Ubusuwisi, izina ryuzuye rya Confederation yu Busuwisi, rifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 41284. Ni igihugu kidafite inkombe giherereye mu Burayi bwo hagati, hamwe na Otirishiya na Liechtenstein mu burasirazuba, Ubutaliyani mu majyepfo, Ubufaransa mu burengerazuba, n'Ubudage mu majyaruguru. Ubutaka bw'igihugu ni burebure kandi buhanamye, bugabanijwemo ahantu hatatu karemano: imisozi ya Jura mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba, umusozi wa Alpes mu majyepfo n'ibibaya byo mu Busuwisi hagati, uburebure buri hagati ya metero 1350. Inzuzi nini ni Rhine na Rhone. Hariho ibiyaga byinshi, hari 1484, ikiyaga kinini kinini cya Geneve (ikiyaga cya Geneve) gifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 581. Ubutaka ni ubw'akarere k’ubushyuhe bwo mu majyaruguru, katewe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere cyo mu nyanja n’ikirere cy’umugabane, n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere cyane.

Mu kinyejana cya 3 nyuma ya Yesu, Alemanni (Abadage) bimukiye mu burasirazuba no mu majyaruguru y’Ubusuwisi, naho Ababurundi bimukira mu burengerazuba maze bashinga ingoma ya mbere ya Burugundiya. Yategekwaga n'Ingoma ntagatifu y'Abaroma mu kinyejana cya 11. Mu 1648, yakuyeho ubutegetsi bw'Ingoma ntagatifu y'Abaroma, atangaza ubwigenge kandi akurikiza politiki yo kutabogama. Mu 1798, Napoleon wa I yateye mu Busuwisi ayihindura "Repubulika ya Helvedic". Mu 1803, Ubusuwisi bwagaruye Ihuriro. Mu 1815, Inama y'i Vienne yemeje ko Ubusuwisi ari igihugu kidafite aho kibogamiye.Mu 1848, Ubusuwisi bwashyizeho itegeko nshinga rishya kandi bushiraho Inama nkuru y’igihugu, kuva icyo gihe kikaba igihugu cy’ubumwe. Mu ntambara zombi z'isi, Ubusuwisi bwakomeje kutabogama. Ubusuwisi ni igihugu cy’indorerezi z’umuryango w’abibumbye kuva mu 1948. Muri referendumu yabaye muri Werurwe 2002, 54,6% by'abatoye mu Busuwisi na 12 muri 23 ya kantine yo mu Busuwisi bemeye kwinjira mu Muryango w'Abibumbye. Ku ya 10 Nzeri 2002, Inteko rusange ya 57 y’umuryango w’abibumbye yemeje umwanzuro wemeza ku mugaragaro ko Umuryango w’Ubusuwisi ari umunyamuryango mushya w’umuryango w’abibumbye.

Ibendera ryigihugu: Ni kare. Ibendera ritukura, hamwe n'umusaraba wera hagati. Hariho ibitekerezo bitandukanye ku nkomoko y’ibendera ry’Ubusuwisi, muri byo hakaba harimo bane bahagarariye. Kugeza mu 1848, Ubusuwisi bwashyizeho itegeko nshinga rishya rya federasiyo, riteganya ku mugaragaro ko ibendera ry'umusaraba utukura n'umweru ryari ibendera ry'Umuryango w'Abasuwisi. Umweru ugereranya amahoro, ubutabera n'umucyo, naho umutuku ugereranya intsinzi, umunezero n'ishyaka by'abaturage; ibice byose byerekana ibendera ry'igihugu bishushanya ubumwe bw'igihugu. Iri bendera ry’igihugu ryahinduwe mu 1889, rihindura urukiramende rwambere rutukura n’umweru rwera ruhinduka kare, bishushanya politiki y’ububanyi n’amahanga y’ubutabera no kutabogama.

Ubusuwisi butuwe n'abaturage 7,507.300, muri bo barenga 20% ni abanyamahanga. Indimi enye zirimo Ikidage, Igifaransa, Igitaliyani n'Ikilatini Romance zose ni indimi zemewe.Mu baturage, abagera kuri 63.7% bavuga Ikidage, 20.4% Igifaransa, 6.5% Igitaliyani, 0.5% by'Ikilatini, na 8.9% by'izindi ndimi. Abaturage bemera Gatolika bangana na 41.8%, Abaporotesitanti 35.3%, andi madini 11.8%, naho abatizera ni 11.1%.

Ubusuwisi n’igihugu cyateye imbere cyane kandi kigezweho. Mu 2006, umusaruro rusange w’igihugu wari miliyari 386.835 z’amadolari y’Amerika, umuturage akaba afite agaciro ka 51.441 by’amadolari y’Amerika, akaza ku mwanya wa kabiri ku isi.

Inganda nizo nkingi yubukungu bwigihugu cyu Busuwisi, kandi umusaruro w’inganda ugera kuri 50% bya GDP. Inzego nkuru zinganda mubusuwisi zirimo: amasaha, imashini, chimie, ibiryo nizindi nzego. Ubusuwisi buzwi ku izina rya "Ubwami bw'amasaha n'amasaha". Mu myaka irenga 400 kuva Geneve ikora amasaha mu 1587, yagumanye umwanya wambere mubikorwa byinganda zisi. Mu myaka yashize, ibicuruzwa byoherejwe mu Busuwisi byiyongereye cyane. Inganda zikora imashini zitanga cyane cyane ibikoresho byimyenda nibikoresho bitanga ingufu. Ibikoresho by'imashini, ibikoresho bisobanutse, metero, imashini zitwara abantu, imashini zubuhinzi, imashini zikoresha imiti, imashini zita ku biribwa, n’imashini zicapa nazo ni ingenzi cyane.Mu myaka yashize, umusaruro w’icapiro, mudasobwa, kamera, na kamera za firime byateye imbere byihuse. Ibicuruzwa byinganda zikora ibiribwa ahanini bikenerwa murugo, ariko foromaje, shokora, ikawa ihita hamwe nibiryo byibanze nabyo bizwi kwisi. Inganda zikora imiti ninkingi yingenzi yinganda zu Busuwisi. Kugeza ubu, imiti igera kuri 2/5 by’umusaruro w’inganda zikora imiti, kandi uko amarangi, imiti yica udukoko, imiti yangiza, impumuro nziza ku isoko mpuzamahanga nabyo ni ngombwa cyane.

Ibicuruzwa biva mu buhinzi bifite hafi 4% by’umusaruro rusange w’Ubusuwisi, naho imirimo y’ubuhinzi igera kuri 6,6% y’akazi k’igihugu cyose. Kuva kera, guverinoma y'Ubusuwisi yahaye agaciro gakomeye iterambere ry'umusaruro w'ubuhinzi. Gushyira mu bikorwa igihe kirekire politiki y’ingoboka mu buhinzi, nko gutanga inkunga, gutanga inkunga idasanzwe y’imisozi miremire, no gutanga inkunga y’ibiciro ku bicuruzwa bikomoka ku buhinzi; kugabanya no kugabanya kwinjiza imboga n'imbuto; gutanga inguzanyo zidafite inyungu ku bahinzi; gushyigikira imashini y’ubuhinzi n’inzobere; gushimangira; Ubushakashatsi mu by'ubuhinzi n'amahugurwa ya tekiniki.

Ubusuwisi bufite inganda zubukerarugendo zateye imbere kandi biteganijwe ko zizatera imbere kurushaho. Ubusuwisi n’ikigo cy’imari ku isi, kandi inganda z’amabanki n’ubwishingizi nizo nzego nini.Inganda z’ubukerarugendo zakomeje iterambere rirambye kandi rihamye ry’iterambere, ritanga isoko ry’iterambere ry’inganda zishingiye ku bukerarugendo.

Bern: Bern bisobanura "idubu" mu kidage. Ni umurwa mukuru w'Ubusuwisi n'umurwa mukuru wa Kantoni ya Bern, uherereye mu burengerazuba bwo mu Busuwisi. Umugezi wa Aare ugabanya umujyi mo kabiri, umujyi ushaje ku nkombe y’iburengerazuba n’umujyi mushya ku nkombe y’iburasirazuba.Ibiraro birindwi bigari byambuka uruzi rwa Aare bihuza umujyi ushaje n’umujyi mushya. Bern afite ikirere cyoroheje kandi cyuzuye, hashyushye mu gihe cy'itumba kandi hakonje mu cyi.

Bern numujyi uzwi ufite amateka yimyaka 800. Wari umwanya wa gisirikare igihe umujyi washinzwe mu 1191. Yabaye umujyi wubuntu muri 1218. Yabonye ubwigenge mu Budage mu 1339 maze yinjira mu Ishyirahamwe ry’Ubusuwisi nka canton yigenga mu 1353. Yabaye umurwa mukuru wa Confederation yu Busuwisi mu 1848.

Umujyi wa kera wa Berne uracyagumana imyubakire yawo yo mu gihe cyagati kandi washyizwe ku rutonde rwa "Umurage ndangamurage w’isi" na UNESCO. Mu mujyi, amasoko yuburyo butandukanye, inzira nyabagendwa hamwe na arcade, niminara minini irareba kandi irashimishije. Ikibanza kiri imbere yumujyi ni ikibanza cyabitswe neza cyane. Mu nzibutso nyinshi ziri i Bern, umunara w inzogera na katedrali birihariye. Byongeye kandi, Bern afite Itorero rya Niederger ryubatswe mu 1492, n'inzu ya guverinoma ya leta ya Renaissance yubatswe mu 1852 kugeza 1857.

Kaminuza izwi cyane ya Bern yashinzwe mu 1834. Isomero ry’igihugu, Isomero rya Komini n’isomero rya kaminuza ya Bern bakusanyije umubare munini w’inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki n’ibitabo bidasanzwe. Byongeye kandi, muri uyu mujyi hari inzu ndangamurage z'amateka, kamere, ubuhanzi, n'intwaro. Icyicaro cy’imiryango mpuzamahanga nka Universal Postal Union, Umuryango mpuzamahanga w’itumanaho, ihuriro mpuzamahanga rya gari ya moshi n’ubumwe mpuzamahanga bw’uburenganzira bwa muntu nabyo biri hano.

Bern azwi kandi nka "umurwa mukuru w'amasaha". Usibye kureba umusaruro, hariho no gutunganya shokora, imashini, ibikoresho, imyenda, imiti nizindi nganda. Byongeye kandi, nkikigo cyo gukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa by’ubuhinzi by’Ubusuwisi n’ahantu ho gutwara gari ya moshi, hari gari ya moshi zihuza Zurich na Geneve. Mu mpeshyi, ikibuga cy’indege cya Belpmoos, mu birometero 9,6 mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Bern, gifite ingendo zisanzwe zerekeza Zurich.

Geneve: Geneve (Geneve) iherereye ku kiyaga cyiza cya Leman. Irahana Ubufaransa mu majyepfo yacyo, mu burasirazuba no mu burengerazuba. Yabaye ikibuga cy’intambara ku basirikare ba gisirikare kuva kera. Ku ikarita, Geneve iva ku butaka bw’Ubusuwisi.Ahantu hafunganye hagati ni kilometero 4. Gusa ubutaka ahantu henshi busangiwe n’Ubufaransa. Kimwe cya kabiri cy’ikibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Kvantland nacyo ni icy'Ubufaransa. Umugezi wa Rhone utuje unyura mu mujyi.Ihuriro ry’ikiyaga n’umugezi, ibiraro byinshi bihuza umujyi wa kera n’umujyi mushya ku mpande zombi z’amajyaruguru n’amajyepfo. Abaturage ni 200.000. Ubushyuhe bwo hasi muri Mutarama ni -1 ℃ naho ubushyuhe bwo hejuru muri Nyakanga ni 26 ℃. Igifaransa kiramenyerewe i Geneve, kandi icyongereza nacyo kirazwi cyane.

Geneve numujyi mpuzamahanga, abantu bamwe basetsa bavuga ngo "Geneve ntabwo ari iy'Ubusuwisi." Impamvu nyamukuru ni uko hari imiryango mpuzamahanga yibanda ku cyicaro gikuru cy’umuryango w’abibumbye i Geneve na Croix-Rouge mpuzamahanga; aha ni ahantu ba mukerarugendo baturutse impande zose z’isi bateranira; mu rwego rwo gukemura ikibazo cy’ibura ry’akazi, hari abantu benshi baturuka mu bihugu bya Mediteraneya baza gukorera hano. Indi mpamvu nuko amateka, kuva Ivugurura rya Calvin, Geneve yabaye ubuhungiro kubarwanya gahunda ishaje. Rousseau yavukiye mu Banya Geneve bihanganiraga cyane ibitekerezo bishya.Voltaire, Byron, na Lenin na bo baje i Geneve gushaka ibidukikije by'amahoro. Turashobora kuvuga ko uyu mujyi mpuzamahanga wavutse mumyaka irenga 500.

Inyubako zoroheje kandi nziza mumujyi wa kera kumisozi ziratandukanye cyane ninyubako zigezweho mumujyi mushya, zigaragaza neza iterambere ryiza ryuyu mujyi wa kera rwagati ukaba umujyi mpuzamahanga ugezweho. Imihanda yubatswe namabuye mumujyi wa kera yarambuye gato kandi igoramye yerekeza imbere, nkaho ukuboko kurambuye bucece, kugirango bikujyane mu kinyejana cyimigani. Mu gicucu cyibiti byatsi, inyubako zi Burayi zubaka ziroroshye kandi zirakomeye. Amaduka ya kera yamanitsweho ibyapa byumuhondo nicyatsi kibisi kumpande zumuhanda.Umujyi wubatswe ku kiyaga cya Leman numujyi mushya wa Geneve. Ahantu hacururizwa no gutura mumujyi rwagati ni heza kandi haragutse, hamwe nuburyo bwiza. Muri parike ahantu hose, hejuru y'ibiti bishaje, bituje kandi byiza. Waba uri mumujyi ushaje cyangwa umujyi mushya, haba mumujyi cyangwa ahantu nyaburanga, urashyikirizwa umujyi mwiza wuzuye indabyo nibyiza nyaburanga.

Geneve nayo ni ikigo ndangamuco nubuhanzi, gifite inzu ndangamurage zirenga icumi nini nini n’amazu yimurikabikorwa. Icyamamare muri byo ni Inzu Ndangamurage y'Ubuhanzi n'Amateka ku mpera y'amajyepfo y'Umujyi wa Kera. Inzu ndangamurage yerekana ibisigisigi by’umuco, intwaro, ubukorikori, amashusho ya kera n’amashusho y’ibyamamare byinshi mu mateka, nk’umuhanga mu bumenyi bw’ikiremwamuntu Rousseau, umuyobozi w’ivugurura ry’amadini mu kinyejana cya 16, na Calvin uhagarariye Renaissance. Ubuvumbuzi bw'ibyataburuwe mu magorofa ya mbere bwerekana iterambere ry’ubusabane kuva kera kugeza magingo aya, naho igorofa ya kabiri yiganjemo amashusho n'ibindi bihangano byiza n'imitako. Igice cyagaciro cyane ni igicaniro cyakozwe na Konrad Witz kuri Katedrali ya Jeneve mu 1444, cyiswe "Igitangaza cyo Kuroba."

Inyubako izwi cyane i Geneve ni Palais des Nations, icyicaro gikuru cy’umuryango w’abibumbye i Geneve. Iherereye muri Parike ya Ariane ku nkombe iburyo bw'ikiyaga cya Geneve, ifite ubuso bwa metero kare 326.000. Imitako yinyubako yerekana ibiranga "Isi yose" ahantu hose. Inyuma y'umuhanda ikozwe mu ndimu yo mu Butaliyani, hekime yo mu ruzi rwa Rhone no ku misozi ya Jura, imbere ikozwe muri marimari yo mu Bufaransa, mu Butaliyani no muri Suwede, naho amatapi y'ibara ry'umukara hasi akomoka muri Filipine. Ibihugu bigize uyu muryango byatanze imitako n'ibikoresho bitandukanye.Amashusho yasobanuwe n'umurangi uzwi cyane wo muri Esipanye witwa Pause Maria Sete watsinze intambara no gushimangira amahoro ni yo ashimishije cyane. Urwego rw'intwaro rwatanzwe na Amerika mu rwego rwo kwibuka Perezida Woodrow Wilson. Urwibutso rwo gutsinda Isi rwatanzwe n'icyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti kugira ngo rwibuke ibyo rumaze kugeraho mu bijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga mu kirere. Hariho kandi ibishusho byakozwe na Dwinner-Sands mu rwego rwo kwibuka umwaka mpuzamahanga w’abana na pinusi, sipure n’ibindi biti byiza byatanzwe n’ibihugu bigize uyu muryango.

Lausanne: Lausanne (Lausanne) iherereye mu majyepfo ashyira uburengerazuba bw’Ubusuwisi, ku nkombe y’amajyaruguru y’ikiyaga cya Geneve, no mu majyepfo y’imisozi ya Jura. Ni ahantu nyaburanga hazwi cyane hakurura ba mukerarugendo ndetse n’ikigo nderabuzima. Lausanne yubatswe mu kinyejana cya 4 ihinduka umurwa mukuru wa Vaud (Wat) mu 1803. Umujyi ukikijwe n'imisozi n'ibiyaga.Uruzi rwa Furlong n'umugezi wa Loof unyura mu mujyi, ugabanya umujyi ibice bitatu. Uyu mujyi ufite ibyiza nyaburanga, kandi abanditsi benshi bazwi cyane bo mu Burayi nka Byron, Rousseau, Hugo na Dickens babaye hano, bityo Lausanne azwi kandi ku izina rya "Umujyi mpuzamahanga w’umuco".

Lausanne iherereye mu karere gakize cyane mu buhinzi, hamwe n’ubucuruzi n’ubucuruzi byateye imbere, kandi inganda zikora divayi zirazwi cyane. Icyicaro gikuru cya komite mpuzamahanga ya olempike hamwe n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cy’indwara ya kanseri i Burayi kiri hano. Hano hari inama nyinshi mpuzamahanga. Nyuma yo gufungura umuyoboro wa Simplon mu 1906, Lausanne yabaye ngombwa ko ava i Paris, mu Bufaransa yerekeza i Milan, mu Butaliyani, na Geneve yerekeza i Berne. Uyu munsi Lausanne yahindutse ihuriro rya gari ya moshi na sitasiyo yindege.