[Dziko Lapansi]

Dziko la Peru, lomwe ndi dzina lathunthu la Republic of Peru, limakhala dera lalikulu makilomita 1,285,200. Ili kumadzulo kwa South America, kumalire ndi Ecuador ndi Colombia kumpoto, Brazil kummawa, Chile kumwera, Bolivia kumwera chakum'mawa, ndi Atlantic Ocean kumadzulo. Mphepete mwa nyanja ndi makilomita 2254 kutalika. Andes amayenda kuchokera kumpoto kupita kumwera, ndipo mapiri amatenga gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a dzikolo. Dera lonseli ligawika magawo atatu kuchokera kumadzulo mpaka kum'mawa: dera lakumadzulo kwa gombe ndi dera lalitali komanso lopapatiza louma lomwe lili ndi zigwa zomwe zimafalikira; chigawo chapakati makamaka chigawo chapakati cha Andes, chokwera pafupifupi 4,300 metres, gwero la Mtsinje wa Amazon; kum'mawa ndi Amazon Nkhalango. Mapiri onse a Coropuna Peak ndi Sarcan ali pamwamba pa 6000 mita pamwamba pa nyanja, ndipo Phiri la Huascaran lili 6,768 mita pamwamba pa nyanja, yomwe ndi malo okwera kwambiri ku Peru. Mitsinje yayikulu ndi Ukayali ndi Putumayo. Gawo lakumadzulo kwa Peru lili ndi chipululu chotentha komanso nyengo yaudzu, youma ndi yofatsa, ndi kutentha kwapakati pa 12-32 ℃; gawo lapakati limasintha kutentha kwakukulu, ndikutentha kwapakati pa 1-14 ℃; gawo lakummawa lili ndi nkhalango yamvula yotentha ndi kutentha kwapakati pa 24-35 ℃. Kutentha kwapakati pamzindawu ndi 15-25 ℃. Mvula yapakati pachaka imakhala yochepera 50 mm kumadzulo, yochepera 250 mm pakati, komanso kum'mawa kupitilira 2000 mm.

Dzikoli lagawidwa m'zigawo 24 komanso chigawo chimodzi chogonjera (Chigawo cha Callao). Mayina a zigawo ndi awa: Amazon, Ancash, Apurímac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Cuzco, Huancavilica, Vanu Chigawo cha Córdoba, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Zigawo za Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali.

Amwenye amakhala ku Peru wakale. M'zaka za zana la 11 AD, Amwenye adakhazikitsa "Inca Empire" m'dera lamapiri ndi Cusco City ngati likulu lawo. Chimodzi mwazikhalidwe zakale zomwe zidapanga America kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 15-16 zaka-chitukuko cha Inca. Inakhala koloni yaku Spain ku 1533. Mzinda wa Lima unakhazikitsidwa mu 1535, ndipo Governor-General wa Peru adakhazikitsidwa mu 1544, ndikukhala likulu la ulamuliro wachikoloni waku Spain ku South America. Kudziyimira pawokha kudalengezedwa pa Julayi 28, 1821 ndipo Republic of Peru idakhazikitsidwa. Mu 1835, Bolivia ndi Peru adalumikizana ndikupanga Confederation ya Peru-Bolivia. Confederacy idagwa mu 1839. Ukapolo unathetsedwa mu 1854.

Dziko la Peru lili ndi anthu onse okwana 27.22 miliyoni (2005). Mwa iwo, Amwenye anali ndi 41%, mitundu yosakanikirana ya Indo-European inali 36%, azungu anali 19%, ndipo mitundu ina inali 4%. Chisipanishi ndicho chilankhulo chawo. Quechua, Aimara ndi zilankhulo zina zoposa 30 za ku India zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo ena. Anthu 96% amakhulupirira Chikatolika.

Peru ndi dziko lachikhalidwe komanso laulimi komanso migodi lomwe lili ndi zachuma ku Latin America. "Peru" amatanthauza "Malo Ogulitsa Chimanga" mu India. Wolemera mchere komanso kuposa kudzidalira kwamafuta. Migodi yachinsinsi ili ndi chuma chambiri ndipo ndi amodzi mwamayiko okwera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi okwana 12. Makamaka amaphatikizapo mkuwa, lead, zinc, siliva, chitsulo ndi mafuta. Malo osungira a bismuth ndi vanadium amakhala oyamba padziko lapansi, mkuwa amakhala wachitatu, ndipo siliva ndi zinc amakhala pachinayi. Mafuta omwe apezeka pano ndi migolo 400 miliyoni ndipo gasi wachilengedwe ndi 710 biliyoni. Kuchuluka kwa nkhalango ndi 58%, kokulirapo mahekitala 77.1 miliyoni, wachiwiri pambuyo pa Brazil ku South America. Mphamvu zamadzi ndi zinthu zam'madzi ndizolemera kwambiri. Makampani obisika makamaka amagwiritsa ntchito mafakitale. Chinsinsi ndichotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi popanga nsomba ndi mafuta. Peru ndi malo obadwira achikhalidwe cha Inca ndipo ali ndi chuma chambiri pazokopa alendo. Zokopa zazikuluzikulu ndi Lima Plaza, Torre Tagle Palace, Gold Museum, Cusco City, Machu-Pichu Mabwinja, ndi zina zambiri.

[Mzinda Waukulu]

Lima: Lima, likulu la Republic of Peru komanso likulu la chigawo cha Lima, kudutsa magombe akumwera ndi kumpoto kwa Mtsinje wa Lima. Dzinalo la Lima lachokera ku Lima Mtsinje. Pali phiri la San Cristobal kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi Callao, mzinda wapadoko pagombe la Pacific kumadzulo.

Lima idakhazikitsidwa ku 1535 ndipo yakhala koloni yaku Spain ku South America. Mu 1821, dziko la Peru lidayamba kudziyimira palokha ngati likulu lawo. Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi 7.8167 miliyoni (2005). Lima ndi mzinda wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi "wopanda mvula mzinda". Palibe mvula nyengo zonse. Pakati pa Disembala mpaka Januware chaka, nthawi zambiri pamakhala chifunga chachikulu chomwe chimapangidwa ndi chifunga chambiri komanso chinyezi, ndipo mpweya wamvula wapachaka umangokhala 10-50 mm. Nyengo pano imakhala ngati masika chaka chonse, kutentha kwapakati pamwezi kwa 16 digiri Celsius nthawi yozizira kwambiri ndi 23.5 madigiri Celsius munthawi yotentha kwambiri.

Mzinda wa Lima wagawika magawo awiri, wakale ndi watsopano Mzinda wakale uli kumpoto, pafupi ndi Mtsinje wa Rímak, ndipo udamangidwa munthawi ya atsamunda. Pali malo ambiri mumzinda wakalewu, ndipo pakati pake pali "Armed Square". Kuchokera pa bwaloli, misewu yokhala ndi miyala ikuluikulu yamwala imawonekera pangodya iliyonse ya mzindawo. Pali nyumba zazitali kuzungulira bwaloli, monga nyumba yaboma yomangidwa mbali ya Pizarro Palace ku 1938, Nyumba ya Lima Municipal yomwe idamangidwa mu 1945 ndi mashopu ambiri. Kuchokera pa bwalolo kumwera chakumadzulo, kudzera pamalo opindulitsa kwambiri a Avenue Uniang (Unity Avenue), mukufika ku San Martin Square, komwe ndi likulu la likulu. Pabwaloli pali chifanizo chokwera pamahatchi cha General San Martin, ngwazi yapadziko lonse lapansi yomwe yapambana kwambiri mu Nkhondo Yakusintha ku America. Pali mseu waukulu pakati pa bwaloli-Via Nicolas de Pierola. Kumapeto chakumadzulo kwa mseu kuli "Meyi 2 Square". Pafupi ndi malowa pali University of San Marcos, imodzi mwayunivesite ambiri ku Latin America. Pitani kumwera kuchokera kubwaloli kupita ku Bolognese Square. Khwalala lalikulu pakati pa malo awiriwa ndi likulu lazamalonda mumzinda watsopano. Pali malo ambiri owonetsera zakale kuzungulira Bolivar Square ku New Town. Palinso "Peru Museum" yaku Peru yomwe ili kunja kwa Lima.