[Nyika Mbiri]

Peru, izere zita reRepublic yePeru, inosvika nharaunda inosvika 1,285,200 mativi emakiromita. Inowanikwa kumadokero kweSouth America, pamuganhu neEcuador neColombia kuchamhembe, Brazil kumabvazuva, Chile kumaodzanyemba, Bolivia kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva, uye Atlantic Ocean kumadokero. Mahombekombe akareba makiromita mazana maviri nemakumi maviri nemashanu. Iyo Andes inomhanya kubva kuchamhembe kuenda kumaodzanyemba, uye makomo anoita 1/3 yenharaunda yenyika. Iyo nharaunda yese yakakamurwa kuita matunhu matatu kubva kumadokero kuenda kumabvazuva: nzvimbo yekumavirira yemahombekombe inzvimbo refu uye yakatetepa yakaoma ine mapara akaparadzirwa; nzvimbo yepakati penzvimbo inonyanya chikamu chepakati cheAndes, ine avhareji yekukwira ingangoita mazana mana emamita mazana matatu, sosi yeRwizi rweAmazon; kumabvazuva iAmazon Nzvimbo yemasango. Ose ari maviri maCoropuna Peak neMakomo eSarcan ari pamusoro pe6000 metres pamusoro pegungwa, uye iyo Huascaran Mountain iri 6,768 metres pamusoro pegungwa, inova nzvimbo yepamusoro muPeru. Nzizi huru ndiUkayali naPutumayo. Chikamu chekumadokero chePeru chine gwenga rinopisa uye huswa hwemamiriro ekunze, hwakaoma uye hwakapfava, iine tembiricha yegore negore ye12-32 ℃; iyo yepakati chikamu ine shanduko huru yekushisa, iine wepakati tembiricha tembiricha ye1-14 ℃; iyo chikamu chekumabvazuva chine tembiricha inonaya sango mamiriro ekunze ane wepakati pagore tembiricha ye24-35 ℃. Ivhareji tembiricha mumusoro ndeye 15-25 ℃. Mvura yepakati pagore inonaya iri pasi pe50 mm kumadokero, pasi pe250 mm pakati, uye inopfuura 2000 mm kumabvazuva.

Nyika yakakamurwa kuva matunhu makumi maviri nemana uye 1 dunhu rakatarisana (Dunhu reCallao). Mazita emapurovhinzi aya anotevera: Amazon, Ancash, Apurímac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Cuzco, Huancavilica, Vanu Dunhu reCórdoba, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Matunhu ePiura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali.

MaIndia aigara muPeru yekare. Muzana ramakore rechigumi nerimwe AD, maIndia akatanga "Inca Empire" munzvimbo yemupata neCusco City seguta ravo guru. Imwe yemagariro ekare akaumba maAmerican mukutanga 15-16 mazana emakore-iyo Inca budiriro. Yakava koloni yeSpain muna 1533. Guta reLima rakavambwa muna 1535, uye Gavhuna-General wePeru yakavambwa muna 1544, ichiva muzinda wehutongi hweSpanish hwekoloni muSouth America. Kuzvimiririra kwakaziviswa muna Chikunguru 28, 1821 uye iyo Republic yePeru yakavambwa. Muna 1835, Bolivia nePeru zvakabatana kuita Peru-Bolivia Confederation. Iyo Confederacy yakadonha muna 1839. Uranda hwakabviswa muna 1854.

Peru ine huwandu hwevanhu huwandu hwemamiriyoni 27.22 (2005). Pakati pavo, maIndia aiita 41%, maIndo-European marudzi akasanganiswa aiita 36%, vachena vaiita 19%, uye mamwe marudzi akaita 4%. ChiSpanish ndiwo mutauro wepamutemo.Quechua, Aimara uye mimwe mitauro yeIndia inodarika makumi matatu inowanzo shandiswa mune dzimwe nzvimbo. 96% yevagari vanotenda muchiKatorike.

Peru inyika yechinyakare yekurima neyemigodhi ine hupfumi hwepakati-kati muLatin America. "Peru" zvinoreva "Chitoro cheChibage" muIndia. Akapfuma mune zvicherwa uye zvinopfuura kuzvikwanira mumafuta. Kuchera kwakavanzika kune hupfumi uye kune imwe yenyika gumi nembiri dzepamigodhi. Kunyanya inosanganisira mhangura, lead, zinc, sirivheri, iron uye peturu. Izvo zvinochengeterwa bismuth uye vanadium chinzvimbo chekutanga pasirese, mhangura inotora yechitatu, uye sirivheri uye zinc chinzvimbo chechina. Izvo zviripo zviratidzwa matura emafuta ari mazana emamiriyoni emabhiramu uye gasi rechisikirwo zviuru mazana manomwe nemazana emamiriyoni emamita cubic. Chiyero chekufukidza masango chiri 58%, ichifukidza nzvimbo inosvika mahekita emamirioni mazana manomwe nemakumi manomwe nenomwe, kechipiri kubva kuBrazil kuSouth America. Simba remvura uye zviwanikwa zvemumvura zvakapfuma zvakanyanya. Iyo yakavanzika indasitiri inonyanya kugadzirisa uye kuungana maindasitiri. Chakavanzika ndiye zvakare mugadziri mukuru wepasi rose wehove uye mafuta ehove. Peru ndiyo nzvimbo yekuzvarwa yeInca tsika uye yakapfuma mune zvekushanya zviwanikwa. Nzvimbo huru dzinokwezva vashanyi iLima Plaza, Torre Tagle Palace, Goridhe Museum, Cusco City, Machu-Pichu Ruins, nezvimwe.

[Guta Guru]

Lima: Lima, guta guru reRepublic of Peru uye guta guru reRuwa rweLima, kumhiri kwemahombekombe ekumaodzanyemba nekuchamhembe kweRwizi rweLima. Zita raLima rakatorwa kubva kuLima Rwizi. Kune San Cristobal Mountain kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva uye Callao, chiteshi chengarava pagungwa rePacific kumadokero.

Lima yakavambwa mu1535 uye yakagara iri koloni reSpain muSouth America. Muna 1821, Peru yakazvimiririra seguta rayo guru. Huwandu hwevanhu hwasvika 7.8167 mamirioni (2005). Lima idhorobha rine mukurumbira "hakuna mvura inonaya" .Hapana kunaya mumwaka wese. Chete pakati paDecember naJanuary wegore, panowanzova nemhute inorema inoumbwa nemhute gobvu uye ine hunyoro, uye kunaya kwegore kunongova 10-50 mm chete. Mamiriro ekunze pano akaita senge chirimo gore rese, neavhareji tembiricha yemwedzi wega ye16 degrees Celsius panguva inotonhora uye 23.5 degrees Celsius panguva yekupisa kwazvo.

Guta reLima rakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri, chekare nechitsva.Guta rekare riri kuchamhembe, padyo neRímak Rwizi, uye rakavakwa panguva yekoloni. Kune akawanda materu muguta rekare, uye pakati payo ndiyo "Armed Plaza". Kubva pachivara, migwagwa yakavezwa nematombo mahombe anopenya kukona yega yega yeguta. Kune zvimwe zvivakwa zvakareba zvakapoterera mraba, senge chivakwa chehurumende chakavakwa pachikamu chePizarro Palace muna 1938, iyo Lima Municipal Building yakavakwa muna 1945 nezvitoro zvakawanda. Kubva pachivara kusvika kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero, kuburikidza nenzvimbo inobudirira yekutengesa Avenue Uniang (Unity Avenue), unosvika kuSan Martin Square, inova iyo nzvimbo yeguta guru. Pachikwere pakamira chifananidzo chakatasva mabhiza chaGeneral San Martin, gamba renyika iro rakabudirira zvikuru muAmerican Revolutionary War.Pane mugwagwa wakapamhamha pakati pechiyero-Via Nicolas de Pierola. Kumadokero kwekupedzisira kwemugwagwa kune "Chivabvu 2 Square." Pasina kure nekwere kune University of San Marcos, imwe yemayunivhesiti mazhinji muLatin America. Enda kumaodzanyemba kubva pachivara uchienda kuBolonese Square.Mugwagwa wakapamhamha uri pakati pemakwere maviri ndiyo nzvimbo yekutengesa yeguta idzva. Kune mamuseum mazhinji akapoterera Bolivar Square muNew Town. Kune zvakare yakakurumbira Peruvia "Goridhe Museum" kumucheto kweLima.