[Country Profile]

IPeru, igama eligcwele leRiphabhuliki yasePeru, lihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-1,285,200. Kutholakala engxenyeni esentshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika, emngceleni we-Ecuador neColombia enyakatho, iBrazil empumalanga, iChile ngaseningizimu, iBolivia ngaseningizimu-mpumalanga, kanye ne-Atlantic Ocean entshonalanga. Ugu lungamakhilomitha angama-2254 ubude. I-Andes igijima isuka enyakatho iye eningizimu, kanti izintaba zi-1/3 yendawo yezwe. Insimu yonke ihlukaniswe izifunda ezintathu ukusuka entshonalanga kuya empumalanga: indawo esogwini olusentshonalanga iyindawo eyomile ende nemincane enamathafa asatshalaliswa ngezikhathi ezithile; indawo emaphakathi yethafa ikakhulukazi ingxenye ephakathi ye-Andes, enokuphakama okuphakathi kwamamitha angama-4,300, umthombo woMfula i-Amazon; empumalanga yi-Amazon Indawo yehlathi. Zombili lezi Zintaba zeKoropuna Peak neSarcan zingaphezulu kwamamitha ayi-6000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, kuyilapho iNtaba iHuascaran ingamamitha ayi-6,768 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, okuyindawo ephakeme kunazo zonke ePeru. Imifula emikhulu yi-Ukayali nePutumayo. Ingxenye esentshonalanga yePeru inogwadule olushisayo kanye nesimo sezulu sotshani, esomile futhi esimnene, esinamazinga okushisa aphakathi nonyaka ayi-12-32 ℃; ingxenye emaphakathi inoshintsho olukhulu lokushisa, ngokushisa okuphakathi konyaka okungu-1-14 ℃; ingxenye esempumalanga inesimo sezulu esishisayo sehlathi lemvula esinezinga lokushisa laminyaka yonke elingu-24-35 ℃. Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile enhlokodolobha lingu-15-25 ℃. Imvula yonyaka emaphakathi ingaphansi kuka-50 mm entshonalanga, ingaphansi kuka-250 mm maphakathi, nangaphezulu kuka-2000 mm empumalanga.

Izwe lihlukaniswe izifundazwe ezingama-24 kanye nesifunda esisodwa esingaphansi ngqo (Isifunda saseCallao). Amagama ezifundazwe ami kanjena: Amazon, Ancash, Apurímac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Cuzco, Huancavilica, Vanu Isifundazwe saseCórdoba, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Izifundazwe zasePiura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali.

AmaNdiya ayehlala ePeru yasendulo. Ngekhulu le-11 AD, amaNdiya asungula "umbuso wama-Inca" endaweni yasethafeni neCusco City njengenhloko-dolobha yawo. Enye yezimpucuko zasendulo ezakha amazwe aseMelika ekuqaleni kweminyaka eyi-15-16 - impucuko ye-Inca. Kwaba ikoloni laseSpain ngo-1533. Idolobha laseLima lasungulwa ngo-1535, kwathi uMbusi-Jikelele wasePeru wasungulwa ngo-1544, waba isikhungo sokubusa kwamakoloni aseSpain eNingizimu Melika. Ukuzimela kwamenyezelwa ngoJulayi 28, 1821 futhi kwasungulwa iRiphabhliki yasePeru. Ngo-1835, iBolivia nePeru bahlangana bakha i-Peru-Bolivia Confederation. I-Confederacy yawa ngo-1839. Ubugqila baqedwa ngo-1854.

IPeru inenani labantu eliphelele eliyizigidi ezingama-27.22 (2005). Phakathi kwabo, amaNdiya abenze u-41%, izinhlanga ezixubekile zase-Indo-European zaba ngu-36%, zabamhlophe zaba ngu-19%, kwathi ezinye izinhlanga zaba ngu-4%. ISpanishi ulimi olusemthethweni.IsiQuechua, isi-Aimara nezinye izilimi zaseNdiya ezingaphezu kwezingama-30 zisetshenziswa kakhulu kwezinye izindawo. Izakhamuzi ezingama-96% zikholelwa kubuKhatholika.

IPeru yizwe lendabuko lezolimo nezimayini elinomnotho osezingeni eliphakathi eLatin America. "I-Peru" isho ukuthi "Isitolo Samabele" ngesi-Indian. Ucebile ngamaminerali nangaphezu kokuzimela ngamafutha. Izimayini eziyimfihlo zicebile ngezinsizakusebenza futhi zingelinye lamazwe ayi-12 amakhulu kakhulu ezimayini emhlabeni. Ngokuyinhloko kufaka phakathi ithusi, ukuhola, i-zinc, isiliva, i-iron ne-petroleum. Izinqolobane ze-bismuth ne-vanadium zibalwa kuqala emhlabeni, indawo yethusi iba isithathu, kuthi isiliva ne-zinc kube isine. Imithombo kawoyela efakazelwe njengamanje iyimiphongolo eyizigidi ezingama-400 kanti igesi yemvelo ingamamitha ayi-710 billion cubic. Izinga lokumbozwa kwamahlathi liyi-58%, elihlanganisa indawo engamahektha ayizigidi ezingama-77.1, elandela iBrazil kuphela eNingizimu Melika. Izinsizakusebenza zamanzi nezasolwandle zicebile ngokweqile. Imboni eyimfihlo icubungula futhi ihlanganise izimboni. Imfihlo futhi ingumkhiqizi omkhulu womhlaba kawoyela wezinhlanzi nowoyela wezinhlanzi. IPeru yindawo yokuzalwa yamasiko ama-Inca futhi icebile ngemithombo yezokuvakasha. Okuheha kakhulu izivakashi yiLima Plaza, iTorre Tagle Palace, iGolide Museum, iCusco City, iMachu-Pichu Ruins, njll.

[Idolobha Elikhulu]

ILima: Lima, inhlokodolobha yeRiphabhuliki yasePeru nenhloko-dolobha yesiFundazwe saseLima, ngaphesheya kwamabhange aseningizimu nasenyakatho yoMfula iLima. Igama likaLima lisuselwa kuLima Umfula. Kukhona iSan Cristobal Mountain enyakatho-mpumalanga neCallao, idolobha eliyitheku elisogwini lwasePacific ngasentshonalanga.

ILima yasungulwa ngo-1535 futhi sekuyisikhathi eside iyikoloni laseSpain eNingizimu Melika. Ngo-1821, iPeru yazimela njengenhloko-dolobha yayo. Inani labantu liyi-7.8167 million (2005). ILima yidolobha elidume umhlaba wonke "alikho idolobha lemvula". Ayikho imvula kuzo zonke izinkathi zonyaka. Kuphela phakathi kukaDisemba noJanuwari wonyaka, kuvame ukuba nenkungu esindayo eyakhiwa yinkungu enamandla futhi enomswakama, kanti imvula yaminyaka yonke ingu-10-50 mm kuphela. Isimo sezulu lapha sifana nentwasahlobo unyaka wonke, ngesilinganiso sokushisa senyanga nenyanga esingu-16 degrees Celsius ngesikhathi esibanda kakhulu kanye no-23.5 degrees Celsius ngesikhathi esishisa kakhulu.

Idolobha laseLima lihlukaniswe laba izingxenye ezimbili, elidala nelisha. Idolobha elidala lisenyakatho, eduze noMfula iRímak, futhi lakhiwa ngesikhathi sekoloni. Kunezikwele eziningi edolobheni elidala, futhi isikhungo salo yi- "Armed Square". Ukusuka esigcawini, imigwaqo egandayiwe ngamatshe amakhulu emisebe iphuma kuwo wonke amakhona wedolobha. Kunezakhiwo ezithile ezinde ezungeze lesi sikwele, njengesakhiwo sikahulumeni esakhiwe engxenyeni yePizarro Palace ngo-1938, iLima Municipal Building eyakhiwa ngo-1945 nezitolo eziningi. Ukusuka esigcawini kuya eningizimu-ntshonalanga, ngokusebenzisa isikhungo sezentengiselwano esichuma kakhulu i-Avenue Uniang (Unity Avenue), fika eSan Martin Square, okuyisikhungo senhlokodolobha. Esigcawini kumi isithombe sokugibela amahhashi sikaGeneral San Martin, iqhawe lesizwe elenze impumelelo emangalisayo kwi-American Revolution. Ngasentshonalanga komgwaqo yi "May 2nd Square". Budebuduze nesikwele yiYunivesithi yaseSan Marcos, enye yamayunivesithi amaningi eLatin America. Iya ngaseningizimu usuka esigcawini uye eBolognese Square. Umgwaqo obanzi phakathi kwalezi zigcawu ezimbili uyisikhungo sokuhweba sedolobha elisha. Kuneminyuziyamu eminingi ezungeze iBolivar Square eNew Town. Kukhona futhi ne- "Museum Museum" yasePeruvia emaphethelweni eLima.