawo uphuhlisiwe. Ngokukodwa kubandakanya ukushicilela, i-hemp, iimveliso zobisi, iimveliso zentsimbi, oomatshini kunye nokwenziwa kwamaplanga kunye namanye amacandelo emizi-mveliso. Kukwakho imigodi yamalahle kwimimandla yeentaba ezisentshona, kwaye nezixhobo zehlathi nazo zininzi. ISapporo inobuhle obuhle, ineepaki ezininzi kunye neendawo ezinomtsalane esixekweni, kunye neendawo ezinentaba ezineencopho kunye nemithombo eshushu malunga nekhilomitha enye ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle.

Idolophu enkulu yaseKyoto: Isixeko saseKyoto (iKyoto) sigubungela ummandla weekhilomitha ezisikwere ezingama-827.90 kwaye sinabemi abangama-1,469,472. Sisisihlalo seKyoto Prefecture. Sisixeko esonyulwe ngummiselo waseburhulumenteni, kwaye ibandakanya iTokyo njengesixeko sesixhenxe esinabantu abaninzi eJapan. Kunye no-Osaka kunye neKobe, iba yi "Keihanshin Metropolitan Area".

I-Kyoto yayilikomkhulu laseJapan ukusukela nge-794-1869 AD, ebizwa ngokuba yi "Heiankyo". I-Heiankyo yakhiwa ngeXesha lika-Heian eJapan kwaye yaba likomkhulu leXesha le-Heian kunye nexesha le-Muromachi, kwaye yayiliziko lamagunya ezopolitiko ase-Japan; de kwaba li-1100 leminyaka yohambo luka-Emperor Meiji oluya eTokyo, yayiqhele ukuba sisixeko awayehlala kuso uMlawuli waseJapan.

Isixeko sasekwa kwi-1889. Icandelo lilawulwa ngamalaphu, lilandelwa kukutya (ukwenziwa kwewayini, njlnjl.), Oomatshini bombane, oomatshini bezothutho, ukupapasha kunye nokuprinta, oomatshini bokuchaneka, ikhemistri, ukwenziwa kobhedu, njl. Indawo yemizi-mveliso yaseLyonan eyakhiwe emazantsi esixeko yinxalenye yeHanshin Industrial Zone. I-Kyoto yindawo yokuhambisa umhlaba kunye nomoya. Uphuhliso lwezorhwebo. Zininzi iikholeji neeyunivesithi ezinje ngeSizwe iYunivesithi yaseKyoto. Icandelo lezokhenketho liyaphuhliswa, kunye neendawo ezininzi zembali kunye nezinto zakudala, ezinje ngeSixeko esingavumelekanga kunye neHeian Shrine. Kwipaki yaseGuishan emazantsi eArashiyama emantla ntshona esixeko, ilitye lesikhumbuzo lombongo kaZhou Enlai lakhiwa ngo-1979.