I-Libya, igama elipheleleyo le-Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, igubungela indawo ye-1,759,540 yeekhilomitha. Ime kumantla eAfrika. Imida i-Egypt isiya empuma, iSudan iye mpuma mpuma, iChad neNiger emazantsi, kunye neAlgeria neTunisia entshona. Emantla kuLwandle lweMeditera. Unxweme lumalunga ne-1,900 leekhilomitha ubude. Ngaphezulu kwe-95% yommandla wonke uyintlango kunye ne-semi-desert. Ukuphakama komndilili weendawo ezininzi ziimitha ezingama-500. Kukho amathafa ngakunxweme olusemantla. Kule ndawo akukho milambo ingapheliyo kunye namachibi. Imithombo yequla isasazwa ngokubanzi kwaye ingowona mthombo wamanzi uphambili. Unxweme olusemantla lunemozulu eshushu eseMeditera, ubusika obufudumeleyo nobunethayo kunye nehlobo elishushu nelomileyo.Iqondo lobushushu eliphakathi kuJanuwari li-12 ° C kwaye iqondo lobushushu eliphakathi ku-Agasti liyi-26 ° C. Ehlotyeni, ihlala ichaphazeleka ngumoya owomileyo notshisayo ovela kwiNtlango yeSahara esemazantsi (apha ekuhlaleni eyaziwa njenge "Ghibli). Ukophulwa komthetho, iqondo lobushushu linokuphakama libe ngama-50 the; i-avareji yemvula yonyaka yi-100-600 mm.Iindawo ezinkulu zelizwe ziphakathi kwimozulu yentlango yetropiki, enobushushu obomileyo nemvula encinci, enamaqondo obushushu exesha lonyaka nasebusuku nasemini, malunga ne-15 ℃ ngoJanuwari nango-32 ngoJulayi. ℃ ngentla; i-avareji yempepho yonyaka ingaphantsi kwe-100 mm; indawo esembindini weSabha yeyona ndawo yome kakhulu emhlabeni. Iqondo lobushushu eTripoli li-8-16 ℃ ngoJanuwari nange-22-30 ℃ ngo-Agasti.

ILibya ivuselelwe ngo-1990 Yahlula imimandla yezolawulo, dibanisa amaphondo ayi-13 oqobo abe ngamaphondo ayi-7, kwaye anemimandla engama-42. Amagama amaphondo ngala alandelayo: Salala, Bayanoglu, Wudian, Sirte Bay, Tripoli, Green Mountain, Xishan. Abemi bamandulo baseLibya yayiziiBerbers, iiTuaregs kunye neeTubos.AbaseCarthagini bahlasela ngenkulungwane ye-7 BC.AmaLibya ayesilwa neCarthage ngo-201 BC Ubukumkani obumanyeneyo baseNumidian bamiselwa.AmaRoma ahlasela ngo-146 BC.Ama-Arabhu oyisa ama-Byzantine ngenkulungwane ye-7 boyisa ii-Berbers zalapha, bezisa inkcubeko yama-Arabhu kunye ne-Islam.Ubukhosi base-Ottoman babamba iTripoli phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-16. I-Tania kunye ne-Cyrenaica balawula imimandla eselunxwemeni.I-Libya yaba yithanga lase-Italiya emva kweMfazwe yase-Italiya neTurkey ngo-Okthobha u-1912. Ekuqaleni kuka-1943, i-Bhritane ne-France zangena kumantla nase mazantsi e-Libya, i-Bhritane yangena e-Tripolitani nase-Cyrenaica emantla. , I-France yangena kummandla osemazantsi we-Fezzan yaza yamisela urhulumente wezomkhosi. Emva kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, iZizwe eziManyeneyo zisebenzisa igunya kuyo yonke imimandla ye-Libya. Nge-24 kaDisemba, 1951, iLibya yabhengeza inkululeko yayo yaseka i-United Kingdom yaseLibya ngenkqubo yomanyano. UKumkani u-I waba yinkosi. Ngomhla wamashumi amabini anesihlanu ku-Epreli, ngo-1963, inkqubo yombuso yapheliswa kwaye ilizwe labizwa ngokuba yi-Kingdom yase-Libya. Ngomhla ka-Septemba 1, 1969, i "Free Officer Organisation" eyayikhokelwa ngu-Gaddafi yasungula umkhosi wobhukuqo-mbuso yabhukuqa umthetho we-Idriss. , Waseka iKomidi yoLawulo lweRevolution ekhokelwa nguGaddafi, wasebenzisa amandla amakhulu elizwe, kwaye wabhengeza ukusekwa kweRiphabhlikhi yaseArabhu yaseLibya. Ngo-Matshi 2, 1977, uGaddafi wakhupha "iSibhengezo saMandla aBantu", evakalisa ukuba uLi ungene "kulawulo oluthe ngqo lwabantu". I-People's Era ", wabhangisa bonke oorhulumente beklasi, waseka iinkomfa zabantu kunye neekomiti zabantu kuwo onke amanqanaba, watshintsha iriphabliki yaba yiJamahiriya. Ngo-Okthobha u-1986, igama lelizwe latshintshelwa kwigama lelizwe.

Iflegi yesizwe: uxande oluthe tyaba, inde kunye Ububanzi bobubanzi ngu-2: 1. Iflegi iluhlaza ngaphandle kweepateni.I-Libya lilizwe lamaSilamsi, kwaye uninzi lwabahlali bayo bakholelwa kwi-Islam.Oluhlaza ngumbala owuthandayo wabalandeli bamaSilamsi.AmaLibya nawo athatha okuluhlaza njengophawu lovukelo. , Luhlaza lumele umbala wobukhazikhazi, ulonwabo kunye noloyiso.

I-Libya inabemi abazizigidi ezi-5.67 (2005), ubukhulu becala ama-Arabhu (malunga nama-83.8%), amanye ngama-Egypt, amaTunisia kunye nee-Berbers. Uninzi lwabahlali luyakholelwa kwi-Islam, kwaye amaSulumane amaSunni enza i-97% Bo lulwimi lwesizwe, kwaye isiNgesi nesiTaliyane nazo ziyathethwa kwizixeko ezikhulu.

ILibya ngumvelisi weoyile obalulekileyo eMntla Afrika, kwaye ioyile yindlela yayo yokuphila kunye neyona ntsika iphambili. Imveliso yeoyile iakhawunti ye-50-70% ye-GDP, kunye ne-oyile yokuthumela kwelinye ilizwe iakhawunti ngaphezulu kwe-95% yokuthumela ngaphandle. Ukongeza kwioyile, oovimba begesi yendalo nabo baninzi, kwaye ezinye izixhobo zibandakanya i-iron, i-potassium, i-manganese, i-phosphate kunye ne-copper. Amacandelo aphambili kwimizi-mveliso kukukhangela i-petroleum kunye nokusulungekisa, kunye nokulungiswa kokutya, i-petrochemicals, iikhemikhali, izinto zokwakha, ukuvelisa umbane, imigodi kunye nelaphu. Indawo yomhlaba olimekayo ubala malunga neepesenti ezi-2 zommandla welizwe liphela. Ukutya akunako ukuzimela, kwaye ukutya okuninzi kungeniswa kwamanye amazwe. Izona zivuno ziphambili yingqolowa, irhasi, umbona, amandongomane, iiorenji, iminquma, icuba, imihla, imifuno, njl. Imfuyo ikwindawo ebalulekileyo kwezolimo. Abelusi kunye nabalusi abangaphantsi kwee-akhawunti zabo bangaphezulu kwesiqingatha sabantu bezolimo.

Iidolophu eziphambili

I-Tripoli: I-Tripoli lelona dolophu likhulu kunye nelona zibuko likhulu lase-Libya, kwaye ikwindawo esemantla ntshona eLibya nakunxweme olusemazantsi eMeditera. ITripoli yindawo yezorhwebo kunye nendawo yeqhinga ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo. Kwinkulungwane ye-7 BC, amaFenike amisela iidolophu ezintathu kule ndawo, ngokudibeneyo ebizwa ngokuba yi "Tripoli", ethetha "iidolophu ezintathu". Kamva, ezimbini zazo zatshatyalaliswa yinyikima enkulu ngonyaka ka-365 AD. U-Oye uphakathi. Isixeko sasinda sodwa, sahamba ngebhabheli, saza saphuhliswa saba yiTripoli namhlanje. Isixeko saseTripoli sasihlala amaRoma iminyaka engama-600 ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa yiVandals kwaye ilawulwa yiByzantium. Ngenkulungwane ye-7, ama-Arabhu eza kuhlala apha, kwaye ukusukela ngoko, inkcubeko yama-Arabhu yathatha iingcambu apha. Ngo-1951, iLibya yaba likomkhulu emva kokufumana inkululeko.