IBulgaria, igama eligcwele leRiphabhulikhi yaseBulgaria, lihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-11,1001.9 (kufaka phakathi amanzi emifula). Kutholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga yeNhlonhlo yaseBalkan eYurophu. Unqunyelwe yiRomania enyakatho, iTurkey neGreece eningizimu, iSerbia neMontenegro (Yugoslavia) neMakedoniya entshonalanga, kanye noLwandle Olumnyama empumalanga. Ugu lungamakhilomitha angama-378 ubude. I-70% yendawo yonke iyizintaba futhi inamagquma. Izintaba zaseBalkan zinqamula engxenyeni emaphakathi, neDanube Plain enkulu ngasenyakatho kanye nezintaba iRhodope kanye nezindawo eziphansi zaseMaritsa Valley eningizimu. Ububanzi bezintaba ezinkulu yi-Rila Mountain range (isiqongo esikhulu iMusala singamamitha angama-2925 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle futhi siyisiqongo esiphakeme kunazo zonke eNhlonhlweni yaseBalkan). IDanube neMaritsa yimifula emikhulu. Inyakatho inesimo sezulu sezwekazi, kanti eningizimu inesimo sezulu saseMedithera. Isilinganiso sokushisa nguJanuwari -2-2 ℃ noJulayi 23-25 ​​℃. Imvula emaphakathi minyaka yonke ingama-450 mm emathafeni no-1,300 mm ezindaweni ezinezintaba. Izimo zemvelo ziphakeme, kunezintaba, amagquma, amathafa nezinye izindawo, amachibi nemifula edabula, futhi ukumbozwa kwamahlathi cishe kungama-30%.

IBulgaria ihlukaniswe izifunda ezingama-28 namalokishi angama-254.

Okhokho baseBulgaria kwakungabantu baseBulgaria basendulo abafuduka besuka e-Asia Ephakathi bahlangana noMbuso WaseByzantium ngonyaka ka-395 AD. Ngo-681, ngaphansi kobuholi bukaHan Asbaruch, amaSlav, amaBulgaria asendulo kanye namaThracian anqoba ibutho laseByzantium futhi asungula uMbuso weSlavic waseBulgaria eDanube Valley (uMbuso wokuqala waseBulgaria emlandweni). Ngo-1018 yaphinde yathathwa yiByzantium. Ngo-1185 abaseBulgaria bavukela futhi basungula uMbuso Wesibili waseBulgaria. Ngo-1396 kwakuhlalwa uMbuso WaseTurkey Ottoman. Ngemuva kokuphela kwempi yaseRussia neTurkey ngo-1877, iBulgaria yathola ukuzimela embusweni waseTurkey futhi yake yazuza ubumbano. Kodwa-ke, iRussia, eyayikhathele yimpi, yehluleka ukumelana nengcindezi yamazwe aseBrithani, amaJalimane, ama-Austro-Hungarian namanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga.NgokweSivumelwano SaseBerlin esasayinwa ngoJulayi 13, 1878, iBulgaria yahlukaniswa yaba emithathu: enyakatho Ubukhulu beBulgaria, i-Eastern Rumilia neMakedoniya eningizimu. Ngo-1885, iBulgaria yaphinde yakubona ukuhlanganiswa kweNyakatho neNingizimu. IBulgaria yahlulwa kuzo zombili izimpi zomhlaba. Umbuso wobushiqela waketulwa ngo-1944 kwasungulwa uhulumeni waseFatherland Front. Ubukhosi bachithwa ngoSepthemba 1946, kwathi iBulgarian People’s Republic yamenyezelwa ngoSepthemba 15 ngawo lowo nyaka. Izwe laqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi iRiphabhliki yaseBulgaria ngo-1990.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Lingunxande ngesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi buka-5: 3. Yakhiwe ngamaxande amathathu ahambisanayo futhi alinganayo avundlile, amhlophe, aluhlaza futhi abomvu ukusuka phezulu kuye phansi. Okumhlophe kufanekisela uthando lwabantu lokuthula nenkululeko, okuluhlaza kufanekisela ezolimo kanye nengcebo enkulu yezwe, kanti okubomvu kufanekisela igazi lamaqhawe. Okumhlophe nokubomvu yimibala yendabuko yombuso wasendulo waseBohemia.

IBulgaria inabantu abayizigidi ezingu-7.72 (kusukela ekupheleni kuka-2005). AmaBulgaria enza i-85%, amazwe aseTurkey enza i-10%, kanti amanye angama-gypsies. IsiBulgaria (umndeni wolimi lwesiSlavic) ulimi olusemthethweni nolimi oluvamile, kanti isiTurkey yilona limi oluncane kakhulu. Iningi lezakhamizi likholelwa eSontweni Lobu-Orthodox, kanti abambalwa bakholelwa enkolweni yamaSulumane.

IBulgaria ihlupheka ngemithombo yemvelo. Okubanjwayo okuyinhloko ngamalahle, ukuhola, i-zinc, ithusi, i-iron, i-uranium, i-manganese, i-chromium, usawoti wamaminerali kanye nenani elincane le-petroleum. Indawo yehlathi ingamahektha ayizigidi ezingama-3.88, ebala cishe i-35% yendawo ephelele yezwe. IBao yizwe lezolimo emlandweni, futhi imikhiqizo yalo eyinhloko yezolimo yizinhlamvu, ugwayi nemifino. Ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kwemikhiqizo yezolimo, idume ngobuchwepheshe be-yogurt newayini. Imikhakha emikhulu yezimboni ifaka phakathi insimbi, ukukhiqizwa kwemishini, amakhemikhali, ugesi kanye nogesi, ukudla nezindwangu. Ekupheleni kuka-1989, iBaosteel yashintsha kancane kancane yaya emnothweni wezimakethe, yathuthukisa umnotho wobunikazi obuningi kubandakanya nobunikazi obuzimele ngaphansi kwezimo ezilinganayo, futhi yabeka phambili ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo, izimboni ezikhanyayo, ezokuvakasha nezimboni zezinsizakalo. Ukuhweba kwangaphandle kunesikhundla esibalulekile emnothweni waseBulgaria.Imikhiqizo eyinhloko engenisiwe ingamandla, amakhemikhali, i-elekthronikhi neminye imikhiqizo, kanti imikhiqizo yokuthekelisa ikakhulukazi iyimikhiqizo yezimboni elula, amakhemikhali, ukudla, imishini, nezinsimbi ezingezona ezensimbi. Imboni yezokuvakasha ithuthukiswe kancane.

Sofia: ISofia, inhlokodolobha yaseBulgaria, iyisikhungo sikazwelonke sezepolitiki, sezomnotho, nesamasiko. Sitholakala maphakathi nasentshonalanga neBulgaria, eSofia Basin ezungezwe izintaba. Idolobha liwele uMfula i-Iskar nemifula yawo, ehlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-167 kanye nenani labantu abacishe babe yisigidi esingu-1.2. USofia wayebizwa ngeSedica noSredtz ezikhathini zasendulo.Igcine ibizwa ngeSofia ngegama leSonto iSaint Sofia ngekhulu le-14. USofia waqokwa njengenhlokodolobha ngo-1879. IBulgaria yamemezela inkululeko kuhulumeni wase-Ottoman ngo-1908, kwathi uSofia waba inhlokodolobha ezimele yaseBulgaria.

I-Sofia iyindawo yokubuka izivakashi ebukekayo nedolobha ledolobha elidumile emhlabeni wonke. Imigwaqo yakhona, izikwele, nezindawo zokuhlala zizungezwe uhlaza, futhi kunama-boulevards amaningi, utshani nezingadi endaweni yasemadolobheni. Izakhiwo eziningi zinombala omhlophe noma ophuzi ngokukhanyayo, okukhombisa izimbali nezihlahla ezinemibala, kuzenze zithule kakhulu futhi zibe nenhle. Kunezitolo eziningi zezimbali nezitebele zezimbali emigwaqweni.Izakhamizi ngokuvamile zithanda ukutshala izimbali futhi zibanikeze izimbali.Okuthandwa kakhulu yi-dianthus, ama-tulips nama-roses abomvu. Kusuka eSofia Square ngasendlini ebanzi yaseRussia ebiyelwe ngamathayili e-ceramic kuya e-Eagle Bridge, kunezingadi ezi-4 ezinhle emgwaqeni ongaphansi kwekhilomitha elilodwa.

Ngesikhathi kuthathwa iSofia ngumbuso wase-Ottoman, leli dolobha lalimala kakhulu. Phakathi kwezakhiwo zakudala, kunezakhiwo ezimbili kuphela zakuqala zobuKristu-iSt. George's Church eyakhiwa ngekhulu lesi-2 AD kanye neSonto iSt Sofia's elakhiwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-4 Yigcine. Kukhona iMausoleum, iDimitrov's Government Building, neNational Gallery enkabeni yesigcawu. Cishe yonke imigwaqo iphuma esikweleni esimaphakathi. Eduze kwesikwele kukhona i-Revolution Museum, i-Alexander Nevsky Church, njll. Eceleni kwesonto kukhona ithuna lomlobi odumile waseBulgaria uVazov onomdlandla ngaye.