【Mbiri】 Dziko lalikulu kwambiri ku South Asia. Imadutsa China, Nepal, ndi Bhutan kumpoto chakum'mawa, Myanmar kum'mawa, Sri Lanka kuwoloka nyanja kumwera chakum'mawa, ndi Pakistan kumpoto chakumadzulo. Imadutsa Nyanja ya Bengal kum'mawa ndi Nyanja ya Arabia kumadzulo, ndi gombe lamakilomita 5560. Chaka chimagawidwa nyengo zitatu: nyengo yozizira (Okutobala mpaka Marichi chaka chotsatira), nyengo yachilimwe (Epulo mpaka Juni) ndi nyengo yamvula (Julayi mpaka Seputembara). Mvula imagwa pafupipafupi, ndipo magawidwe ake ndiosiyana. Kusiyana kwakanthawi ndi Beijing ndi maola 2.5.

Chimodzi mwazikhalidwe zinayi zakale padziko lapansi. Chitukuko cha Indus chidapangidwa pakati pa 2500 ndi 1500 BC. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1500 BC, Aryan omwe poyamba ankakhala ku Central Asia adalowa ku South Asia, adagonjetsa mbadwa zawo, adakhazikitsa mayiko ang'onoang'ono a ukapolo, adakhazikitsa dongosolo lachigawo, komanso kuwuka kwa Brahmanism. Idagwirizanitsidwa ndi Mzinda wa Maurya m'zaka za zana la 4 BC. Munthawi ya ulamuliro wa King Ashoka, gawolo linali lalikulu ndipo boma linali lamphamvu, Chibuda chidakula ndipo chidayamba kufalikira. Mzinda wa Maurya unagwa m'zaka za m'ma 2000 BC, ndipo dziko laling'ono linagawanika. Mafumu a Gupta adakhazikitsidwa m'zaka za zana la 4 AD, ndipo pambuyo pake adakhala wolamulira pakati, adalamulira zaka zoposa 200. Pofika zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi, panali mayiko ang'onoang'ono ambiri, ndipo Chihindu chidayamba. Mu 1526, mbadwa za olemekezeka aku Mongolia adakhazikitsa Ufumu wa Mughal ndipo adakhala amodzi mwamphamvu padziko lapansi panthawiyo. Mu 1619, kampani yaku Britain East India idakhazikitsa malo awo oyamba kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India. Kuyambira 1757, India pang'onopang'ono idakhala koloni yaku Britain, ndipo mu 1849 idalandidwa kwathunthu ndi aku Britain. Zotsutsana pakati pa anthu achi India ndi atsamunda aku Britain zidakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirabe, ndipo gulu ladziko lidakula. Mu Juni 1947, Britain idalengeza za "Mountbatten Plan", yogawa India kukhala maulamuliro awiri ku India ndi Pakistan. Pa Ogasiti 15 chaka chomwecho, India ndi Pakistan adagawika ndipo India idadziyimira pawokha. Pa Januware 26, 1950, Republic of India idakhazikitsidwa ngati membala wa Britain Commonwealth.

[Politics] Pambuyo pa ufulu, National Congress Party yakhala ikulamulira kwanthawi yayitali, ndipo chipani chotsutsa chakhala chikulamulira kwakanthawi kochepa kuyambira 1977 mpaka 1979 komanso kuyambira 1989 mpaka 1991. Kuchokera mu 1996 mpaka 1999, ndale zidasokonekera, ndipo zisankho zitatu zidachitika motsatizana, zomwe zidadzetsa boma lamalamulo asanu. Kuyambira 1999 mpaka 2004, zipani 24 za National Democratic Alliance (National Democratic Alliance) motsogozedwa ndi Chipani cha Bharatiya Janata ndizomwe zidalamulira, ndipo Vajpayee adakhala nduna yayikulu.

Kuyambira Epulo mpaka Meyi 2004, United Progressive Alliance motsogozedwa ndi National Congress Party idapambana chisankho cha 14th People's House. Chipani cha Congress ndichofunikira kwambiri kukhazikitsa nduna. Sonia Gandhi, wapampando wachipani cha Congress Party, adasankhidwa kukhala mtsogoleri wa bungwe la aphungu a Congress Party, a Manmohan Singh adasankhidwa kukhala prime minister, ndipo boma latsopano lidakhazikitsidwa. Malinga ndi "Minimum Common Program", boma la Alliance for Solidarity and Progress mkati likulimbikitsa kuteteza ufulu ndi zofuna za magulu omwe ali pamavuto, kukhazikitsa kusintha kwachuma, kukulitsa ndalama m'maphunziro ndi zaumoyo, ndikusungabe mgwirizano pakati pa anthu ndi madera otukuka; kunja, imalimbikitsa ufulu wodziyimira pawokha ndikuyika patsogolo ubale wabwino ndi oyandikana nawo. Maubale aboma, amaganizira za chitukuko cha ubale ndi mayiko akulu.

Olembedwanso patsamba la Ministry of Foreign Affairs

New Delhi: Likulu la India, New Delhi (New Delhi) lili kumpoto kwa India, kum'mawa kwa Mtsinje wa Yamuna (womasuliridwanso) : Jumuna River), mzinda wakale wa Delhi (Shahjahanabad) kumpoto chakum'mawa, ndiye likulu lazandale, zachuma komanso chikhalidwe mdzikolo. Chiwerengero cha anthu ku New Delhi ndi Old Delhi chidakwana 12.8 miliyoni (2001). New Delhi poyamba inali malo otsetsereka. Ntchito yomanga mzindawu idayamba mu 1911 ndipo idayamba kumayambiriro kwa 1929. Anakhala likulu kuyambira 1931. India idakhala likulu pambuyo pa ufulu mu 1947. Mzindawu uli pakati pa Mlas Square, ndipo misewu yamzindawu imakulanso mopitilira muyeso. Nyumba zambiri zokongola zili pakatikati pa mzindawu. Mabungwe akuluakulu aboma amakhala mbali zonse ziwiri za mseu waukulu womwe umayenda makilomita angapo kuchokera kunyumba ya Presidential kupita ku Gateway of India. Nyumba zazing'ono zoyera, zachikasu ndi zobiriwira zobalalika zimabalalika pakati pa mitengo yobiriwira yobiriwira. Nyumba ya Nyumba Yamalamulo ndi nyumba yayikulu yopangidwa ndi ma disc yozunguliridwa ndi zipilala zazitali zofiira za mabo. Ndi nyumba yodziwika bwino ya ku Central Asia Minor, koma mitu ndi mitu yake yonse ndizosema mwanjira yaku India. Denga la Nyumba Yachifumu ndi nyumba yayikulu yokhala ndi cholowa cha Mughal.

Ku New Delhi, akachisi ndi akachisi amatha kuwoneka paliponse. Kachisi wotchuka kwambiri ndi kachisi wa Rahimi-Narrain wolipiridwa ndi Bila Consortium. Msika wa Connaught kumapeto chakumadzulo kwa mzindawu ndi nyumba yatsopano komanso yanzeru yopanga ma disc ndipo ndi likulu la zamalonda ku New Delhi.

Kuphatikiza apo, palinso malo osangalatsa monga Palace of Arts and Museums, komanso University of Delhi yotchuka komanso mabungwe ambiri ofufuza za sayansi. Zojambula zamanja monga zojambula zaminyanga ya njovu, zojambulajambula, zokongoletsa zagolide ndi siliva, zokongoletsera, ndi bronzes ndizodziwika bwino mdziko lonselo.

Mumbai: Mumbai, mzinda waukulu kugombe lakumadzulo kwa India komanso doko lalikulu kwambiri mdzikolo. Ndilo likulu la dziko la India la Maharashtra. Pachilumba cha Mumbai, makilomita 16 kuchokera pagombe, pali mlatho wolumikizidwa ndi mseu. Inalandidwa ndi Portugal ku 1534 ndikusamutsira ku Britain mu 1661, ndikupangitsa kuti likhale likulu lofunikira lamalonda. Mumbai ndiye chipata chakumadzulo kwa India. Doko lili mbali yakum'mawa kwa chilumbachi, ndi kutalika kwa makilomita 20 komanso madzi akuya mamita 10-17. Ndi pogona lachilengedwe kuchokera kumphepo. Tumizani thonje, nsalu za thonje, ufa, mtedza, jute, ubweya ndi shuga nzimbe. Pali maulendo apadziko lonse otumiza ndi kuyendetsa ndege. Mzinda waukulu kwambiri wamakampani komanso wamalonda wotsatira Kolkata wokha, komanso likulu lalikulu kwambiri la nsalu mdziko muno, zonse zopota komanso zotuluka zimatenga gawo limodzi mwamagawo atatu adzikolo. Palinso mafakitale monga ubweya, zikopa, mankhwala, mankhwala, makina, chakudya, ndi mafakitale. Petrochemical, feteleza, ndi mphamvu za nyukiliya zapanganso mofulumira. Minda yamafuta yomwe ili pashelefu yapadziko lonse imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumayiko ena, ndipo mafakitale oyenga mafuta apita patsogolo kwambiri.

Mumbai ili ndi anthu pafupifupi 13 miliyoni (2006) .Ndi mzinda wokhala ndi anthu ambiri ku India komanso umodzi mwamizinda yomwe ili ndi anthu ambiri padziko lapansi. Dera la Mumbai Metropolitan (MMR), lomwe limaphatikizapo madera oyandikana nawo, lili ndi anthu pafupifupi 25 miliyoni. Mumbai ndi mzinda waukulu wachisanu ndi chimodzi padziko lapansi. Pomwe kuchuluka kwakukula kwa anthu pachaka kukufika pa 2.2%, akuganiza kuti pofika 2015, kuchuluka kwa anthu m'mizinda yayikulu ku Mumbai kudzafika malo achinayi padziko lapansi.

Mumbai ndiye likulu la bizinesi komanso zosangalatsa ku India, ndi mabungwe ofunikira monga Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) ndi ena ambiri Likulu la kampani yaku India. Mzindawu ndi malo oyambira makampani aku India aku India (omwe amadziwika kuti Bollywood). Chifukwa cha mwayi wake wamabizinesi komanso moyo wapamwamba, Mumbai yakopa alendo ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana ku India, ndikupangitsa mzindawu kukhala gulu la magulu azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Mumbai ili ndi malo angapo achikhalidwe cha World Cultural Heritage monga Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminal ndi Elephanta Caves. Ndiwonso mzinda wosowa kwambiri wokhala ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe (Sanjay-Gandhi National Park) mkati mwa malire amzindawu.