[Iphrofayili yelizwe]

IPeru, igama elipheleleyo leRiphabhlikhi yasePeru, ligubungela ummandla we-1,285,200 yeekhilomitha ezizikwere. Ifumaneka kwinxalenye esentshona yo Mzantsi Melika, ngakwimida ye-Ecuador kunye neColombia emantla, iBrazil empuma, iChile emazantsi, iBolivia kumazantsi mpuma, kunye noLwandlekazi lweAtlantic ngasentshona. Unxweme luziikhilomitha ezingama-2254 ubude. I-Andes ibaleka ukusuka emantla iye emazantsi, kwaye iintaba zenza i-1/3 yommandla welizwe. Ummandla wonke wohlulwe waba yimimandla emithathu ukusuka entshona ukuya empuma: ummandla wonxweme osentshona yindawo ende kwaye imxinwa eyomileyo enamathafa asasazwayo; indawo esecaleni yethafa ikakhulu licandelo eliphakathi leAndes, elinomndilili ophakame malunga ne-4,300 yeemitha, umthombo woMlambo iAmazon; empuma yiAmazon Indawo yehlathi. Zombini ezi ntaba zeCoropuna Peak kunye neSarcan zingaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-6000 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle, kwaye iNtaba yeHuascaran ingamamitha ayi-6,768 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle, eyona ndawo iphakamileyo ePeru. Imilambo ephambili yiUkayali kunye nePutumayo. Inxalenye esentshona yePeru inentlango yetropiki kunye nemozulu enengca, eyomileyo ethambileyo, enobushushu obuqhelekileyo bonyaka obungu-12-32 ℃; indawo esembindini ineenguqulelo ezinkulu kwiqondo lobushushu, kunye nobushushu obuphakathi ngonyaka obungu-1-14 ℃; Inxalenye esempuma inemozulu yemvula yetropiki enobushushu obuphakathi bonyaka obungu-24-35 ℃. Iqondo lobushushu eliphakathi kwikomkhulu yi-15-25 ℃. Umyinge wemvula yonyaka ungaphantsi kwe-50 mm entshona, ungaphantsi kwama-250 mm embindini, nangaphezulu kwama-2000 mm empuma. Ilizwe lahlulwe ngokwamaphondo angama-24 kunye nesithili esinye esiphantsi ngqo (Isithili saseCallao). Amagama amaphondo ami ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Amazon, Ancash, Apurímac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Cuzco, Huancavilica, Vanu Amaphondo eCórdoba, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Amaphondo ePiura, ePuno, eSan Martin, eTacna, eTumbes, eUcayali.

AmaIndiya ahlala kwiPeru yakudala. Kwinkulungwane ye-11th AD, amaIndiya amisela "uBukhosi beInca" kumathafa asecaleni neCusco City njengekomkhulu labo. Enye yeenkcubeko zakudala ezakha amaMelika ekuqaleni kwe-15-16 kwinkulungwane- impucuko yeInca. Yaba yithanga laseSpain ngo-1533. Isixeko saseLima sasekwa ngo-1535, yaza iRhuluneli-Jikelele yasePeru yasekwa ngo-1544, yaba liziko lolawulo lobukoloniyali baseSpain eMzantsi Merika. Ukuzimela kwabhengezwa ngoJulayi 28, 1821 kunye neRiphabhlikhi yasePeru yasekwa. Ngo-1835, iBolivia nePeru zadityaniswa zaza zayila i-Peru-Bolivia Confederation. I-Confederacy yawa ngo-1839. Ubukhoboka bapheliswa ngo-1854.

IPeru inabemi abangama-27.22 yezigidi (2005). Phakathi kwawo, amaIndiya enza iipesenti ezingama-41, iintlanga ezixubileyo zase-Indo-Yuropu zabalelwa kuma-36%, abamhlophe babalelwa kwi-19%, zaza ezinye iintlanga zane-4%. IsiSpanish lulwimi olusemthethweni.IsiQuechua, isiAimara nezinye iilwimi ezingaphezu kwama-30 zaseIndiya ziqhelekile kwiindawo ezithile. Ama-96% abahlali bakholelwa kubuKatolika.

IPeru lilizwe lesintu lezolimo kunye nezemigodi kunye noqoqosho olukumgangatho ophakathi eLatin America. "IPeru" ithetha "Ivenkile yeMbona" ​​eIndiya. Isityebi kwizimbiwa nangaphezulu kokuzimela ngeoyile. Ukumba imigodi ngokufihlakeleyo kutyebile kwimithombo yobutyebi kwaye lelinye lawona mazwe ali-12 amakhulu ehlabathini. Ingakumbi zibandakanya ubhedu, ilothe, i-zinc, isilivere, i-iron kunye ne-petroleum. Oovimba be-bismuth kunye ne-vanadium bakwinqanaba lokuqala emhlabeni, indawo yobhedu ikwindawo yesithathu, kwaye isilivere kunye ne-zinc zikwindawo yesine. Ugcino lwangoku lweoyile zizigidi ezingama-400 zemigqomo kwaye igesi yendalo ngama-710 ezigidi zeenyawo. Izinga lokugutyungelwa kwehlathi ngama-58%, ligubungela ummandla wezigidi ezingama-77.1 eehektare, okwesibini kulandele iBrazil eMzantsi Merika. Amandla ombane kunye nezixhobo zaselwandle zizityebi kakhulu. Ishishini eliyimfihlo ikakhulu licwangcisa kwaye lidibanise amashishini. Imfihlelo ikwangumvelisi ophambili weentlanzi kunye neoyile yeentlanzi. IPeru yindawo yokuzalwa yenkcubeko ye-Inca kwaye ityebile kwizixhobo zokhenketho. Ezona ndawo zinomdla kubakhenkethi yiLima Plaza, iTorre Tagle Palace, iMyuziyam yeGolide, iCusco City, iMachu-Pichu Ruins, njl.

[ISixeko esiyiNtloko]

ILima: Lima, ikomkhulu leRiphabhlikhi yasePeru kunye nekomkhulu lePhondo laseLima. Umlambo. Kukho intaba yaseSan Cristobal kumantla mpuma naseCallao, isixeko esiselunxwemeni kunxweme lwePasifiki ukuya entshona.

ILima yasekwa nge-1535 kwaye kudala yayikholoni yaseSpain eMzantsi Merika. Ngo-1821, iPeru yazimela njengenkunzi yayo. Abemi basisi-7.8167 sezigidi (2005). ILima sisixeko esidumileyo sehlabathi "akukho sixeko semvula". Akukho mvula ngawo onke amaxesha onyaka. Kuphela phakathi kukaDisemba noJanuwari wonyaka, kuhlala kukho inkungu enzima eyenziwe yinkungu eshinyeneyo nenomswakama, kwaye imvula yonyaka iyi-10-50 mm kuphela. Imozulu yalapha ifana nentwasahlobo unyaka wonke, ngeqondo lobushushu eliphakathi ngenyanga le-16 degrees celcius ngexesha elibanda kakhulu kunye ne-23.5 degrees celcius ngeli xesha lishushu.

Isixeko saseLima sahlulwe sangamacandelo amabini, indala kunye entsha, isixeko esidala sisentla, kufutshane noMlambo iRímak, kwaye sakhiwa ngexesha lesithanga. Zininzi izikwere kwisixeko esidala, kwaye iziko laso yi "Armed Plaza". Ukusuka kwisikwere, iindlela ezixhonywe ngamatye amakhulu amatye akhazimlayo kwikona nganye yesixeko. Kukho ezinye izakhiwo ezide ezijikeleze isikwere, ezinje ngesakhiwo sikarhulumente esakhiwe kwinxalenye yePizarro Palace ngo-1938, iLima Municipal Building eyakhiwa ngo-1945 kunye neevenkile ezininzi. Ukusuka kwisikwere ukuya kumazantsi mpuma, ngoyena mntu uchumileyo kwiziko iAvenue Uniang (Unity Avenue), ufika eSan Martin Square, embindini wedolophu. Esikwereni kume umfanekiso oqwele amahashe ka-General San Martin, igorha lesizwe elenze impumelelo ebonakalayo kwiMfazwe yoQhushululu yaseMelika. Kwintshona yesitalato yi "Meyi yesi-2 yesikwere" .kukude nesikweri yiYunivesithi yaseSan Marcos, eyunivesithi inye kwiLatin America. Yiya emazantsi ukusuka kwisikwere uye kwiBolognese Square. Isitalato esibanzi phakathi kwezikwere zimbini liziko lezorhwebo lesixeko esitsha. Zininzi iimyuziyam ezijikeleze iBolivar Square kwiDolophu eNtsha. Kukho "iMyuziyam yaseGolide" eyaziwayo ePeru ngaphandle kweLima.