I-Italy inendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-301,318. Kutholakala eningizimu yeYurophu, kufaka phakathi i-Apennine Peninsula, iSicily, iSardinia nezinye iziqhingi. Unqamula eFrance, eSwitzerland, e-Austria naseSlovenia ne-Alps njengesithiyo esisenyakatho, futhi ubheke uLwandle iMedithera, i-Adriatic Sea, i-Ionian Sea noLwandle iTyrrhenian empumalanga, entshonalanga naseningizimu. Ugu lungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-7 200 ubude. Izingxenye ezine kwezinhlanu zensimu yonke ziyizindawo ezinamagquma. Kukhona ama-Alps nama-Apennines. IMont Blanc emngceleni ophakathi kwe-Italy neFrance ingamamitha angama-4810 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, ibeka isibili eYurophu; ngaphakathi kwendawo kukhona iNtaba iVesuvius edumile nentaba-mlilo enkulu kunazo zonke eYurophu-Mount Etna. Umfula omkhulu kunawo wonke uMfula iPo. Amachibi amakhulu ahlanganisa iLake Garda neLake Maggiore. Izindawo eziningi zinesimo sezulu saseMedithera esishisayo.

Izwe lihlukaniswe izifunda ezingama-20 zokuphatha, izifundazwe ezingama-103 seziphelele, kanye namadolobha (amadolobha) angama-8088. Izifunda ezingama-20 zokuphatha yilezi: iPiedmont, iValle d'Aosta, iLombardy, iTrentino Alto Adige, iVeneto, iFriuli-Venezia Giulia, iLiguria, i-Emilia-Romagna, iTorto IScana, Umbria, iLazio, iMarche, i-Abruzi, iMolise, iCampania, iPuglia, iBasilicata, iCalabria, iSicily, iSardinia.

Kusuka ku-2000 kuye ku-1000 BC, abantu base-Indo-European baqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo. Isikhathi esisukela ku-27 kuya ku-476 BC kwakunguMbuso WaseRoma. Ngekhulu le-11, amaNorman ahlasela eningizimu ye-Italy futhi akha umbuso. Kusukela ngekhulu le-12 kuya kwele-13, lahlukana laba yimibuso eminingi, izikhulu, amadolobha azimele kanye nezindawo ezincane zombuso. Kusukela ngekhulu le-16, i-Italy yalandelwa ngokulandelana yiFrance, iSpain ne-Austria. Umbuso wase-Italy wasungulwa ngoMashi 1861. NgoSepthemba 1870, ibutho lombuso lanqoba iRoma futhi ekugcineni lahlangana kabusha. Ngenkathi kugqashuka iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ngo-1914, i-Italy yaqala ukungathathi hlangothi, yabe isima ohlangothini lweBrithani, iFrance neRussia ukumemezela impi ngeJalimane ne-Austria nokunqoba. Ngo-Okthoba 31, 1922, uMussolini wasungula uhulumeni omusha futhi waqala ukusebenzisa umthetho wobushiqela. Ngenkathi kugqashuka iMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba ngo-1939, i-Italy ekuqaleni yayingathathi hlangothi futhi iJalimane yanqoba eFrance. Yajoyina iJalimane ngoJuni 1940 futhi yamemezela impi neBrithani neFrance. UMussolini waketulwa ngoJulayi 1943. NgoSepthemba 3 ngawo lowo nyaka, ikhabinethi kaBardolio eyayiqokwe yinkosi yasayina isivumelwano sokulwa nezikhali nama-Allies. I-Italy yazinikela ngaphandle kwemibandela yabe seyimemezela impi neJalimane ngo-Okthoba. Inhlolovo yabanjwa ngoJuni 1946 ukuqeda ngokusemthethweni ubukhosi nokusungula iRiphabhulikhi yase-Italy.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Lingunxande elinesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi obungu-3: 2. Ingaphezulu lefulegi lakhiwe ngonxande abathathu abalinganayo nabalinganayo abaxhumene ndawonye, ​​okuluhlaza okotshani, okumhlophe nokubomvu ngokulandelana ukusuka kwesobunxele kuye kwesokudla. Ifulege lokuqala lase-Italy lalinombala ofanayo nefulegi laseFrance, kwathi okwesibhakabhaka kwaguqulwa kwaba luhlaza ngo-1796. Ngokwamarekhodi, ngo-1796 iLegion yase-Italy kaNapoleon yasebenzisa amafulegi aluhlaza, amhlophe futhi abomvu aklanywa nguNapoleon uqobo. IRiphabhlikhi yase-Italy yasungulwa ngo-1946, kwathi ifulegi le-tricolor eluhlaza, elimhlophe nelibomvu laqokwa ngokusemthethweni njengefulegi likazwelonke leRiphabhulikhi.

I-Italy inenani labantu abangama-57,788,200 (ekupheleni kuka-2003). Izakhamuzi ezingama-94% zingamaNtaliyane, kanti izinhlanga ezincane zifaka amaFulentshi, amaLatin, amaRoma, amaFriuli, njll. Khuluma isiNtaliyane, isiFulentshi nesiJalimane kwezinye izindawo. Izakhamizi eziningi zikholelwa kubuKhatholika.

I-Italy yizwe elithuthukile kwezomnotho Ngo-2006, umkhiqizo wayo omkhulukazi ezweni lonke wawungu-US $ 1,783.959 billion, usezingeni lesikhombisa emhlabeni, ngenani lomuntu ngamunye lingu-US $ 30,689. Kodwa-ke, uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe athuthukile asentshonalanga, i-Italy inezinkinga zokushoda kwezinsizakusebenza kanye nokuqala kwemboni sekwephuzile. Kodwa-ke, i-Italy inaka ukulungiswa okufika ngesikhathi kwezinqubomgomo zezomnotho, inaka ukubaluleka kocwaningo nokwethulwa kobuchwepheshe obusha, futhi ithuthukise intuthuko yezomnotho. Le mboni ngokuyinhloko icubungula imboni, amandla nezinto zokusetshenziswa ezidingekayo kuncike ekungenisweni kwamanye amazwe, futhi ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yemikhiqizo yezimboni ingeyokuthekelisa. Amabhizinisi abamba iqhaza ezweni akhula kancane.Umthamo waminyaka yonke wokucutshungulwa kukawoyela ongahluziwe ungaba ngamathani ayizigidi eziyi-100, okwaziwa ngokuthi yi- "European Refinery"; ukukhishwa kwawo kwensimbi kukleliswe isibili eYurophu; imboni eplastiki, ukukhiqizwa kogandaganda, nemboni yamandla nakho kuphakathi kwezwe eliphambili . Amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi anesikhundla esibalulekile emnothweni. Cishe ama-70% eGDP adalwa yila mabhizinisi, ngakho abizwa ngokuthi "umbuso wamabhizinisi amancane naphakathi." Ukuhwebelana namanye amazwe kuyinsika enkulu yomnotho wase-Italy, nensalela ekuhwebeni kwamanye amazwe unyaka nonyaka, okwenza kube yizwe lesithathu elisalela kakhulu kwezentengiselwano emhlabeni ngemuva kweJapan neJalimane. Ukungeniswa ikakhulu kukaphethiloli, izinto zokusetshenziswa nokudla, kanti ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle ikakhulukazi kuyimikhiqizo yezimboni elula efana nemishini nezinto zokusebenza, imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali, izinto zasendlini, izindwangu, okokugqoka, izicathulo zesikhumba, ubucwebe begolide nobesiliva. Imakethe yakwamanye amazwe ikakhulukazi iseYurophu, kanti izinhlosongqangi zokungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle yi-EU ne-United States. Indawo yomhlaba olimekayo wezolimo ibalelwa ku-10% wendawo yonke yezwe. I-Italy icebile ngemithombo yezokuvakasha, isimo sezulu esiswakeme, indawo enhle, izinsalela eziningi zamasiko, amabhishi amahle nezintaba, nemigwaqo enweba kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Imali engenayo yezokuvakasha ingumthombo obalulekile wokwenzela ukushoda kwezwe. Imboni yezokuvakasha inenzuzo yamalire ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-150 (cishe ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-71.4), ebala cishe u-6% we-GDP, kanye nemali engenayo engama-53 trillion lire (cishe ama-25.2 billion amadola aseMelika). Amadolobha amakhulu izivakashi iRoma, iFlorence neVenice.

Ekhuluma ngempucuko yakudala yase-Italy, abantu bazocabanga masinyane ngombuso wasendulo waseRoma, idolobha lasendulo iPompeii elacekelwa phansi ngaphambi kuka-1900, iLeaning Tower yasePisa edume umhlaba wonke, neFlorence, okuyindawo okwazalelwa kuyo iRenaissance. , Idolobha elihle lamanzi laseVenice, i-Roman Arena yasendulo, eyaziwa njengesimangaliso sesishiyagalombili somhlaba, njalonjalo.

Amanxiwa asePompeii angenye yezindawo ezingamagugu omhlaba ezivunyelwe yi-UNESCO. Ngo-79 AD, idolobha lasendulo iPompeii lacwiliswa ngemuva kokuqhuma kweMount Vesuvius eseduzane.Ngemuva kokuvubukulwa abavubukuli base-Italy, abantu bangabona impilo yezenhlalo yenkathi yasendulo yamaRoma emanxiweni asePompeii. Ngekhulu le-14-15 AD, izincwadi nobuciko base-Italy bachuma ngendlela engakaze ibonwe futhi kwaba yindawo yokuzalwa yenhlangano yaseYurophu "Renaissance". Amakhosi amasiko nezesayensi njengoDante, uLeonardo, uMichelangelo, uRaphael, uGalileo, njll. Intuthuko yenza umnikelo omkhulu ongenakuqhathaniswa. Namuhla, izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zenkathi yasendulo yamaRoma nemidwebo, izithombe ezibaziwe, izikhumbuzo kanye nezinsalela zamasiko ezikhathi ze-Renaissance kungabonakala kugcinwe ngokucophelela kulo lonke elase-Italy. Ifa elicebile lamasiko nobuciko lase-Italy liyigugu lesizwe futhi lingumthombo ongapheli wokuthuthukiswa kwezokuvakasha. Indawo eyingqayizivele yendawo nezimo zezulu, ukuxhumana olwandle okuxhumeke kahle, inethiwekhi yezokuthutha yomoya, izinsiza ezisekelayo nezinsizakusebenza zezokuvakasha, kanye nencazelo yamasiko engena kuzo zonke izici zempilo yabantu iheha izivakashi zakwamanye amazwe ezingama-30 kuye kwezingu-40 eziya e-Italy minyaka yonke. Ngakho-ke ezokuvakasha seziphenduke insika yomnotho wezwe wase-Italy.

IRoma: IRoma, inhlokodolobha yase-Italy, iyimpucuko yakudala yaseYurophu enomlando omuhle. Ngoba yakhiwe emagqumeni ayi-7 futhi inomlando omude, ibizwa nge "Seven Hills" "Idolobha" kanye "noMuzi Ophakade". IRoma itholakala eMfuleni iTiber maphakathi ne-Apennine Peninsula, enendawo ephelele yamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-1507.6, lapho indawo yasemadolobheni ingamakhilomitha-skwele angama-208. Idolobha laseRoma manje selakhiwe izindawo zokuhlala ezingama-55 ezinabantu cishe abayizigidi ezingama-2.64. Emlandweni waseRoma weminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-2 800, kusukela ngekhulu lesi-8 BC kuya ku-476 AD, yabhekana nenkathi ekhazimulayo ye-Eastern ne-Western Roma. Ngo-1870, ibutho loMbuso wase-Italy lathumba iRoma futhi yaqedwa imbangela yokuhlanganiswa kwe-Italy. Ngo-1871, inhloko-dolobha yase-Italy yabuyela eRoma isuka eFlorence.

IRoma idunyiswa njengemyuziyemu omkhulu womlando ovulekile emhlabeni. IRoma inenkundla yezemidlalo yasendulo yaseRoma, eyaziwa nangokuthi iColosseum, enye yezindawo eziyisishiyagalombili ezithakazelisa kakhulu emhlabeni, eyakhiwe ngekhulu lokuqala AD. Lesi sakhiwo esiseqanda simboze indawo engamamitha-skwele angaba ngu-20 000 futhi sizungeze amamitha angama-527. Siwuphawu loMbuso wasendulo waseRoma. Ezinhlangothini zombili ze-Imperial Avenue ebanzi kuneSenate, indawo engcwele, iShrine of the Virgin namanye amathempeli adumile, njengePantheon. Ngasenyakatho kwendawo okukhona kuyo le nkundla evulekile, yiholo lokunqoba eliqopha impumelelo yohambo luka-Emperor Severo oluya ePheresiya, futhi eningizimu yiTrumphal Arch of Tidu, eqopha ukunqoba kombusi ohambweni olusempumalanga neJerusalema. Budebuduze neningizimu yeTidu's Triumphal Arch, kukhona esinye njengesikhumbuzo. Ikhothamo lokunqoba elikhulu kunawo wonke eRoma elakhiwa nguConstantine Omkhulu phezu kwengcindezelo kaNero. Imakethe iTraiano ohlangothini olusempumalanga ye-Imperial Avenue iyisikhungo sezentengiselwano seRoma lasendulo. Eceleni kwemakethe kumi ikholomu lokunqoba elingamamitha angama-40 ukuphakama okunemifanekiso evunguza ebonisa indaba yohambo lukaTraiano the Great oluya eMfuleni iDanube. IPiazza Venezia enkabeni yedolobha lasendulo ingamamitha ayi-130 ubude namamitha angama-75. Iyindawo yomhlangano yemigwaqo emikhulu eminingana edolobheni. Ngakwesokunxele kwesikwele kukhona isigodlo saseVenetian, isakhiwo sasendulo se-Renaissance, futhi ngakwesokudla isakhiwo seVenetian Insurance Company esifana nesitayela esigodlweni saseVenetian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isigodlo esihle sezoBulungiswa, uPiazza Navona omuhle, kanye neSt. Peter's Basilica konke kuhlanganisa isitayela sobuciko se-Renaissance. Kunamamyuziyamu amakhulu eRoma, kufaka phakathi amaqoqo engcebo yobuciko ye-Renaissance.

Kunemithombo eminingi edolobheni laseRoma. Umthombo odume kakhulu weTrevi wakhiwa ngo-1762 AD. Phakathi kwezifanekiso zikaPoseidon enkabeni yomthombo, izithombe ezimbili zasolwandle zimelela ulwandle oluzolile nolwandle oluyaluzayo, kanti onkulunkulukazi abane bamele izinkathi ezine zonyaka zentwasahlobo, ihlobo, ekwindla nasebusika.

ITurin: Yidolobha lesithathu ngobukhulu e-Italy, esinye sezikhungo ezinkulu zezimboni, kanye nenhlokodolobha yasePiedmont. Kutholakala esigodini esingenhla soMfula iPo, amamitha angama-243 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Inani labantu lingaba yizigidi eziyi-1.035.

Yakhiwa ngesikhathi soMbuso WaseRoma njengesiza esibalulekile kwezempi. Kwakuyidolobha elizimele ngesikhathi seRenaissance ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Ngo-1720, kwakuyinhloko-dolobha yoMbuso weSardinia. Iphethwe yiFrance ezimpini zikaNapoleon. Kusukela ngo-1861 kuya ku-1865, kwakuyinhloko-dolobha yoMbuso wase-Italy. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, kwakuyisikhungo esibalulekile somkhakha wokukhanya enyakatho-ntshonalanga. Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, imboni yathuthuka ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi imboni yokukhiqiza izimoto. Manje ingesinye sezikhungo zezimboni ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezweni, amabhizinisi amaningi amakhulu anamuhla, futhi okukhishwa yiFiat Automobile kuqala endaweni yokuqala ezweni. Ngokwesisekelo samandla kagesi ashibhile e-Alps, gxila ekwakhiweni kwezimboni ezisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe, njengezinjini, amathuluzi emishini, izinto zikagesi, izinto zikagesi, amakhemikhali, amabhere, izindiza, izinsimbi zokunemba, amamitha, nezimboni zemishini. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili, bekuyisikhungo esibalulekile sokwenza izikhali e-Italy naseJalimane. Imboni yokwenza amandla kagesi ithuthukiswe ngokuqhathaniswa. Idume ngoshokoledi wayo newayini elihlukahlukene. Ukuhamba okuthuthukisiwe.

ITurin iyindawo yokuhamba eholela eMont Blanc (umngcele ophakathi kweFrance ne-Italy) kanye neGrand Saint Bernard Tunnel (umngcele ophakathi kwe-Italy neSwitzerland). Kunezitimela nemigwaqo exhuma amadolobha amakhulu asekhaya kanjalo neLyon, Nice neMonaco eFrance. Kunezikhumulo zezindiza zomhlaba wonke nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane.

ITurin yidolobha lasendulo lamasiko nobuciko. Kunezikwele eziningi edolobheni, amaqoqo amaningi obuciko be-Renaissance nezikhumbuzo zokwakha. KuneSan Giovanni Battista Church, iSonto lamaWaldensian, nezigodlo zikanokusho. Kunamapaki amaningi ogwini lwesobunxele loMfula iPo. Ngomlando neminyuziyamu yobuciko. Kukhona neYunivesithi yaseTurin, eyasungulwa ngo-1405, amanyuvesi amaningana esayensi nobunjiniyela, iNational Joseph Verdi Conservatory of Music, kanye ne-Modern Science and Technology Research and Experimental Center.

IMilan: idolobha lesibili ngobukhulu e-Italy, inhlokodolobha yaseLombardy. Itholakala enyakatho-ntshonalanga yePo Plain nasenyakatho eningizimu ye-Alps. Yakhiwa ngekhulu lesine BC. Ngo-395 AD, kwakuyinhloko-dolobha yoMbuso WaseRoma Wasentshonalanga. Umuzi wacishe wabhujiswa ngokuphelele ezimpini ezimbili noMbuso Ongcwele WaseRoma ngo-1158 nango-1162. Iphethwe nguNapoleon ngo-1796, yakhiwa njengenhlokodolobha yeRiphabhulikhi yaseMilan ngonyaka olandelayo. Ifakwe eMbusweni wase-Italy ngo-1859. Isikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke sezimboni, ezentengiselwano nezezezimali. Kunezimboni ezifana nezimoto, izindiza, izithuthuthu, izinto zikagesi, okokusebenza kojantshi, ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi, izindwangu, okokugqoka, amakhemikhali kanye nokudla. Izitimela nezindawo ezinkulu zomgwaqo. Kunemifula iTicino ne-Adda, imifudlana yomsele. IMilan Cathedral ingesinye sezakhiwo ezinkulu zemabula zaseGothic eYurophu.Yakhiwa ngo-1386. Kukhona neBrera Palace yezobuciko obudumile, iLa Scala Theatre neMuseum.