I-Italiya inommandla we-301,318 yeekhilomitha ezizikwere. Ifumaneka emazantsi eYurophu, kubandakanya iApennine Peninsula, iSicily, iSardinia kunye nezinye iziqithi. Imida iFrance, iSwitzerland, iOstriya neSlovenia neeAlps njengesithintelo emantla, kwaye ijongene noLwandle lweMeditera, uLwandle lweAdriatic, uLwandle i-Ionia kunye noLwandle iTyrrhenian empuma, entshona nasezantsi. Unxweme lungaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezingama-7,200 ubude. Isine kwisihlanu sommandla wonke ziinduli. Kukho iiAlps kunye neApennines. IMont Blanc kumda ophakathi kwe-Itali neFrance ziimitha ezingama-4810 ngaphezulu komgangatho wolwandle, ikwindawo yesibini eYurophu; ngaphakathi kommandla kukho iNtaba iVesuvius edumileyo kunye nentaba-mlilo enkulu kunazo zonke eYurophu-Mount Etna. Owona mlambo mkhulu ngumlambo iPo. Amachibi amakhulu afaka iLake Garda kunye neLake Maggiore. Iindawo ezininzi zinemozulu eshushu yetropiki yeMeditera.

Ilizwe lahlulwe langamacandelo olawulo angama-20, inani lilonke lamaphondo ali-103, kunye needolophu ezingama-8088. Imimandla yezolawulo engama-20 yile: iPiedmont, iValle d'Aosta, iLombardy, iTrentino Alto Adige, iVeneto, iFriuli-Venezia Giulia, iLiguria, i-Emilia-Romagna, iTorto IScana, i-Umbria, iLazio, iMarche, i-Abruzi, iMolise, iCampania, iPuglia, iBasilicata, iCalabria, iSicily, iSardinia. Ukusuka kwi-2000 ukuya kwi-1000 BC, abantu base-Indo-baseYurophu baqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo. Ithuba elisusela kwi-27 ukuya kwi-476 BC yayingukumkani waseRoma. Ngenkulungwane ye-11, amaNorman ahlasela i-Itali esemazantsi aza amisela ubukumkani. Ukusuka kwi-12th ukuya kwi-13th century, yahlukana yaya kwizikumkani ezininzi, iziphathamandla, iidolophu ezizimeleyo kunye neendawo ezincinci zobukhosi. Ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-16, i-Itali yahluthwa ngokulandelelana yiFrance, iSpain ne-Austria. Ubukumkani base-Itali basekwa ngo-Matshi 1861. NgoSeptemba 1870, umkhosi wobukumkani woyisa iRoma kwaye ekugqibeleni wadibana. Xa kwaqhambuka iMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala ngo-1914, i-Italiya yayiqala ukungathathi cala, emva koko yema kwicala lase-Bhritane, e-France nase-Russia ukubhengeza imfazwe kwi-Jamani nase-Austria kwaye baphumelela. Ngo-Okthobha u-31, 1922, u-Mussolini waseka urhulumente omtsha kwaye waqalisa ukumilisela umthetho wobukhazikhazi. Xa kwaqhambuka iMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi ngo-1939, i-Italiya ekuqaleni yayingathathi cala kwaye i-Jamani yaphumelela e-France, yajoyina i-Germany ngoJuni ka-1940 kwaye yabhengeza imfazwe ne-Bhritane ne-France. U-Mussolini wabhukuqwa ngoJulayi 1943. Nge-3 kaSeptemba kwakuloo nyaka, ikhabinethi ka-Bardolio eyatyunjwa ngukumkani yatyikitya isivumelwano se-armistice kunye ne-Allies. I-Italiya yazinikela ngaphandle kwemiqathango yaza yazisa imfazwe ne-Jamani ngo-Okthobha. I-referendum yabanjwa ngoJuni 1946 ukuphelisa ngokusesikweni ubukhosi kunye nokuseka iRiphabhlikhi yase-Italiya.

Iflegi yesizwe: Yixande kunye nomyinge wobude kububanzi be-3: 2. Umphezulu weflegi uqulethwe ngoxande abathathu abalinganayo nabalinganayo abadityaniswe ngokudibeneyo, oluhlaza, omhlophe nobomvu ngokulandelelana ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene. Iflegi yantlandlolo yase-Italiya yayinombala ofanayo neflegi yaseFrance, kwaye oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yatshintshwa yaba luhlaza ngo-1796. Ngokweengxelo, ngo-1796 uMkhosi waseNtaliyane kaNapoleon wasebenzisa iiflegi eziluhlaza, ezimhlophe nezibomvu eziyilwe nguNapoleon ngokwakhe. IRiphabhlikhi yase-Itali yasekwa ngo-1946, kwaye iflegi eluhlaza, emhlophe nebomvu ye-tricolor yachongwa ngokusemthethweni njengeflegi yesizwe yeRiphabhlikhi.

I-Italiyali inabemi abangama-57,788,200 bebonke (ekupheleni kuka-2003). I-94% yabemi ngamaTaliyane, kwaye ubuhlanga obuncinci buquka isiFrentshi, isiLatin, isiRoma, isiFriuli, njl. Thetha isiTaliyane, isiFrentshi nesiJamani kwezinye iingingqi. Uninzi lwabahlali lukholelwa kubuKatolika.

I-Itali lilizwe eliphuhlileyo ngokwezoqoqosho.Ngonyaka ka-2006, imveliso yelizwe iyonke yayiyi-US $ 1,783.959 yezigidigidi, ikwindawo yesixhenxe emhlabeni, ngexabiso lomntu ngamnye nge-US $ 30,689. Nangona kunjalo, xa kuthelekiswa namanye amazwe asentshona ahambele phambili, i-Italiya ineengxaki zokunqongophala kwezixhobo kunye nokuqala emva kwexesha kweshishini. Nangona kunjalo, i-Itali ithathela ingqalelo uhlengahlengiso kwangexesha kwimigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho, ifakela ukubaluleka kuphando kunye nokwazisa iitekhnoloji ezintsha, kwaye ikhuthaza uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho. Eli candelo ikakhulu liqhuba imveliso, amandla kunye nezinto ezingafunekiyo ezifunekayo zixhomekeke ekungenisweni kwamanye amazwe, kwaye ngaphezulu kwesinye kwisithathu semveliso zorhwebo zithunyelwa ngaphandle. Amashishini athabatha inxaxheba kweli lizwe aphuhlisiwe. . Amashishini amancinci naphakathi abambe isikhundla esibalulekileyo kuqoqosho.Phantse iipesenti ezingama-70 ze-GDP zenziwa ngala mashishini, ke ngoko abizwa ngokuba "bubukumkani bamashishini amancinci naphakathi." Urhwebo lwangaphandle yeyona ntsika iphambili yoqoqosho lwase-Italiya, inentsalela kurhwebo lwangaphandle unyaka nonyaka, iyenza ukuba ibe lilizwe lesithathu ngobuninzi kurhwebo kwilizwe emva kweJapan neJamani. Ukungeniswa elizweni ikakhulu yipetroleum, izinto ezingafunekiyo kunye nokutya, ngelixa ukuthunyelwa kwelinye ilizwe ikakhulu kuyimveliso elula yezorhwebo efana noomatshini kunye nezixhobo, iimveliso zeekhemikhali, izixhobo zasekhaya, amalaphu, iimpahla, izihlangu zesikhumba, igolide kunye nesilivere. Imarike yamanye amazwe ubukhulu becala iseYurophu, kwaye ezona zinto kujoliswe kuzo kungeniswa kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle yi-EU kunye ne-United States. Indawo yomhlaba olimekayo wokulima ubala malunga ne-10% yommandla welizwe lilonke. I-Itali ityebile kwizixhobo zokhenketho, imozulu efumileyo, ubuhle bendalo, izinto ezininzi zenkcubeko, iilwandle ezintle kunye neentaba, kunye neendlela ezihamba macala onke. Ingeniso yezokhenketho ngumthombo obalulekileyo wokwenza intsilelo yelizwe. Umzi mveliso wezokhenketho unenzuzo ye-150 yezigidi zeerandi (malunga ne-71.4 yezigidigidi zeedola zase-US), ebalwa malunga ne-6% ye-GDP, kunye nengeniso eyi-53 yezigidi zeerandi (malunga neebhiliyoni ezingama-25.2 zeedola zaseMelika). Iidolophu eziphambili zabakhenkethi yiRoma, iFlorence neVenice.

Ukuthetha ngempucuko yakudala yase-Italiya, abantu baya kuthi kwangoko bacinge ngoBukhosi baseRoma bamandulo, isixeko samandulo sasePompeii esatshatyalaliswa ngaphambi kowe-1900, iNqaba eNqabileyo edumileyo yasePisa, kunye neFlorence, indawo yokuzalwa ye-Renaissance. , Isixeko samanzi esihle saseVenice, iArena yaseRoma yakudala, eyaziwa ngokuba ngummangaliso wesibhozo wehlabathi, njalo njalo. Amanxuwa ePompeii yenye yeeNdawo zeLifa leMveli zeHlabathi ezivunyiweyo yi-UNESCO. Ngo-79 AD, isixeko samandulo sasePompeii sarhaxwa emva kogqabhuko-dubulo lweNtaba iVesuvius ekufuphi.Emva kokuba begrunjiwe ngabembi bezinto zakudala base-Italiya, abantu banokububona ubomi bentlalo yexesha lakudala lamaRoma kumabhodlo asePompeii. Kwiminyaka ye-14-15 ye-AD, uncwadi lwase-Itali kunye nobugcisa baphumelela ngendlela engazange ibonwe ngaphambili kwaye baba yindawo yokuzalwa yombutho waseYurophu "woKuhlaziya". UDante, uLeonardo, uMichelangelo, uRaphael, uGalileo, kunye nezinye iinkosi zenzululwazi banika inkcubeko yoluntu Inkqubela phambili yenze igalelo elikhulu elingenakuthelekiswa nanto. Kule mihla, izakhiwo ezibalaseleyo zexesha lakudala lamaRoma kunye nemizobo, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo, amatye ezikhumbuzo kunye nemifanekiso yenkcubeko yexesha lokuzalwa kwakhona inokugcinwa ngononophelo kuyo yonke i-Itali. Ilifa elityebileyo lenkcubeko kunye nezobugcisa e-Itali ligugu lesizwe kunye nomthombo ongapheliyo wophuhliso lwezokhenketho. Indawo eyahlukileyo eyahlukileyo kunye neemeko zemozulu, ulwandle oludityaniswe kakuhle, uthungelwano lothutho lomoya, iinkonzo ezixhasayo ngezixhobo zokhenketho, kunye nenkcubeko ehambelana nayo yonke imiba yobomi babantu itsalela abakhenkethi bamanye amazwe abazizigidi ezingama-30 ukuya kuma-40 e-Itali minyaka le. Ezokhenketho ke ziyeyona nto iphambili kuqoqosho lwesizwe lwase-Itali. IRoma: IRoma, ikomkhulu lase-Itali, yimpucuko yakudala yaseYurophu enembali ezukileyo. Kuba yakhiwe kwiinduli ezisixhenxe kwaye inembali ende, ibizwa ngokuba yi "Seven Hills" "IsiXeko" kunye "nesiXeko esiNgunaphakade". IRoma imi kuMlambo iTiber embindini woSingasiqithi i-Apennine, inendawo eyi-1507,6 yeekhilomitha, kwaye indawo yedolophu iyi-208 yeekhilomitha. Isixeko saseRoma ngoku sineendawo zokuhlala ezingama-55 ezinabemi abamalunga ne-2.64 yezigidi. Kwimbali yaseRoma emalunga neminyaka engama-2 800, ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-8 BC ukuya ku-476 AD, yafumana ithuba elizukileyo leMpuma neNtshona yeRoma. Ngomnyaka we-1870, umkhosi wobukumkani base-Italiya wabamba iRoma kwaye kwagqitywa unobangela womanyano lwase-Italiya. Ngo-1871, ikomkhulu lase-Italiya labuyela eRoma lisuka eFlorence.

IRoma inconywa njengeyona ndawo inkulu "yezimbali zembali evulekileyo". IRoma inendawo yamandulo yemidlalo yaseRoma, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiColosseum, enye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo ehlabathini ezisibhozo, eyakhiwe ngenkulungwane yokuqala ye-AD. Esi sakhiwo se-oval sigubungela ummandla omalunga ne-20,000 yeemitha zesikwere kwaye ujikeleze ububanzi beemitha ezingama-527. Ngumqondiso woBukhosi baseRoma bamandulo. Kuwo omabini amacala e-Imperial Avenue ebanzi kukho iNdlu yeeNgwevu, i-Shrine, i-Shrine yeVirgin kunye nezinye iitempile ezidumileyo, ezinjengePantheon. Emantla esiza sale ndawo inamabala avulekileyo, yi-arch yoloyiso erekhoda impumelelo yohambo luka-Emperor Severo oluya e-Persia, kwaye emazantsi yi-Arch Triumphal Arch yaseTidu, ebhala uloyiso lomlawuli kwiphulo lase-Jerusalem elingasempuma. Eyona arch inkulu eRoma eyakhiwe nguConstantine Omkhulu ngaphezulu kwengcinezelo kaNero. Intengiso yeTraiano kwicala elingasempuma ye-Imperial Avenue liziko lezorhwebo laseRoma yamandulo. Ecaleni kwemarike kumi ikholam yoloyiso enobude obuziimitha ezingama-40 kunye neziqholo zomoya ezibonisa ibali lohambo lukaTraiano Omkhulu oluya kuMlambo iDanube. IPiazza Venezia embindini wedolophu yakudala ineemitha ezili-130 ubude neemitha ezingama-75 ububanzi.Yindawo yokudibana kwezitalato eziphambili esixekweni. Ngakwicala lasekhohlo lesikwere yiNdlu yaseVenetian, isakhiwo esidala seRenaissance, kwaye ngasekunene yiVenetian Insurance Company eyakha ngendlela efanayo kwiNdlu yaseVenetian. Ukongeza, Ibhotwe lobulungisa elinobungangamsha, uPiazza Navona oqaqambileyo, kunye neSt. Peter's Basilica zonke ziqulathe isimbo sobugcisa seRenaissance. Kukho amakhulu amaziko olondolozo lwembali eRoma, kubandakanya nengqokelela yobuncwane bobugcisa boRenaissance.

Kukho imithombo emininzi kwisixeko saseRoma. Owona mthombo weTrevi udumileyo wakhiwa ngo-1762 AD. Phakathi kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo kaPoseidon embindini womthombo, imifanekiso emibini yolwandle imele ulwandle oluzolileyo nolwandle oluphithizelayo, kwaye oothixokazi abane bamele amaxesha amane entwasahlobo, ihlobo, ukwindla nasebusika.

I-Turin: sisixeko sesithathu ngobukhulu e-Itali, elinye lamaziko amakhulu emizi-mveliso, kunye nekomkhulu lasePiedmont. Ifumaneka kwintlambo ephezulu yoMlambo iPo, iimitha ezingama-243 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle. Abemi bamalunga ne-1.035 yezigidi.

Yakhiwa ngexesha loBukhosi baseRoma njengendawo ebalulekileyo yomkhosi. Kwakuyindawo yesixeko esizimeleyo ngexesha loKuvuselelwa kumaXesha Aphakathi. Kwi-1720, yayilikomkhulu lobukumkani baseSardinia. Ihlala iFrance kwiMfazwe zikaNapoleon. Ukusuka kwi-1861 ukuya kwi-1865, yayilikomkhulu lobukumkani base-Itali. Ukuphela kwenkulungwane ye-19, yayiliziko elibalulekileyo lokukhanya kwimizi-mveliso esemantla ntshona. Emva kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, umzi mveliso wakhula ngokukhawuleza, ngakumbi icandelo lemveliso yeemoto. Ngoku lelinye lawona maziko amakhulu emizi-mveliso yeli lizwe, amashishini amaninzi anamhlanje, kunye nemveliso yeFiat Automobile kwindawo yokuqala elizweni. Ngokwesiseko samandla asezantsi e-Alps kwi-Alps, jolisa kuphuhliso lwamashishini anomdla kubuchwephesha, kubandakanya iinjini, izixhobo zomatshini, izixhobo zombane, izixhobo zombane, ikhemistri, iibheringi, iinqwelomoya, izixhobo ezichanekileyo, iimitha kunye nemizi-mveliso. Ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, yayiliziko elibalulekileyo lokwenziwa kweengalo e-Itali naseJamani. Umzi mveliso wokwenza intsimbi ngamandla uphuhlisiwe. Idume ngetshokholethi yayo kunye newayini ezahlukeneyo. Uphuhliso lwezothutho.

I-Turin yindawo yezothutho ekhokelela kwi-Mont Blanc (umda phakathi kwe-France ne-Italiya) kunye ne-Grand Saint Bernard Tunnel (umda ophakathi kwe-Itali neSwitzerland). Kukho oololiwe kunye neendlela ezidibanisa izixeko ezikhulu zasekhaya kunye neLyon, Nice neMonaco eFrance. Kukho izikhululo zeenqwelo moya kunye nehelikopta.

I-Turin sisixeko samandulo senkcubeko kunye nezobugcisa. Zininzi izikwere esixekweni, uninzi lweengqokelela zobugcisa bobuNkcubeko kunye nezikhumbuzo zokwakha. Kukho iSan Giovanni Battista Church, iCawa yamaWaldo, kunye namabhotwe amahle. Zininzi iipaki ecaleni konxweme olusekhohlo loMlambo iPo. Ngembali kunye neemyuziyam zobugcisa. Kukwakho neYunivesithi yaseTurin, esekwe kwi-1405, iiyunivesithi ezininzi zesayensi kunye nezobunjineli, i-National Joseph Verdi Conservatory of Music, kunye noPhando lweTekhnoloji yanamhlanje kunye neZiko lovavanyo.

IMilan: isixeko sesibini ngobukhulu e-Itali, ikomkhulu laseLombardy. Ime kumantla mpuma e-Plain Plain kunye nasezantsi kweAlps. Yakhiwa kwinkulungwane yesine BC. Ngo-395 AD, yayilikomkhulu loBukhosi bamaRoma baseNtshona. Isixeko saphantse satshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwiimfazwe ezimbini kunye ne-Holy Roman Empire ngo-1158 no-1162. Ihlala uNapoleon ngo-1796, yakhiwa njengekomkhulu leRiphabhlikhi yaseMilan kunyaka olandelayo. Ifakiwe kubukumkani base-Italiya ngo-1859. Elona lizwe likhulu lemizi-mveliso, urhwebo kunye nezemali. Kukho amashishini anjengeemoto, iinqwelomoya, izithuthuthu, izixhobo zombane, izixhobo zikaloliwe, ukwenziwa kwesinyithi, amalaphu, iimpahla, iikhemikhali kunye nokutya. Uloliwe kunye noohola bendlela. Kukho imilambo iTicino kunye neAda, imijelo yomjelo iTongbo. IMilan Cathedral sesinye sezona zakhiwo zikhulu zemarble eGoth eYurophu, kwaye yakhiwa ngo-1386. Kukwakho neBrera Palace eyaziwayo yoBugcisa, iLa Scala Theatre kunye neMyuziyam.