ISyria, igama elipheleleyo leRiphabhlikhi yaseArabhu yaseArabhu, igubungela ummandla we-185,180 yeekhilomitha (kubandakanya iGolan Heights). Ifumaneka kwintshona yelizwekazi laseAsia, kunxweme olusempuma yoLwandle lweMeditera. Imida iTurkey emantla, i-Iraq ngasempuma, iJordani emazantsi, iLebhanon nePalestine kumazantsi-ntshona, kunye neCyprus ngasentshona ngaphesheya koLwandle lweMeditera. Unxweme luziikhilomitha ezili-183 ubude. Ininzi yale ndawo yithafa elisithambeka ukusuka emantla ntshona ukuya emzantsi mpuma. Yahlulwe yangamacandelo amane: iintaba zasentshona kunye neentlambo zeentaba; amathafa aselunxwemeni lweMeditera; amathafa asemazantsi; intlango esemazantsi mpuma eSyria. Intaba yeSheikh kwintshona-ntshona yeyona ndawo iphakamileyo kwilizwe. Umlambo u-Ewufrathe uqukuqelela ungene kwiPersian Gulf unqumla eIraq ukuya empuma, kwaye umlambo iAssi uqukuqela usentshona ungene kuLwandle lweMeditera unqamle iTurkey. Imimandla eselunxwemeni nasemantla yeyesimo sezulu eshushu seMeditera, kwaye imimandla esemazantsi yeyemozulu eshushu yentlango. Amaxesha amane onyaka ahlukile, indawo eyintlango ifumana imvula encinci ebusika, kwaye ihlobo lome kwaye lishushu.

Ilizwe lahlulwe langamaphondo nezixeko ezili-14: iDamasko yasemaphandleni, iHoms, iHama, iLatakia, iIdlib, iTartus, iRaqqa , Deir ez-Zor, Hassek, Dar'a, Suwayda, Kuneitra, Aleppo naseDamasko.

ISiriya inembali engaphezulu kwamawaka amane eminyaka. Izixeko zamandulo zazikho ngo-3000 BC. Ukoyiswa bubukhosi baseAsiriya ngenkulungwane ye-8 BC. Ngo-333 BC, umkhosi waseMakedoni wahlasela iSiriya. Kwakuhlala amaRoma amandulo ngo-64 BC. Ifakiwe kummandla woBukhosi baseArab ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-7. I-European Crusaders yahlasela ngenkulungwane ye-11. Ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-13, kwakulawula ubukhosi bamaMamluk base-Egypt. Yadityaniswa bubukhosi base-Ottoman iminyaka engama-400 ukusukela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-16. Ngo-Epreli 1920, yacuthwa yangumyalelo waseFrance. Ekuqaleni kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, i-Bhritane ne-France "Umkhosi wamaFrentshi wasimahla" bamatsha baya eSyria kunye. Nge-27 kaSeptemba, 1941, uGeneral Jadro, umphathi oyintloko we "Free French Army", wabhengeza ukuzimela kweSyria egameni lamahlakani. ISyria yaseka urhulumente wayo ngo-Agasti ka-1943. Ngo-Epreli 1946, imikhosi yase-Bhritane ne-Bhritane kwanyanzeleka ukuba barhoxe.I-Syria yafumana inkululeko ngokupheleleyo kwaye yaseka i-Arab Arab Republic. NgoFebruwari 1, 1958, iSyria ne-Egypt badibana kwiRiphabhlikhi yase-United Arab. NgoSeptemba 28, 1961, iSyria yahlulwa kwiArabhu League yaphinda yamisa iRiphabhlikhi yaseArabhu yaseSyria.

Iflegi yesizwe: Yixande kunye nomyinge wobude kububanzi be-3: 2. Umphezulu weflegi unezangqa ezilinganayo ezintathu ezibomvu, ezimhlophe kunye ezimnyama ezidityaniswe ukusuka phezulu kuye ezantsi.Kwicandelo elimhlophe, kukho iinkwenkwezi ezimbini eziluhlaza ezalathiweyo ezintlanu ezilinganayo. Ubomvu ubonakalisa ubugorha, umhlophe ubonakalisa ubunyulu kunye nokunyamezelana, umnyama luphawu loloyiso lukaMuhammad, oluhlaza ngowona mbala uthandwayo wenzala kaMuhammad, kwaye inkwenkwezi enamanqaku amahlanu ibonisa uguquko lwaseArabhu.

ISyria inabemi abazizigidi ezingama-19.5 (2006). Phakathi kwabo, Arabhu akhawunti ngaphezu kwama-80%, kwakunye Kurds, Armenia, Turkmen, njalo njalo. IsiArabhu lulwimi lwesizwe, kwaye isiNgesi nesiFrentshi zihlala zisetyenziswa. Abahlali abangama-85% bakholelwa kwi-Islam kwaye i-14% bakholelwa ebuKristwini. Phakathi kwabo, i-Sunni Islam i-80% (malunga ne-68% yabemi besizwe), i-Shiites i-akhawunti ye-20%, kunye ne-Alawites akhawunti ye-75% yamaShiites (malunga ne-11.5% yabemi besizwe).

ISyria ineemeko zendalo eziphezulu kunye nezixhobo ezinobuncwane bezimbiwa, ikakhulu ipetroleum, i-phosphate, igesi yendalo, ityuwa yerwala, i-asphalt, njl. Ezolimo zikwindawo ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwesizwe kwaye yenye yezinto ezintlanu ezithumela ukutya kumazwe angaphandle kwama-Arabhu. Isiseko seshishini sibuthathaka, uqoqosho oluphethwe ngurhulumente lubalasele, kwaye ishishini langoku linamashumi nje ambalwa embali. Amashishini akhoyo ahlulelwe kwimveliso yezemigodi, eyokulungisa imveliso kunye neyokuhambisa umbane ngamanzi. Icandelo lezemigodi libandakanya ioyile, igesi yendalo, iphosphate, kunye nemabhile. Amashishini okuqhubekeka ikakhulu abandakanya amalaphu, ukutya, isikhumba, imichiza, isamente, icuba, njl. ISiriya ineendawo ezidumileyo zezinto zakudala kunye neeholide zasehlotyeni. Ezi zibonelelo zokhenketho zitsala inani elikhulu labakhenkethi minyaka le.

ISyria yipaseji yamanye amazwe akuMbindi Mpuma ukuba angene kwaye aphume kwiMeditera.Umhlaba, ulwandle kunye nokuthuthwa komoya kuphuhlisiwe. Ime kwi-245 yeekhilomitha kumantla mpuma eDamasko, kukho amanxuwa esiXeko saseTaidemuer esaziwa ngokuba "nguMtshakazi entlango". Yayiyidolophu ebalulekileyo edibanisa iTshayina kunye neNtshona yeAsia, iindlela zorhwebo zaseYurophu kunye nendlela yakudala yeSilk kwi-2 ukuya kwi-3 yenkulungwane ye-AD.

IDamasko: Isixeko esidumileyo esidala emhlabeni, iDamasko, ikomkhulu laseSyria, sasisaziwa njenge "sixeko ezulwini" kumaxesha amandulo. Ifumaneka kwibhanki yasekunene yoMlambo iBalada kumazantsi mpuma eSyria. Indawo yedolophu yakhelwe kwithambeka leNtaba yeKexin, egubungela ummandla omalunga neekhilomitha ezili-100 zesikwere. Yakhiwe malunga ne-2000 BC. Ngo-661 AD, ubukhosi bama-Arabhu base-Umayyad basekwa apha. Emva kwe-750, yayiyeyobukhosi base-Abbasid kwaye yayilawulwa ngama-Ottoman kangangeenkulungwane ezi-4.Ama-colonialist ase-France agweba ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-30 ngaphambi kwenkululeko. Nangona iDamasko ikhe yafumana amava okuqhambuka kunye nokuvuka kunye nokuwa, isafanelwe sisihloko esithi "IsiXeko seeNdawo zeMbali" namhlanje. Isango leKaisan elakhiwe ngamatye ecaleni kwesixeko samandulo laphinde lakhiwa ngenkulungwane ye-13 neye-14. Imbali ithi iSt. UPaul, umpostile kaYesu Krestu, wangena eDamasko ngeli sango. Emva kwexesha, xa uSt.Paul wayegxothwa ziintshaba zobuKrestu, wafakwa kubhasikidi ngabathembekileyo waza wehla kwiSango leKaisan ukusuka kwinqaba yaseDamasko, wasinda eDamasko. Kamva, iSt. Paul's Church yakhiwa apha ukukhumbula.

Isitalato esidumileyo esitratweni-esithe nkqo, esiqala empuma siye entshona, yayisesona sitrato siphambili somzi ngexesha lolawulo lweRoma yakudala. Iziko lesixeko yiMartyrs Square, kwaye umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu kaGeneral Azim, injengele yesizwe, umiswe kufutshane. Kwindawo entsha yasezidolophini, kukho izakhiwo zikarhulumente zale mihla, isixeko sezemidlalo, isixeko saseyunivesithi, imyuziyam, isithili sozakuzo, isibhedlele, ibhanki, iholo yemidlalo bhanyabhanya kunye neqonga. Kukho amaSilamsi angama-250 esixekweni, eyona idumileyo yeyaseMayyad Mosque, eyakhiwe ngo-705 kwaye ibekwe embindini wedolophu yakudala.Ubugcisa bayo obumangalisayo yenye yezona mosque zamandulo zidumileyo kwilizwe lamaSilamsi.