Igama elithi Japan lisho ukuthi "izwe lokuphuma kwelanga". IJapane lisogwini olusentshonalanga loLwandlekazi iPacific futhi liyizwe eliyisiqhingi elimise okwe-arc elisuka enyakatho-mpumalanga liye eningizimu-ntshonalanga. Ihlukaniswe yi-East China Sea, i-Yellow Sea, i-Korea Strait, ne-Sea of ​​Japan, ibheke e-China, e-North Korea, e-South Korea nase-Russia. Le nsimu iqukethe iziqhingi ezinkulu ezine zaseHokkaido, iHonshu, iShikoku, neKyushu, nezinye iziqhingi ezingaphezu kuka-6 800, ngakho-ke iJapane yaziwa nangokuthi "izwe leziqhingi eziyinkulungwane." Indawo eseJapane icishe ibe ngamakhilomitha-skwele angama-377,800. IJapane itholakala endaweni epholile, enesimo sezulu esipholile nezinkathi ezine ezihlukile. ISakura yimbali yezwe laseJapan.Njalo njalo entwasahlobo, izimbali ze-cherry ziqhakaza ngokugcwele phakathi kwezintaba eziluhlaza namanzi aluhlaza. Kunezintaba eziningi eJapan, futhi izintaba zibala cishe indawo engama-70% yendawo yonke.Izintaba eziningi izintaba-mlilo.Phakathi kwazo, intaba-mlilo edumile iMount Fuji ingamamitha angu-3 776 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.Yintaba ephakeme kunazo zonke eJapane futhi iwuphawu lweJapan. Kukhona ukuzamazama komhlaba okujwayele ukwenzeka eJapan, kube nokuzamazama komhlaba okungaphezu kuka-1 000. Yizwe elinokuzamazama komhlaba okuningi emhlabeni.Ukuzamazama komhlaba okungu-10% kwenzeka eJapan nasezindaweni ezizungezile.

Izinhloko-dolobha zaseJapan, izifunda, izifunda, nezifunda ziyizifunda zokuphatha ezisezingeni lokuqala, ngqo ngaphansi kukahulumeni omkhulu, kepha idolobha ngalinye, isifunda, isifunda, nesifunda sinokuzimela. Izwe lihlukaniswe idolobha elikhulu (iTokyo: iTokyo), isifundazwe esi-1 (iHokkaido: iHokkaido), izifunda ezi-2 (Osaka: Osaka, Kyoto: Kyoto) nezifunda ezingama-43 (izifundazwe) ezinamadolobha, amadolobhana kanye nemizana. Amahhovisi ayo abizwa ngokuthi "yiminyango", okusho ukuthi, "ihholo ledolobha elikhulu", "ihholo le-dao", "ihholo lesifunda", "ihholo lesifunda", kanti umphathi omkhulu ubizwa ngokuthi "umbusi." Idolobha ngalinye, isifundazwe, isifunda, nesifunda kunamadolobha amaningana, amadolobha (alingana namadolobha aseChina), kanye nemizana, futhi umphathi omkhulu ubizwa ngokuthi "imeya", "imeya yedolobha", kanye "nenduna yesigodi".

Izifunda ezingama-43 eJapan yilezi: Aichi, Miyazaki, Akita, Nagano, Aomori, Nagasaki, Chiba, Nara, Fukui, Shinga, Fukuoka, Oita, Fukushima, Okayama, Gifu , Saga, Ehime, Okinawa, Gunma, Saitama, Hiroshima, Shiga, Hyogo, Shimane, Ibaraki, Shizuoka, Ishikawa, Saga, Iwate, Tokushima, Kagawa, Tottori, Kagoshima, Toyama , Kanagawa, Wakayama, Kochi, Yamagata, Kumamoto, Yamaguchi, Mie, Yamanashi, Miyagi.

Maphakathi nekhulu le-4, iJapane yaqala ukuba izwe elihlangene elibizwa ngeYamato. Ngo-645 AD, kwenzeka "iDahua Reformation", ilingisa uhlelo lwezomthetho lweTang Dynasty, yasungula uhlelo lombuso olumbumbene nombusi njengenkosi ephelele. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-12, iJapane yangena ezweni lamasosha lapho umbuso wama-Samurai wawuphethe amandla wangempela, owawubizwa ngokuthi "yisikhathi se-shogun" emlandweni. Maphakathi nekhulu le-19, iBrithani, i-United States, iRussia kanye namanye amazwe baphoqa iJapan ukuthi isayine izivumelwano eziningi ezingalingani.Izimpi zobuhlanga nezenhlalo zaqina.I-shogunate yaseTokugawa, eyasebenzisa inqubomgomo yokuvala umthetho, yanyakaziswa.Amandla endawo uSatsuma noChoshu nemibono yenguquko yobungxiwankulu Laba bobabili abakhokhelwa umbuso bawela ngaphansi kweziqubulo ezithi "hlonipha inkosi futhi ulwe nabangewona amazwe" nokuthi "ucebise izwe futhi uqinise amasosha." Ngo-1868, kwaqaliswa i- "Meiji Restoration", kwaqedwa uhlelo lwe-feudal separatist shogunate system, kwasungulwa umbuso owawunobunye, futhi kwabuyiselwa nokubusa okuphezulu kombusi.

Ngemuva kokubuyiselwa kweMeiji, ubungxiwankulu baseJapan bakhula ngokushesha futhi baqala umgwaqo wobudlova nokwanda. Ngo-1894, iJapane yaqala iMpi YamaSino NamaJapane yango-1894-1895; yaqala iMpi YaseRussia NamaJapan ngo-1904; yahlasela iKorea ngo-1910. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili, iJapan yaqala impi yokulwa.Ngo-Agasti 15, 1945, iJapan yamemezela ukuzinikela kwayo ngokungenamibandela futhi yaba izwe elihluliwe. Esikhathini sokuqala kwangemva kwempi, amasosha ase-U.S abeka umsebenzi ohlukile waseJapan. NgoMeyi 1947, iJapane yaqalisa ukusebenza komthethosisekelo omusha, iguquka isuka ohlelweni oluphelele lombuso yaba yikhabhinethi yasephalamende nombusi njengophawu lukazwelonke. Umbusi “uyisimboli” jikelele sezakhamizi zaseJapan nezaseJapan.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Ifulegi lelanga lingunxande, ngesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi obungu-3: 2. Ifulegi limhlophe nelanga elibomvu phakathi. Okumhlophe kufanekisela ubuqotho nobumsulwa, futhi okubomvu kufanekisela ubuqotho nomdlandla. Igama elithi Japan lisho "izwe lokuphuma kwelanga." Kuthiwa iJapane yadalwa ngunkulunkulu welanga, umbusi wayeyindodana kankulunkulu welanga, futhi ifulegi lelanga lavela kulokhu.

Inani labantu baseJapan cishe lilinganiselwa ezigidini eziyi-127.74 (kusukela ngoFebhuwari 2006). Uhlanga oluphambili yiYamato, futhi cishe kunabantu abangama-24,000 abangama-Ainu eHokkaido. Kukhulunywa isiJapane, futhi inani elincane labantu eHokkaido liyakwazi ukukhuluma isi-Ainu. Izinkolo ezinkulu ubuShinto nobuBuddha, kanti abantu bezenkolo bangu-49.6% kanye no-44.8% wabantu benkolo ngokulandelana. .

IJapane yizwe elithuthuke ngokweqile, futhi umkhiqizo wayo ophelele kazwelonke ungowesibili kuphela e-United States, usezingeni lesibili emhlabeni. Ngo-2006, i-GDP yaseJapan yayingamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-4,911.362 aseMelika, cishe ephindwe kabili kunaleyo yesithathu yaseJalimane, enesilinganiso samadola aseMelika angama-38,533 ngomuntu ngamunye. Imboni yaseJapan ithuthuke kakhulu futhi iyinsika enkulu yezomnotho kazwelonke. Inani eliphelele lomkhiqizo wezimboni libala cishe u-40% womkhiqizo wasekhaya omningi. Igxile kakhulu ogwini lwasePacific. IKeihama, iHanshin, iChukyo kanye neKitakyushu yizindawo ezine zezimboni zendabuko. Izindawo ezintsha zezimboni ezifana neKanto, Chiba, Seto Inland Sea neSuruga Bay. Ozakwethu abakhulu bezohwebo baseJapan yi-United States, amazwe ase-Asia kanye namazwe e-EU. IJapan ihlupheka ngezinsizakusebenza zamaminerali.Ngaphandle kwamalahle ne-zinc, anezinqolobane ezithile, iningi lawo lithembele ekungenisweni kwamanye amazwe. Indawo yehlathi ingamahektha ayizigidi ezingama-25.26, ebala u-66.6% wendawo isiyonke yomhlaba, kepha u-55.1% wamapulangwe uncike ekuthengisweni kwempahla, okwenza kube yizwe elingenisa izingodo eziningi emhlabeni. Izinsizakusebenza ze-Hydropower ziningi, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi kusebenza cishe u-12% wesamba esiphelele sokuphehlwa kwamandla kagesi. Izinsiza zokudoba ezingasolwandle zicebile.

Izimo ezihlukile zaseJapan zomlando kanye nomlando omude kukhulise isiko elihlukile laseJapan. ISakura, i-kimono, i-haiku nama-Samurai, i-sake, ne-Shinto yakha imikhakha emibili yendabuko yase-Japan-chrysanthemum nenkemba. EJapan kukhona "izindlela ezintathu" ezidumile, okungukuthi, umkhosi wetiye waseJapan, umkhosi wezimbali, ne-calligraphy.

Umcimbi wetiye waziwa nangokuthi isobho letiye (iTing Ming Hui), futhi ubulokhu uthandwa kakhulu isigaba esiphakeme njengesiko lobuhle kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kulezi zinsuku, umkhosi wetiye usetshenziselwa ukuqeqesha ukugxila, noma ukuhlakulela isimilo, esamukelwa kabanzi ngumphakathi jikelele.

Indlela yezimbali yazalwa njengecebo lokukhiqiza izimbali eziqhakaza endle egumbini letiyi. Kunezikole ezingaphezu kuka-20 ze-ikebana ngenxa yokwehluka kwemithetho nezindlela eziboniswayo.Kukhona nezikole eziningi eJapan ezifundisa amasu ohlobo ngalunye.

USumo uqhamuka emasikweni enkolo obuShinto baseJapan. Abantu babenemincintiswano kankulunkulu wokuvuna ethempelini, benethemba lokuletha isivuno esihle. Ngesikhathi sikaNara noHeian, i-sumo kwakuyimidlalo yokubuka izinkantolo, kepha ngesikhathi seKamakura Sengoku, i-sumo yaba yingxenye yokuqeqeshwa kwama-Samurai. Umqhudelwano we-sumo okhokhelwayo wavela ngekhulu le-18, okufana kakhulu nomncintiswano wamanje we-sumo.

I-Kimono igama lemvunulo yesizwe yendabuko yaseJapan. Kubizwa nangokuthi "zhewu" eJapan. I-kimono ilingiswa ngemuva kokuhlelwa kabusha kwamakhosi aseSui naseTang eChina. Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-8 kuya kwelesi-9 AD, izingubo "zesitayela seTang" yake yaduma eJapan. Yize isishintshile yakha isitayela esiyingqayizivele saseJapan ngokuzayo, isinezici ezithile zezingubo zasendulo zamaShayina. Umehluko kuzitayela nemibala yamakimono wabesifazane kuwuphawu lweminyaka nomshado. Isibonelo, amantombazane angashadile agqoka izingubo zangaphandle ezinemikhono emide, abesifazane abashadile bagqoka izingubo zangaphandle ezinemikhono ebanzi; hlanganisa isitayela sezinwele "seShimada" (enye yezinwele zaseJapan, ezimise isitsha), nehembe lekhola elibomvu liyintombazane enezinwele eziyindilinga Updo, umama wekhaya ugqoke ihembe elisobala.

Kunezindawo eziningi ezithakazelisayo eJapan, kufaka phakathi iMount Fuji, iToshodai Temple, iTokyo Tower, njll., konke okwaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni.

INtaba iFuji: INtaba iFuji (iNtaba iFuji) itholakala eningizimu enkabeni yeHonshu, nokuphakama kwamamitha angu-3 776. Iyisiqongo esiphakeme kunazo zonke eJapane. Ibhekwa ngamaJapane "njengentaba engcwele". Kuwuphawu lwesizwe saseJapan. Kusemakhilomitheni angama-80 ukusuka eTokyo. Izifunda zaseShizuoka naseYamanashi zimboza indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-90.76. Yonke intaba imile okweyisigaxa, kanti isiqongo sentaba simbozwa yiqhwa unyaka wonke. INtaba iFuji izungezwe yi "Fuji Eight Peaks" efana neKenfeng, iHakusan, iKusushidake, i-Oriyake, i-Izu, i-Jojodake, i-Komagatake, ne-Sandake.

Ithempeli laseToshodai: Ithempeli laseToshodai (iToshodai Temple) Elitholakala eNara City, iToshodai Temple lakhiwa umonki ovelele uJianzhen ovela eDynasty yaseTshayina. Ithempeli eliyinhloko lamaBuddhist aseJapane iRyūzong. Izakhiwo ezisesitayeleni sokwakhiwa kweTang Dynasty zikhonjwe njengezinqolobane zikazwelonke zaseJapan. Ngemuva kokuthi indela yodumo yaseTang Dynasty uJianzhen (688-763 AD) yenze uhambo lwayo lwesithupha oluya empumalanga eJapan, ukwakhiwa kwaqala ngonyaka wesithathu weTianpingbaozi (759 AD) futhi kwaqedwa ngo-770 AD. Isibhengezo esibomvu "iToshoti Temple" esangweni lethempeli sibhalwe yi-Empress Xiaoqian yaseJapan elingisa ifonti kaWang Xizhi noWang Xianzhi.

ITokyo Tower: ITokyo Tower itholakala eTokyo.Yakhiwa ngo-1958 futhi inebude obungamamitha angama-333. Umbhoshongo omude kunayo yonke ezimele eJapan uneziteshi ezingama-TV eziyi-7 neziteshi ezingama-TV ezingama-21 eTokyo. Ukudlulisa imisakazo eziteshini zokudlulisela kanye neziteshi zokusakaza. Ekuphakameni kwamamitha ayi-100, kukhona indawo yokubuka enezitezi ezimbili; ekuphakameni kwamamitha angama-250, kukhona nesikhungo esibukhali esikhethekile. Kunamafasitela amakhulu engilazi asukela phansi kuye phezulu ophahleni kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ezine ze-Observatory, eyehlela ngaphandle. Uma ume endaweni yokubuka, ungalibheka idolobha laseTokyo, futhi ungaba nombono ocacile wedolobha.

ITokyo: ITokyo, inhlokodolobha yaseJapan (iTokyo), idolobha lesimanje lamazwe omhlaba eliseningizimu ye-Kanto Plain eHonshu. Inezifunda ezikhethekile ezingama-23, amadolobha angama-27, amadolobha ama-5, amadolobhana ayi-8 kanye Iziqhingi i-Izu kanye ne-Ogasawara Islands, enendawo ephelele yamakhilomitha-skwele angu-2,155 nenani labantu abayizigidi eziyi-12.54, ziphakathi kwamadolobha anabantu abaningi emhlabeni.

ITokyo yisikhungo sezepolitiki saseJapan. Ukuphathwa, ukushaywa komthetho, ezomthetho nezinye izinhlaka zombuso kugxilwe lapha. Indawo yase "Kasumigaseki", eyaziwa njenge "Guanting Street," iqoqa iNational Diet Building, iNkantolo Ephakeme, kanye nezinhlaka zikahulumeni ezihambisana neKhabhinethi ezifana noMnyango Wezangaphandle, uMnyango Wezohwebo Nezimboni, kanye noMnyango Wezemfundo. Leyo ndawo eyayingaphansi kwe-Edo Castle manje isiphenduke iMiyagi lapho kuhlala khona u-Emperor.

ITokyo futhi iyisikhungo sezomnotho saseJapan. Izinkampani ezinkulu zaseJapan zigxile lapha. Iningi lazo lisatshalaliswa ezindaweni zaseChiyoda, Chuo naseMinato. I-Tokyo, i-Yokohama eningizimu nendawo ye-Chiba empumalanga yakha indawo eyaziwa kakhulu yezimboni iKeihinye eJapan. Izimboni eziyinhloko insimbi nensimbi, ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, ukukhiqizwa kwemishini, amakhemikhali, i-electronics, njll. Umkhakha wezezimali waseTokyo nezentengiselwano ziyathuthukiswa, futhi imisebenzi yebhizinisi yasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe yenzeka kaningi. Eyaziwa ngokuthi "inhliziyo yaseTokyo", iGinza iyisifunda samabhizinisi esiphumelele kakhulu endaweni.

ITokyo futhi iyisikhungo samasiko nezemfundo eJapan. Izikhungo zamasiko ezahlukahlukene zigcwele abantu, kufaka phakathi u-80% wezindlu zokushicilela zezwe, imishini emikhulu nemishini esezingeni eliphezulu, iNational Museum, iWestern Art Museum, kanye neNational Library. Amanyuvesi atholakala eTokyo enza ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zenani eliphelele lamanyuvesi aseJapan, kanti abafundi ababhalise kula manyuvesi babalelwa ngaphezu kwengxenye yenani eliphelele labafundi baseyunivesithi ezweni lonke.

Ithrafikhi yaseTokyo ilula kakhulu. IShinkansen enejubane lamakhilomitha angama-200 ngehora isuka eTokyo iye eKyushu nasenyakatho-mpumalanga. Isitimela singafinyelela cishe zonke izindawo ezibalulekile. Ojantshi bezitimela, imigwaqo emikhulu, ukundiza, nokuthumela kwakha inethiwekhi ebanzi yezokuthutha efinyelela ezweni lonke nasemhlabeni wonke.

I-Osaka: I-Osaka (Osaka) itholakala osebeni lwe-Osaka Bay eningizimu-ntshonalanga yesiqhingi saseJapan iHonshu, eduzane nolwandle iSeto Inland.Yinhlokodolobha yase-Osaka Prefecture kanye nesikhungo sezimboni, ezentengiselwano, ezamanzi, umhlaba nezomoya esifundeni saseKansai. Idolobha lihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-204 futhi linabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2.7, okwenza kube idolobha lesibili ngobukhulu eJapan. Isimo sezulu lapha simnene futhi sinomswakama, sinezimbali ezihlala ziluhlaza nezihlahla kuzo zonke izikhathi zonyaka, futhi kunemifudlana yonke indawo, kepha ngemigwaqo namabhuloho angaphezu komfula, yaziwa ngokuthi "inhlokodolobha yamanzi" kanye "nedolobha lamanzi" lamabhuloho angamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili nesishiyagalombili, futhi yaziwa nangokuthi "idolobha lamabhuloho ayizinkulungwane".

I-Osaka yayibizwa nge- "Naniwa" ezikhathini zasendulo, futhi ibizwa nge- "Namba", futhi yabizwa nge-Osaka kusukela ngekhulu le-19. Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-2 kuye kwele-6 AD, kwake kwaba inhlokodolobha yaseJapan. Ngenxa yokuba seduze koLwandle iSeto Inland, i-Osaka ibe yindlela yokungena eNara naseKyoto, inhlokodolobha yasendulo iminyaka eyinkulungwane, futhi ingenye yezindawo zokuqala eJapan ekuthuthukiseni ezentengiselwano nezohwebo. Kusukela esikhathini saseTokugawa shogunate, i-Osaka isiphenduke isikhungo sezomnotho ezweni lonke futhi ibizwa ngokuthi "ikhishi lomhlaba". Kamuva, i-Osaka yathuthuka yaba idolobha lesimanje lezimboni nezentengiselwano.

I-Osaka inomlando omude wokwakha idolobha, futhi kunezindawo eziningi ezithandekayo. Phakathi kwazo, amanxiwa esigodlo sombuso wasendulo iNamba Palace esikhathini saseNara, ithempeli iSumiyoshi Taisha elifaka unkulunkulu wasendulo wezempi, wengoma, nosanta wabavikeli basolwandle, kanye nethempeli laseTaibutsu esikhathini sikaHeian. odumile. I-Osaka ibe nokuxhumana okusondelene namasiko nezomnotho neChina kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Izithunywa ezidumile ezathunyelwa eSuyn Dynasty naseTang Dynasty emlandweni waseJapan zaqala ukusuka eNamba ngaleso sikhathi. Ngo-608 AD, isithunywa uPei Shiqing esasithunyelwe ngu-Emperor Yang waseSui Dynasty naye wavakashela eNamba.

ISapporo: ISapporo iyinhloko-dolobha yaseHokkaido, eJapan. Itholakala onqenqemeni olusentshonalanga ye-Ishikari Plain nendawo yayo enamagquma axhumene. Ihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-1118 futhi inabantu abalinganiselwa ezigidini eziyi-1.8. ISapporo ithathwe olimini lwendabuko lwe-Ainu, okusho ukuthi "indawo enkulu futhi eyomile".

ISapporo yidolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke eHokkaido, isikhungo sezomnotho nesamasiko saseHokkaido, kanti imboni yayo nayo yathuthukiswa ngokuqhathaniswa. Ngokuyinhloko kufaka ukuphrinta, i-hemp, imikhiqizo yobisi, imikhiqizo yensimbi, imishini nokukhiqizwa kwamapulangwe neminye imikhakha yezimboni. Kukhona nezimayini zamalahle ezindaweni ezisentabeni ezisentshonalanga, nezinsizakusebenza zamahlathi nazo ziningi. ISapporo inendawo enhle, inamapaki amaningi nezindawo ezinhle edolobheni, nezindawo ezinezintaba ezineziqongo neziphethu ezishisayo ezingaba yikhilomitha elilodwa ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.

Inhlokodolobha yaseKyoto: IKyoto City (Kyoto) ihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-827.90 futhi inabantu abangama-1,469,472. Kubuye kube yisihlalo seKyoto Prefecture. Kuyidolobha eliqokwe ngumthetho kahulumeni, futhi lifaka iTokyo njengedolobha lesikhombisa elinabantu abaningi eJapan. Ngokubambisana ne-Osaka neKobe, iba yi "Keihanshin Metropolitan Area".

IKyoto kwakuyinhloko-dolobha yaseJapan kusuka ngo-794-1869 AD, ebizwa nge "Heiankyo". IHeiankyo yakhiwa ngesikhathi seNkathi kaHeian eJapan futhi yaba inhlokodolobha yeNkathi yeHeian kanye neNkathi kaMuromachi, futhi yayiyisikhungo samandla ezepolitiki aseJapan; kwaze kwaba yiminyaka eyi-1100 yohambo luka-Emperor Meiji oluya eTokyo, ngokujwayelekile kwakuyidolobha okwakuhlala kulo uMbusi waseJapan.

Idolobha lasungulwa ngo-1889. Imboni ilawulwa izindwangu, ilandelwa ukudla (ukwenziwa kwewayini, njll.), Imishini kagesi, imishini yokuhamba, ukushicilela nokuphrinta, imishini yokunemba, ikhemistri, ukucubungula ithusi, njll Indawo yezimboni yaseLoonan eyakhiwe engxenyeni eseningizimu yedolobha iyingxenye yeHanshin Industrial Zone. IKyoto iyindawo yokuhamba emhlabeni kanye nomoya. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezohwebo. Kukhona amakolishi amaningi namanyuvesi afana neNational Kyoto University. Imboni yezokuvakasha iyakhiwa, inezindawo eziningi zomlando nezinsalela zasendulo, njengeForbidden City neHeian Shrine. EGuishan Park emagqumeni e-Arashiyama enyakatho-ntshonalanga yedolobha, kwakhiwa itshe lesikhumbuzo senkondlo kaZhou Enlai ngo-1979.