[Umwirondoro] Igihugu kinini mugace ka Aziya yepfo. Irahana imbibi n'Ubushinwa, Nepal, na Bhutani mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba, Miyanimari mu burasirazuba, Sri Lanka hakurya y'inyanja mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba, na Pakisitani mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba. Irahana imbibi na Bayanga mu burasirazuba n'Inyanja y'Abarabu mu burengerazuba, ifite inkombe ya kilometero 5560. Muri rusange ifite ikirere gishyuha gishyuha, kandi umwaka ugabanijwemo ibihe bitatu: ibihe bikonje (Ukwakira kugeza Werurwe Werurwe umwaka ukurikira), igihe cyizuba (Mata kugeza Kamena) nigihe cyimvura (Nyakanga kugeza Nzeri). Imvura ihindagurika kenshi, kandi ikwirakwizwa ntirihwanye. Itandukaniro ryigihe na Beijing ni amasaha 2.5.

Imwe mumico ine ya kera kwisi. Umuco wa Indus wakozwe hagati ya 2500 na 1500 mbere ya Yesu. Ahagana mu mwaka wa 1500 mbere ya Yesu, abanya Ary babanje kuba muri Aziya yo Hagati binjiye ku mugabane wa Aziya yepfo, bigarurira abasangwabutaka baho, bashiraho ibihugu bito by’ubucakara, bashiraho gahunda y’amoko, ndetse n’izamuka rya Brahmanism. Yahurijwe hamwe n'ingoma ya Maurya mu kinyejana cya 4 mbere ya Yesu. Ku ngoma y'Umwami Ashoka, ifasi yari nini kandi ubutegetsi bwari bukomeye, Budisime iratera imbere itangira gukwirakwira. Ingoma ya Maurya yaguye mu kinyejana cya 2 mbere ya Yesu, maze igihugu gito kiracikamo ibice. Ingoma ya Gupta yashinzwe mu kinyejana cya 4 nyuma ya Yesu, nyuma iza kuba imbaraga zishyizwe hamwe, itegeka imyaka irenga 200. Mu kinyejana cya 6, habaye ibihugu byinshi bito, maze hahinduka idini ry'Abahindu. Mu 1526, abakomoka ku banyacyubahiro bo muri Mongoliya bashinze ubwami bwa Mogali maze baba umwe mu bihugu by'isi muri kiriya gihe. Mu 1619, Isosiyete y'Ubwongereza y'Ubuhinde yashinze ibirindiro byayo bya mbere mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'Ubuhinde. Kuva mu 1757, Ubuhinde bwabaye ubukoloni bw’Abongereza, maze mu 1849 bwigarurirwa n’abongereza. Kwivuguruza hagati y’Abahinde n’abakoloni b’Abongereza byakomeje kwiyongera, kandi ishyaka ry’igihugu riratera imbere. Muri Kamena 1947, Ubwongereza bwatangaje "Gahunda ya Mountbatten", bugabanya Ubuhinde mu bihugu bibiri by’Ubuhinde na Pakisitani. Ku ya 15 Kanama muri uwo mwaka, Ubuhinde na Pakisitani byacitsemo ibice maze Ubuhinde bwigenga. Ku ya 26 Mutarama 1950, Repubulika y'Ubuhinde yashinzwe nk'umunyamuryango wa Commonwealth y'Ubwongereza.

[Politiki] Ishyaka rya Kongere y’igihugu rimaze igihe kinini ku butegetsi nyuma y’ubwigenge, kandi ishyaka ritavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi rimaze igihe gito ku butegetsi kuva mu 1977 kugeza 1979 no kuva 1989 kugeza 1991. Kuva mu 1996 kugeza 1999, ibintu bya politiki ntibyari bihungabana, kandi amatora rusange atatu yagiye akurikirana, bituma guverinoma y'igihembwe cya gatanu. Kuva mu 1999 kugeza 2004, Ishyaka 24 ry’ishyaka riharanira demokarasi riharanira demokarasi riyobowe n’ishyaka rya Bharatiya Janata riri ku butegetsi, naho Vajpayee aba minisitiri w’intebe.

Kuva muri Mata kugeza Gicurasi 2004, Ihuriro ry’ubumwe bw’iterambere riyobowe n’ishyaka rya Kongere y’igihugu ryatsinze amatora y’inzu ya 14 y’abaturage. Ishyaka rya Kongere rifite umwanya wo gushyiraho abaminisitiri. Sonia Gandhi, umuyobozi w’ishyaka rya kongere, yagizwe umuyobozi w’inteko ishinga amategeko umutwe w’abadepite, Manmohan Singh agirwa minisitiri w’intebe, hashyirwaho guverinoma nshya. Nk’uko bigaragazwa na "Minimum Common Programme", guverinoma y’ubumwe bw’ubufatanye n’iterambere mu gihugu ishimangira kurengera uburenganzira n’inyungu z’imiryango itishoboye, gushyira mu bikorwa ivugurura ry’ubukungu bw’ikiremwamuntu, kongera ishoramari mu burezi n’ubuzima, no gukomeza ubwumvikane bw’imibereho n’iterambere ryuzuye mu karere; hanze, ishimangira ubwigenge bwa dipolomasi kandi ishyira imbere kunoza umubano n’abaturanyi. Umubano wa Leta, uha agaciro iterambere ry’umubano n’ibihugu bikomeye.

Yongeye gushyirwa ku rubuga rwa Minisiteri y'Ububanyi n'Amahanga

New Delhi: Umurwa mukuru w'Ubuhinde, New Delhi (New Delhi) iherereye mu majyaruguru y'Ubuhinde, mu burasirazuba bw'umugezi wa Yamuna (nawo wahinduwe : Umugezi wa Jumuna), umujyi wa kera wa Delhi (Shahjahanabad) mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba, ni ikigo cya politiki, ubukungu n'umuco by'igihugu. Abaturage ba New Delhi na Old Delhi bose hamwe bagera kuri miliyoni 12.8 (2001). Ubusanzwe New Delhi yari ahantu h'ubutayu. Kubaka umujyi byatangiye mu 1911 bitangira gutangira mu 1929. Yabaye umurwa mukuru kuva 1931. Ubuhinde bwabaye umurwa mukuru nyuma y'ubwigenge mu 1947.

Umujyi ubarizwa kuri Mlas Square, kandi imihanda yo mumujyi iraguka cyane na cobweb mu mpande zose. Inyinshi mu nyubako nziza cyane zibanze mu mujyi rwagati. Inzego nkuru za leta zibanze ku mpande zombi z'umuhanda mugari uva mu birometero byinshi uvuye ku ngoro ya Perezida ugana ku Irembo ry'Ubuhinde. Inyubako ntoya yera, yoroheje yumuhondo nicyatsi kibisi ikwirakwijwe mubiti byatsi. Inyubako y'Inteko ishinga amategeko ni inyubako nini ya disiki izengurutswe n'inkingi ndende zera za marimari.Ni inyubako isanzwe yo muri Aziya yo Hagati, ariko imitwe ya eva n'inkingi byose byakozwe muburyo bw'Ubuhinde. Igisenge cy'Ingoro ya Perezida ni inyubako nini nini ifite umurage w'Abamogali.

I New Delhi, insengero n’insengero birashobora kugaragara ahantu hose. Urusengero ruzwi cyane ni urusengero rwa Rahimi-Narrain rwatewe inkunga na Bila Consortium. Isoko rya Connaught kuruhande rwiburengerazuba bwumujyi ninyubako nshya kandi yubuhanga ifite ishusho ya disiki kandi nikigo kinini cyubucuruzi muri New Delhi.

Byongeye kandi, hari ahantu hashimishije nk'ingoro y'Ubuhanzi n'Ingoro z'umurage, ndetse na kaminuza izwi cyane ya Delhi n'ibigo byinshi by'ubushakashatsi mu bumenyi. Ubukorikori nk'ibishushanyo by'inzovu, ibishushanyo by'ubukorikori, ubudodo bwa zahabu na feza, imitako, na bronzes nabyo birazwi mu gihugu hose.

Mumbai: Mumbai, umujyi munini uri ku nkombe y’iburengerazuba bw’Ubuhinde n’icyambu kinini mu gihugu. Ni umurwa mukuru wa leta ya Maharashtra. Ku kirwa cya Mumbai, ku birometero 16 uvuye ku nkombe, hari ikiraro gihuza inzira. Yigaruriwe na Porutugali mu 1534 yimurirwa mu Bwongereza mu 1661, iba ikigo cy’ubucuruzi gikomeye. Mumbai ni irembo ryiburengerazuba bwu Buhinde. Agace k'icyambu kari mu burasirazuba bw'ikirwa, gifite uburebure bwa kilometero 20 n'ubujyakuzimu bw'amazi bwa metero 10-17.Ni ubuhungiro busanzwe buturuka ku muyaga. Kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze, imyenda y'ipamba, ifu, ibishyimbo, jute, ubwoya hamwe nisukari. Hano hari imiyoboro mpuzamahanga no gutwara indege. Umujyi munini w’inganda n’ubucuruzi uza ku mwanya wa kabiri nyuma ya Kolkata, hamwe n’ikigo kinini mu gihugu cy’imyenda y’ipamba, izunguruka n’imyenda bingana na kimwe cya gatatu cy’igihugu. Hariho kandi inganda nk'ubwoya, uruhu, imiti, imiti, imashini, ibiryo, n'inganda za firime. Ibikomoka kuri peteroli, ifumbire, no kubyara ingufu za kirimbuzi nabyo byateye imbere byihuse. Ibikomoka kuri peteroli kumugabane wumugabane bikoreshwa hanze, kandi inganda zitunganya peteroli zateye imbere byihuse.

Mumbai ituwe n'abaturage bagera kuri miliyoni 13 (2006). Ni umujyi utuwe cyane mu Buhinde kandi ni umwe mu mijyi ituwe cyane ku isi. Akarere ka Mumbai Metropolitan (MMR), karimo inkengero z’abaturanyi, gatuwe n'abaturage bagera kuri miliyoni 25. Mumbai nigice cya gatandatu kinini mu mujyi wa mbere ku isi. Mu gihe ikigereranyo cy'ubwiyongere bw'abaturage buri mwaka kigera kuri 2,2%, byagereranijwe ko mu 2015, urutonde rw'abaturage bo mu mujyi wa Mumbai ruzamuka rukagera ku mwanya wa kane ku isi.

Mumbai ni umurwa mukuru w’ubucuruzi n’imyidagaduro mu Buhinde, ufite ibigo by’imari bikomeye nka Banki nkuru y’Ubuhinde (RBI), Isoko ry’imigabane rya Bombay (BSE), Isoko ry’imigabane mu Buhinde (NSE) na benshi Icyicaro gikuru cya sosiyete yo mu Buhinde. Uyu mujyi niwo shingiro ry’inganda zo muri firime zo mu Buhinde (zizwi nka Bollywood). Bitewe n'amahirwe menshi y’ubucuruzi ndetse n’imibereho iri hejuru cyane, Mumbai yakwegereye abimukira baturutse mu Buhinde, bituma umujyi uba indiri y’imiryango itandukanye n’imico itandukanye. Mumbai ifite ahantu nyaburanga ndangamurage ndangamuco nka Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminal hamwe nubuvumo bwa Elephanta.Ni n'umujyi udasanzwe cyane ufite parike y'igihugu (Parike y'igihugu ya Sanjay-Gandhi) mu mbibi z'umujyi.