ISyria, igama eligcwele leSyria Arab Republic, ihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-185,180 (kufaka phakathi iGolan Heights). Kutholakala entshonalanga yezwekazi lase-Asia, ogwini olusempumalanga yoLwandle iMedithera. Unqamula iTurkey ngasenyakatho, i-Iraq empumalanga, iJordani ngaseningizimu, iLebanon nePalestine ngaseningizimu-ntshonalanga, neCyprus ngasentshonalanga ngaphesheya koLwandle iMedithera. Ugu lungamakhilomitha ayi-183 ubude. Iningi lensimu lithafa elisentabeni elisuka enyakatho-ntshonalanga liye eningizimu-mpumalanga. Ihlukaniswe kakhulu ngezindawo ezine: izintaba ezisentshonalanga nezigodi zezintaba; amathafa asogwini lwaseMedithera; amathafa asenkabeni; ogwadule oluseningizimu-mpumalanga yeSyria. ISheikh Mountain eningizimu-ntshonalanga iyisiqongo esiphakeme kunazo zonke ezweni. UMfula i-Ewufrathe ugelezela ePersian Gulf udabule i-Iraq ngasempumalanga, bese umfula i-Assi ugeleza unqamula entshonalanga ungene oLwandle iMedithera udabule iTurkey. Izifunda ezisogwini nasenyakatho zingaphansi kwesimo sezulu saseMedithera esishisayo, kanti izifunda eziseningizimu ezesimo sezulu sogwadule olushisayo. Izinkathi ezine zonyaka zihlukile, indawo yasogwadule ithola imvula encane ebusika, kanti ihlobo lomile futhi liyashisa.

Izwe lihlukaniswe izifundazwe nemizi eyi-14: i-Rural Damascus, iHoms, i-Hama, i-Latakia, i-Idlib, i-Tartus, i-Raqqa , Deir ez-Zor, Hassek, Dar'a, Suwayda, Qunaitra, Aleppo naseDamaseku.

ISyria inomlando weminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezine. Amazwe amadolobha okuqala ayekhona ngo-3000 BC. Ukunqoba uMbuso Wase-Asiriya ngekhulu lesi-8 BC. Ngo-333 BC, ibutho laseMakedoniya lahlasela iSiriya. Kwakuhlala amaRoma asendulo ngo-64 BC. Ihlanganiswe nensimu yoMbuso Wama-Arab ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-7. Abahlaseli beNkolo YaseYurophu bahlasela ngekhulu le-11. Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-13, lalibuswa ubukhosi bakwaMamluk baseGibhithe. Kwatholwa uMbuso Wase-Ottoman iminyaka engama-400 kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16. Ngo-Ephreli 1920, lehliselwa esigunyazweni saseFrance. Ekuqaleni kweMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba, iBritane neFrance "iFree French Army" yamasha zaya eSyria ndawonye. NgoSepthemba 27, 1941, uGeneral Jadro, umphathi omkhulu we "Free French Army", wamemezela ukuzimela kweSyria egameni labasizi bayo. ISyria yasungula uhulumeni wayo ngo-Agasti 1943. Ngo-Ephreli 1946, amasosha aseFrance nawaseBrithani aphoqeleka ukuba ahoxe.USyria wakwazi ukuzimela ngokuphelele wasungula iSyria Arab Republic. NgoFebhuwari 1, 1958, iSyria neGibhithe bahlangana baba yi-United Arab Republic. NgoSepthemba 28, 1961, iSyria yahlukana ne-Arab League futhi yasungula kabusha iSyria Arab Republic.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Lingunxande elinesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi obungu-3: 2. Ubuso befulegi bakhiwe ngamaxande amathathu avundlile avundlile abomvu, amhlophe, futhi amnyama axhunywe kusuka phezulu kuye phansi.Ngxenyeni emhlophe, kunezinkanyezi ezimbili eziluhlaza ezinamachopho amahlanu ezinosayizi ofanayo. Okubomvu kufanekisela isibindi, okumhlophe kufanekisela ubumsulwa nokubekezelelana, okumnyama kuyisibonakaliso sokunqoba kukaMuhammad, okuluhlaza umbala owuthandayo wenzalo kaMuhammad, kanti inkanyezi ekhombe ezinhlanu ikhombisa inguquko yama-Arabhu.

ISyria inabantu abangu-19.5 million (2006). Phakathi kwabo, ama-Arabhu enza ngaphezu kuka-80%, kanye namaKurds, ama-Armenia, amaTurkmen, njll. Isi-Arabhu wulimi lukazwelonke, kanti isiNgisi nesiFulentshi kusetshenziswa kakhulu. Izakhamizi ezingama-85% zikholelwa enkolweni yamaSulumane kuthi ezingama-14% zikholelwa ebuKristwini. Phakathi kwabo, iSunni Islam ibala ama-80% (cishe ama-68% wabantu bakazwelonke), amaShiites enza ama-20%, kanti ama-Alawites enza ama-75% amaShiites (cishe u-11.5% wabantu bakazwelonke).

ISyria inezimo zemvelo eziphakeme nezinsizakusebenza ezicebile zamaminerali, kufaka phakathi i-petroleum, i-phosphate, igesi yemvelo, usawoti wedwala ne-asphalt. Ezolimo zisesikhundleni esibalulekile emnothweni wezwe futhi zingenye yabathengisi bokudla abahlanu ezweni lama-Arabhu. Isisekelo sezezimboni sibuthakathaka, umnotho ophethwe nguhulumeni ubusa kakhulu, kanti imboni yesimanje ineminyaka nje embalwa yomlando. Izimboni ezikhona zihlukaniswe umkhakha wezimayini, umkhakha wokucubungula kanye nomkhakha wamandla kagesi. Imboni yezimayini ifaka uwoyela, igesi yemvelo, i-phosphate, nemabula. Izimboni zokucubungula ikakhulukazi zifaka izindwangu, ukudla, isikhumba, amakhemikhali, usimende, ugwayi, njll. ISyria inezindawo ezidumile zemivubukulo nezindawo zokungcebeleka zasehlobo. Le mithombo yezokuvakasha iheha inani elikhulu lezivakashi minyaka yonke.

ISyria iyiphaseji yamanye amazwe aseMpumalanga Ephakathi ukungena nokuphuma eMedithera. Ukuthuthwa komhlaba, ulwandle, nomoya kuthuthukiswa ngokuqhathaniswa. Kutholakala kumakhilomitha angama-245 enyakatho-mpumalanga yeDamaseku, kunamanxiwa edolobha laseTaidemuer elaziwa ngokuthi "uMlobokazi Ogwadule". Kwakuyidolobha elibalulekile elixhuma iChina ne-West Asia, imigwaqo yezentengiselwano yaseYurophu noMgwaqo wasendulo weSilk ngekhulu lesi-2 kuya kwele-3 AD.

IDamaseku: Idolobha lasendulo elidume umhlaba wonke, iDamaseku, inhloko-dolobha yaseSyria, lalaziwa ngokuthi "idolobha lasezulwini" ezikhathini zasendulo. Kutholakala osebeni olungakwesokudla loMfula iBalada eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeSyria. Indawo yasedolobheni yakhelwe emthambekeni weNtaba iKexin, ehlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-100. Yakhiwa cishe ngonyaka we-2000 BC. Ngo-661 AD, ubukhosi base-Umayyad Arab basungulwa lapha. Ngemuva kuka-750, kwakungokwasebukhosini base-Abbasid futhi kwakubuswa ama-Ottoman iminyaka engamakhulu amane (4 ).Abaphathi bamakoloni baseFrance babusa iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 ngaphambi kwenkululeko. Yize iDamaseku libe nokuhlangenwe nakho okwenzekayo futhi lakhuphuka lawa, lisadinga isihloko esithi "Idolobha Lamasayithi Omlando" namuhla. ISango leKaisan elakhiwe ngamatshe eliseduze nedolobha lasendulo lakhiwa kabusha ngekhulu le-13 nele-14. Inganekwane ithi uSt. Paul, umphostoli kaJesu Kristu, wangena eDamaseku ngalelisango. Kamuva, lapho uSt.Paul exoshwa yizitha zobuKrestu, wafakwa kubhasikidi ngabathembekile, wehla eSangweni laseKaisan esuka enqabeni yaseDamaseku waphunyuka eDamaseku. Kamuva, iSonto LaseSt. Paul lakhiwa lapha ukukhumbula.

Umgwaqo odumile osemgwaqweni oqonde edolobheni, osuka empumalanga uye entshonalanga, kwakuwumgwaqo omkhulu wedolobha ngesikhathi sokubusa kweRoma lasendulo. Maphakathi nedolobha iMartyrs Square, futhi kumiswe isithombe sethusi sikaGeneral Azim, ujenene kazwelonke. Endaweni entsha yasemadolobheni, kunezakhiwo zesimanje zikahulumeni, idolobha lezemidlalo, idolobha lamanyuvesi, imnyuziyamu, isifunda samanxusa, isibhedlela, ibhange, indawo yaseshashalazini kanye netiyetha. KunamaSulumane angama-250 kuleli dolobha, elidume kakhulu yiMosque i-Umayyad, eyakhiwa ngo-705 AD futhi itholakala maphakathi nedolobha elidala.