ISwitzerland, igama eligcwele leSwitzerland Confederation, lihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-41284. Izwe elingavinjelwe elisenkabeni yeYurophu, linqunyelwe yi-Austria neLiechtenstein empumalanga, i-Italy eningizimu, iFrance entshonalanga, neJalimane ngasenyakatho. Isimo sezwe siphezulu futhi sisezingeni eliphakeme, sehlukaniswe izindawo ezintathu zemvelo: iJura esenyakatho-ntshonalanga, i-Alps eningizimu nethafa laseSwitzerland maphakathi, nokuphakama okuphakathi cishe kwamamitha ayi-1350. Imifula emikhulu yiRhine neRhone. Kunamachibi amaningi, kukhona angu-1484, iLake Geneva elikhulu kunawo wonke (iLake Geneva) elihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-581. Umhlaba ungowendawo esenyakatho ebandayo, ethinteka ngokushintshashintsha kwesimo sezulu sasolwandle nesimo sezulu sezwekazi, futhi isimo sezulu sishintsha kakhulu.

Ngekhulu lesi-3 AD, ama-Alemanni (abantu baseJalimane) athuthela empumalanga nasenyakatho yeSwitzerland, futhi abaseBurgundi bathuthela entshonalanga futhi basungula ubukhosi bokuqala baseBurgundi. Kwakuphethwe uMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma ngekhulu le-11. Ngo-1648, wasusa ukubusa koMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma, wamemezela inkululeko futhi walandela inqubomgomo yokungathathi hlangothi. Ngo-1798, uNapoleon I wahlasela iSwitzerland wayishintsha yaba yi "Helvedic Republic". Ngo-1803, iSwitzerland yabuyisela iConfederation. Ngo-1815, iNgqungquthela yaseVienna yaqinisekisa iSwitzerland njengezwe elingathathi hlangothi ngokuphelele. Ngo-1848, iSwitzerland yakha umthethosisekelo omusha futhi yasungula iFederal Council, esesibe umbuso wobumbano. Kuzo zombili izimpi zomhlaba, iSwitzerland yahlala ingathathi hlangothi. ISwitzerland ibe yizwe eliqaphelayo leZizwe Ezihlangene kusukela ngo-1948. Ku-referendum eyabanjwa ngoMashi 2002, ama-54.6% abavoti baseSwitzerland kanye nama-canton aseSwitzerland ayi-12 kwangu-23 avuma ukujoyina iZizwe Ezihlangene. NgoSepthemba 10, 2002, uMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezizwe Ezihlangene wama-57 wamukela ngazwi linye isinqumo esasivuma ngokusemthethweni iSwitzerland Confederation njengelungu elisha leNhlangano Yezizwe.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Liyisikwele. Ifulegi libomvu, kunesiphambano esimhlophe phakathi. Kunemibono eyehlukene ngemvelaphi yephethini yefulegi laseSwitzerland, phakathi kwayo kukhona ezine ezimele. Ngo-1848, iSwitzerland yayisenze umthethosisekelo omusha wesifundazwe, ubeka ngokusemthethweni ukuthi ifulegi elibomvu nelimhlophe kwakuyifulegi leSwitzerland Confederation. Okumhlophe kufanekisela ukuthula, ubulungiswa kanye nokukhanya, futhi okubomvu kufanekisela ukunqoba, injabulo nentshiseko yabantu; lonke isethi lamaphethini efulegi lesizwe lifanekisela ubunye bezwe. Leli fulegi likazwelonke laguqulwa ngonyaka we-1889, kwaguqulwa unxande wokuqala obomvu nomhlophe waba yisikwele, okukhombisa inqubomgomo yezwe yezobulungiswa nokungathathi hlangothi.

ISwitzerland inabantu abangu-7,507,300, okungaphezu kuka-20% abokufika. Izilimi ezine kufaka phakathi isiJalimane, isiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane nesiLatin Romance zonke izilimi ezisemthethweni.Kubantu abahlala khona, cishe ama-63.7% akhuluma isiJalimane, ama-20.4% amaFulentshi, ama-6.5% ama-Italian, ama-0.5% amaLatin Romance, kanye nezinye izilimi eziyi-8.9%. Izakhamuzi ezikholelwa ebuKhatholika zenze u-41.8%, amaProthestani angama-35.3%, ezinye izinkolo ziyi-11.8%, nabangewona amakholwa baba ngu-11.1%.

ISwitzerland yizwe elithuthuke ngokweqile futhi elanamuhla. Ngo-2006, i-GDP yayo yayingama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-386.835 zase-U.S., ebiza umuntu ngamunye ngama-dollar ayizi-51,441 zase-U.S., isendaweni yesibili emhlabeni.

Imboni ingumgogodla womnotho kazwelonke waseSwitzerland, futhi nemikhiqizo yezimboni ibalelwa ku-50% we-GDP. Imikhakha eyinhloko yezimboni eSwitzerland ifaka phakathi: amawashi, imishini, ikhemistri, ukudla neminye imikhakha. ISwitzerland yaziwa njenge- "Kingdom of Watches and Clocks". Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-400 selokhu iGeneva yakhiqiza amawashi ngo-1587, igcine isikhundla sayo esihamba phambili embonini yokubuka umhlaba. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuthunyelwa kwewashi laseSwitzerland kuye kwanda kakhulu. Imboni yokukhiqiza imishini ikhiqiza kakhulu imishini yendwangu nemishini yokukhiqiza amandla. Amathuluzi omshini, izinsimbi zokunemba, amamitha, imishini yokuhamba, imishini yezolimo, imishini yamakhemikhali, imishini yokudla, nemishini yokuphrinta nakho kubaluleke kakhulu. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukukhiqizwa kwamaphrinta, amakhompyutha, amakhamera, namakhamera we-movie kuthuthuke ngokushesha. Imikhiqizo yomkhakha wezokudla ikakhulukazi yezidingo zasekhaya, kepha ushizi, ushokoledi, ikhofi elisheshayo kanye nokudla okugxile nakho kuyaziwa emhlabeni. Imboni yamakhemikhali futhi iyinsika ebalulekile yomkhakha waseSwitzerland. Njengamanje, ama-pharmaceuticals alinganiselwa ku-2/5 wenani lokukhishwa kwemboni yamakhemikhali, kanye nesimo sodayi, izibulala-zinambuzane, ama-balsams, nama-flavour emakethe yamazwe omhlaba nakho kubaluleke kakhulu.

Inani lokukhishwa kwezolimo libalelwa ku-4% we-GDP yaseSwitzerland, kanye nama-akhawunti wokuqashwa kwezolimo cishe ama-6.6% wokuqashwa okuphelele kwezwe. Isikhathi eside, uhulumeni waseSwitzerland ubalule ukubaluleka okukhulu ekuthuthukiseni umkhiqizo wezolimo. Ukuqaliswa kwesikhathi eside kwezinqubomgomo zemixhaso yezolimo, njengokuxhasa uxhaso, ukuhlinzeka uxhaso olukhethekile ezindaweni ezisezintabeni, nokuhlinzeka ngoxhaso lwamanani emikhiqizo emikhulu yezolimo; ukuvimbela nokunciphisa ukungeniswa kwemifino nezithelo; ukuhlinzeka ngemali mboleko engenzalo kubalimi; ukuxhasa ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yezolimo nokukhethekile; ukuqinisa Ucwaningo lwesayensi yezolimo nokuqeqeshwa kwezobuchwepheshe.

ISwitzerland inemboni yezokuvakasha ethuthuke kahle futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ithuthukiswe ngokwengeziwe. ISwitzerland iyisikhungo sezezimali emhlabeni, kanti izimboni zamabhange nezomshuwalense yimikhakha emikhulu kunazo zonke.Imboni yezokuvakasha igcine umfutho wokuqina ozinzile futhi oqinile wesikhathi eside, uhlinzeka ngemakethe yokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ezihlobene nezokuvakasha.

UBern: UBern usho ukuthi "ibhere" ngesiJalimane. Liyinhloko-dolobha yaseSwitzerland nenhloko-dolobha yeCanton of Bern, esenkabeni nentshonalanga yeSwitzerland. Umfula i-Aare uhlukanisa idolobha libe izingxenye ezimbili, iDolobha Elidala eWest Bank kanye neNew City e-East Bank.Amabhuloho ayisikhombisa ububanzi ngaphesheya koMfula i-Aare axhumanisa i-Old City neNew City. UBern unesimo sezulu esimnene futhi esinomswakama, esifudumele ebusika futhi esipholile ehlobo.

IBern idolobha elidumile elineminyaka engama-800 yomlando. Kwakuyiposi lezempi ngenkathi idolobha lisungulwa ngo-1191. Waba idolobha lamahhala ngo-1218. Ithole ukuzimela ngaphandle kweJalimane ngo-1339 futhi yajoyina iSwitzerland Confederation njengenkantoni ezimele ngo-1353. Yaba yinhloko dolobha yeSwitzerland Confederation e1848.

Idolobha elidala laseBern lisabambe izakhiwo zalo zangenkathi ephakathi likhona futhi selifakiwe kuhlu lwe- "World Cultural Heritage List" yi-UNESCO. Edolobheni, imithombo yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, izindlela zokuhamba ezinamaphasishi, nemibhoshongo emide ibonakala yonke futhi iyamangaza. Isikwele esiphambi kwehholo ledolobha yisikwele sangezikhathi zasendulo esigcinwe kahle kakhulu. Phakathi kwezikhumbuzo eziningi eBern, i-bell tower ne-cathedral zihlukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uBern uneSonto LaseNiederger elakhiwa ngo-1492, kanye nesakhiwo sikahulumeni waseRenaissance esigodlweni esakhiwe ngo-1852 kuya ku-1857.

INyuvesi yaseBern edumile yasungulwa e1834. Umtapo Wezincwadi Kazwelonke, uMtapo Wezincwadi kaMasipala kanye neBern University Library baqoqe inani elikhulu lemibhalo yesandla eyigugu nezincwadi ezingavamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho kuneminyuziyamu yomlando, imvelo, ubuciko nezikhali edolobheni. Indlunkulu yezinhlangano zamazwe omhlaba ezifana ne-Universal Postal Union, i-International Telecommunications Union, i-International Railway Union kanye ne-International Copyright Union nayo ikhona lapha.

UBern waziwa nangokuthi "inhlokodolobha yamawashi". Ngaphezu kokukhiqizwa kokubuka, kukhona nokucubungula ushokoledi, imishini, ithuluzi, izindwangu, amakhemikhali nezinye izimboni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengesikhungo sokusatshalaliswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo yaseSwitzerland nendawo yokuhamba ngezitimela, kukhona ojantshi abaxhuma iZurich neGeneva. Ehlobo, iBelpmoos Airport, engamakhilomitha angu-9.6 eningizimu-mpumalanga yeBern, inezindiza ezijwayelekile eziya eZurich.

IGeneva: IGeneva (Geneva) itholakala echibini elihle laseLeman. Inqamula iFrance ezinhlangothini zayo eziseningizimu, empumalanga nasentshonalanga.Kuyindawo yokulwa yosomaqhinga bezempi kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kusuka ebalazweni, iGeneva iphuma endaweni yaseSwitzerland.Indawo ewumngcingo kakhulu maphakathi ngamakhilomitha ama-4 kuphela.Umhlaba ezindaweni eziningi kwabelwana ngawo neFrance.Ihhafu Yesikhumulo Sezindiza SaseKvantland nayo ingeyaseFrance. UMfula iRhone uthule udlula edolobheni.Kuma kuhlangana ichibi nomfula, amabhuloho amaningana axhumanisa idolobha elidala nedolobha elisha nhlangothi zombili zasenyakatho naseningizimu. Inani labantu liyi-200,000. Izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu ngoJanuwari ngu -1 ℃ kanti izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu ngoJulayi lingu-26 ℃. IsiFulentshi sivamile eGeneva, kanti nesiNgisi naso sithandwa kakhulu.

IGeneva yidolobha lomhlaba wonke, abanye abantu benza ihlaya bathi "iGeneva akuyona eyaseSwitzerland." Isizathu esiyinhloko ukuthi kunezinhlangano zamazwe omhlaba ezigxile ezifana nekomkhulu leZizwe Ezihlangene eGeneva kanye ne-International Red Cross; lena indawo lapho izivakashi ezivela emhlabeni wonke zihlangana khona; ukuze kuvalwe ukushoda kwabasebenzi, kunabantu abaningi abavela emazweni aseMedithera abeza ukuzosebenza lapha. Esinye isizathu ukuthi ngokomlando, kusukela ngeNguquko kaCalvin, iGeneva isiphenduke isiphephelo kulabo abaphikisana nohlelo oludala. URousseau wazalwa phakathi kwamaGenevans ayebekezelela kakhulu imibono emisha.UVoltaire, uByron, noLenin nabo beza eGeneva bezofuna indawo enokuthula. Kungashiwo ukuthi leli dolobha lomhlaba wonke lazalwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-500.

Izakhiwo ezilula nezinhle zedolobhana elidala elisemagqumeni zihluke kakhulu ezakhiweni zesimanje zedolobha elisha, okukhombisa ngokusobala ukukhula okukhazimulayo kwaleli dolobha elidala lasendulo libe idolobha lamanje lamazwe omhlaba. Imigwaqo egandayiwe ngamatshe edolobheni elidala beluleke kancane futhi igwegwile ibheke phambili, kube sengathi ingalo eyeluliwe buthule, ukukuyisa ezinganekwaneni eziyikhulu. Emthunzini wezihlahla eziluhlaza, ukwakhiwa okuntengantengayo kwaseYurophu kulula futhi kunesizotha. Izitolo zasendulo zilengiswe ngezimpawu eziyindilinga eziphuzi neziluhlaza ezinhlangothini zombili zomgwaqo Idolobha elakhiwe eLake Leman yidolobha elisha laseGeneva. Izindawo zokuhweba nezokuhlala enkabeni yedolobha zihlanzekile futhi zivulekile, zihlelwe kahle. Epaki yonke indawo, izihlahla ezindala ezinde, ezolile nezinhle. Noma ngabe usedolobheni elidala noma edolobheni elisha, noma kumadolobhana noma ezindaweni zezivakashi, unikezwa idolobha elihle eligcwele izimbali nezindawo ezinhle.

IGeneva futhi iyisikhungo samasiko nezobuciko, esineminyuziyamu enkulu nesincane engaphezu kweyishumi kanye namahholo okubukisa. Okudume kakhulu kulaba yiMnyuziyamu Yezobuciko Nezomlando ekugcineni kweseningizimu kweDolobha Elidala. Isigcinimagugu sikhombisa izinsalela zamasiko, izikhali, imisebenzi yezandla, imidwebo yasendulo nemidwebo yosaziwayo abaningi bomlando, njengesazi sezobuntu uRousseau, umholi wezinguquko kwezenkolo ngekhulu le-16, kanye nommeli weRenaissance uCalvin. Okutholwe yimivubukulo esitezi sokuqala kukhombisa ukukhula kwempucuko kusuka komlando kuya ezikhathini zanamuhla, kanti isitezi sesibili siphethwe yimidwebo nobunye ubuciko obuhle nemihlobiso. Ingcezu ebaluleke kakhulu umdwebo we-altare owenziwa nguKonrad Witz weGeneva Cathedral ngo-1444, owawunesihloko esithi "Isimangaliso Sokudoba."

Isakhiwo esidume kakhulu eGeneva yiPalais des Nations, okuyikomkhulu leNhlangano Yezizwe eGeneva. Itholakala e-Ariane Park ebhange elingakwesokudla leLake Geneva, ehlanganisa indawo engama-326,000 square metres. Umhlobiso wokwakha ukhombisa izici ze- "Worldwide" yonke indawo. Ingaphandle lomgwaqo lakhiwe ngomcako wase-Italiya, itshe eliyingqophamlando loMfula iRhone kanye nezintaba iJura, ingaphakathi lenziwe ngemabula evela eFrance, e-Italy naseSweden, kanti okhaphethi abansundu abaphansi abaphansi basePhilippines. Amazwe angamalungu anikele ngemihlobiso ehlukahlukene kanye nempahla yasendlini.Imidwebo echazwe umdwebi odumile waseSpain uPause Maria Sete owanqoba impi nokuqhakambisa ukuthula iyona edonsa amehlo kakhulu. Umkhakha wezikhali owethulwe yi-United States ukukhumbula uMongameli uWoodrow Wilson Itshe lesikhumbuzo lokunqoba indawo yonke lanikelwa yiSoviet Union yakudala ukukhumbula impumelelo yayo emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe basemkhathini. Kukhona nemifanekiso ebunjiwe eyenziwe yiDwinner-Sands yokukhumbula uNyaka Wezingane Wezizwe Zonke kanye nophayini, umcypress nezinye izihlahla ezinhle ezinikelwe amazwe angamalungu.

ILausanne: ILausanne (iLausanne) itholakala eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeSwitzerland, ogwini olusenyakatho neLake Geneva, kanye naseningizimu yezintaba iJura. Kuyindawo edumile yokuheha izivakashi nezindawo zezempilo. ILausanne yakhiwa ngekhulu le-4 futhi yaba inhlokodolobha yeVaud (Wat) e1803. Idolobha lizungezwe izintaba namachibi.UMfula iFurlong noMfula iLoof kudlula endaweni yasedolobheni, kwehlukanisa idolobha izingxenye ezintathu. Idolobha linendawo enhle, futhi ababhali abaningi abadumile baseYurophu abanjengoByron, Rousseau, Hugo noDickens bahlala lapha ngokulandelana, ngakho iLausanne yaziwa nangokuthi "Idolobha Lamasiko Lamazwe Ngamazwe".

Izakhiwo zasendulo ezidumile eLausanne zifaka iGothic Catholic Cathedral, eyakhiwa ngekhulu le-12 futhi yaziwa njengesakhiwo esihle kunazo zonke eSwitzerland, nombhoshongo wesigodlo samaKatolika, owaqedwa ngekhulu le-14 futhi ngokwengxenye waphenduka waba umnyuziyamu , IProtestant Theological Seminary, eyasungulwa ngo-1537, kamuva yaba isikhungo sokutadisha izimfundiso zenguquko yenkolo yaseFrance uCalvin, futhi manje isiyiNyuvesi yaseLausanne, isikhungo esibanzi semfundo ephakeme. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona iLausanne Hotel School, isikole sokuqala samahhotela emhlabeni esungulwe ngo-1893. Emaphethelweni edolobha, kunamanxiwa asendulo afana nezindawo zokugcina izikhali, imibhoshongo yewashi namabhuloho okumiswa eChiron Castle eyakhiwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-14.

ILausanne isendaweni ecebile yezolimo, ngokuhweba okuthuthukile nezentengiselwano, futhi imboni yokwenza iwayini yaziwa ikakhulukazi. Indlunkulu ye-International Olympic Committee kanye ne-European Cancer Research Center zitholakala lapha. Izingqungquthela eziningi zomhlaba wonke zibanjelwe lapha. Ngemuva kokuvulwa komhubhe weSimplon ngo-1906, iLausanne yaba yinto okumele idlule isuka eParis, eFrance iye eMilan, e-Italy naseGeneva iye eBerne. Namuhla iLausanne isiphenduke isikhungo esibalulekile sesitimela nesiteshi somoya.