ISwitzerland, igama elipheleleyo leSwitzerland Confederation, ligubungela indawo engama-41284 eekhilomitha. Ilizwe elivale umhlaba elikumbindi weYurophu, linqamleze iAustria neLiechtenstein empuma, i-Itali emazantsi, iFrance ngasentshona, kunye neJamani emantla. Umhlaba weli lizwe uphakame kwaye uweni, wahlulwe wangamacandelo amathathu endalo: iiNtaba zeJura emantla ntshona, iAlps emazantsi kunye nethafa laseSwitzerland phakathi, nokuphakama komndilili malunga ne-1,350 yeemitha. Eyona milambo iphambili yiRhine neRhone. Kukho amachibi amaninzi, kukho i-1484, elona chibi likhulu leLake Geneva (iLake Geneva) ligubungela indawo emalunga ne-581 yeekhilomitha. Umhlaba ungowommandla wasempuma ofudumeleyo, ochaphazeleka kukutshintsha kwemozulu yolwandle kunye nemozulu yelizwekazi, kunye nemozulu itshintsha kakhulu.

I-Alemanni (abantu baseJamani) bafudukela empuma nakumantla eSwitzerland ngenkulungwane yesithathu, kwaye abantu baseBurgundi bafudukela entshona kwaye baseka ubukhosi bokuqala baseBurgundi. Yayilawulwa buBukhosi obuNgcwele baseRoma ngenkulungwane ye-11. Ngo-1648, wasusa ulawulo loBukhosi obuNgcwele baseRoma, wabhengeza inkululeko kwaye walandela umgaqo-nkqubo wokungathathi cala. Ngo-1798, uNapoleon I wahlasela iSwitzerland wayitshintshela kwi "Helvedic Republic". Ngo-1803, iSwitzerland yabuyisela i-Confederation. Ngo-1815, iNkomfa yaseVienna yaqinisekisa iSwitzerland njengelizwe elingathath'icala. Kuzo zombini iimfazwe zehlabathi, iSwitzerland yahlala ingathathi cala. ISwitzerland lilizwe elibukeleyo leZizwe eziManyeneyo ukusukela ngo-1948. Kwireferendamu eyabanjwa ngo-Matshi 2002, i-54.6% yabavoti baseSwitzerland kunye ne-12 ye-23 yaseSwitzerland bavuma ukujoyina iZizwe eziManyeneyo. NgoSeptemba 10, 2002, iNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngamxhelo-mnye yamkela isigqibo esamkela ngokusesikweni i-Swiss Confederation njengelungu elitsha leZizwe eziManyeneyo.

Iflegi yesizwe: Isikwere. Iflegi ibomvu, kukho umnqamlezo omhlophe phakathi. Kukho izimvo ezahlukeneyo ngemvelaphi yendlela yeflegi yaseSwitzerland, phakathi kwayo kukho ezine ezimele. Ngo-1848, iSwitzerland yayisungule umgaqo-siseko omtsha, ichaza ngokusesikweni ukuba iflegi yomnqamlezo obomvu nomhlophe yayiyiflegi ye-Confederation Confederation. Umhlophe ufuzisela uxolo, ubulungisa kunye nokukhanya, kwaye bomvu luphawu loyiso, ulonwabo kunye nehlombe labantu; iiseti zonke zeepateni zeflegi yesizwe zibonisa ubunye belizwe. Iflegi yesizwe yahlengahlengiswa ngo-1889, itshintsha uxande loqobo olubomvu nomhlophe kwisikwere, ifanekisela umgaqo-nkqubo welizwe wozakuzo wobulungisa nokungathathi cala.

ISwitzerland inabantu abangama-7,507,300, abangaphezu kwama-20% abaphambukeli. Iilwimi ezine kubandakanya isiJamani, isiFrentshi, isiTaliyane kunye nesiLatin Romance zonke ziilwimi ezisemthethweni.Phakathi kwabahlali, malunga ne-63.7% bathetha isiJamani, i-20.4% isiFrentshi, i-6.5% isiTaliyane, i-0.5% isiLatin Romance, kunye ne-8.9% yezinye iilwimi. Abahlali abakholelwa kubuKatolika babalelwa kwi-41.8%, amaProtestanti ama-35.3%, ezinye iinkolo i-11.8%, kunye nabangakholwayo babalelwa kwi-11.1%.

ISwitzerland lilizwe eliphucukileyo neliphila ngoku.Kwi-2006, i-GDP yayo yayizi-386.835 zezigidigidi zeedola zase-US, ngexabiso lomntu ngamnye nge-51,441 yeedola zase-US, ikwindawo yesibini kwihlabathi.

Umzi mveliso ngoyena ndoqo kuqoqosho lwesizwe lwaseSwitzerland, kunye nemveliso yeakhawunti malunga ne-50% ye-GDP. Amacandelo aphambili emizi-mveliso eSwitzerland abandakanya: iiwotshi, oomatshini, ikhemistri, ukutya kunye namanye amacandelo. ISwitzerland yaziwa ngokuba yi "Kingdom of Watches and Clocks". Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-400 okoko iGeneva yavelisa iiwotshi ngo-1587, igcine indawo yayo ekhokelayo kwishishini lewotshi lehlabathi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukuthunyelwa kwangaphandle eSwitzerland kuye kwanda kakhulu. Icandelo lokuvelisa oomatshini ikakhulu livelisa oomatshini bempahla eyolukiweyo kunye nezixhobo zokuvelisa amandla. Izixhobo zomatshini, izixhobo ezichanekileyo, iimitha, oomatshini bezothutho, oomatshini bezolimo, oomatshini beekhemikhali, oomatshini bokutya, kunye noomatshini bokushicilela nazo zibaluleke kakhulu.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukuveliswa kwabashicileli, iikhompyuter, iikhamera, kunye neekhamera zeemovie kukhule ngokukhawuleza. Iimveliso zeshishini lokutya ikakhulu zenzelwe iimfuno zasekhaya, kodwa itshizi, itshokholethi, ikofu ekhawulezileyo kunye nokutya okuxineneyo kuyaziwa kakhulu kwihlabathi. Icandelo lemichiza liyintsika ebalulekileyo kwishishini laseSwitzerland. Okwangoku, i-akhawunti yamayeza malunga ne-2/5 yexabiso lemveliso yemveliso yamachiza, kunye nenqanaba ledayi, iyeza lokubulala izitshabalalisi, ibhalsam kunye nencasa kwimakethi yamanye amazwe nayo ibaluleke kakhulu.

Ixabiso lemveliso yezolimo lixabisa malunga ne-4% ye-GDP yaseSwitzerland, kunye neakhawunti yengqesho yezolimo malunga ne-6.6% yengqesho yelizwe iyonke. Kangangexesha elide, urhulumente waseSwitzerland unamathisele ukubaluleka okukhulu kuphuhliso lwemveliso yezolimo. Ukuphunyezwa kwexesha elide kwemigaqo-nkqubo yenkxaso yezolimo, njengokubonelela ngenkxaso-mali, ukubonelela ngenkxaso ekhethekileyo kwimimandla esezintabeni, kunye nokubonelela ngenkxaso-mali kumaxabiso emveliso ephambili yezolimo; ukuthintela kunye nokunciphisa ukungeniswa kwemifuno neziqhamo; ukubonelela ngemalimboleko engenanzala kumafama; ukuxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwezolimo kunye nobuchule; Uphando lwezolimo kunye noqeqesho lobuchwephesha.

ISwitzerland inomzi mveliso ophucukileyo wezokhenketho kwaye kulindeleke ukuba uqhubeke ngakumbi. ISwitzerland liziko lezemali kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye amashishini ebhanki kunye neinshurensi ngawona macandelo makhulu.Ishishini lokhenketho ligcine umfutho wophuhliso lwexesha elide nozinzileyo, unika intengiso yophuhliso lwamashishini ahambelana nezokhenketho.

UBern: UBern uthetha "ibhere" ngesiJamani. Yikomkhulu leSwitzerland kunye nekomkhulu leCanton yaseBern, ekumbindi wentshona yeSwitzerland. Umlambo iAare wahlula isixeko kubini, isixeko esidala kunxweme olusentshona kunye nesixeko esitsha kwibhanki esempuma.Iibhulorho ezisixhenxe ezibanzi ngaphesheya komlambo iAare zidibanisa isixeko esidala kunye nesixeko esitsha. UBern unemozulu epholileyo nefumileyo, eshushu ebusika kwaye epholile ehlotyeni.

IBern sisixeko esidumileyo esineminyaka engama-800 sembali. Yayiyindawo yasemkhosini xa isixeko sasisekwa kwi-1191. Waba sisixeko simahla ngo-1218. Yafumana inkululeko kwiJamani ngo-1339 yaza yajoyina iSwitzerland Confederation njengendawo ezimeleyo ngo-1353. Yaba likomkhulu leSwitzerland Confederation kwi1848.

Isixeko esidala saseBerne sisagcina ubume bokwakha bamaxesha aphakathi kwaye sibandakanyiwe ku "Uluhlu lweLifa leMveli yeHlabathi" yi-UNESCO. Esixekweni, imithombo yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo, iindlela zokuhamba ezinee-arcades, kunye neenqaba ezinde zibona yonke into kwaye inomdla. Isikwere esiphambi kweholo ledolophu sesona sikwere simihla simi kakuhle. Phakathi kwezikhumbuzo ezininzi eBern, i-bell tower kunye ne-cathedral zahlukile. Ukongeza, uBern uneCawa yaseNiederger eyakhiwe ngo-1492, kunye nesakhiwo saseburhulumenteni saseburhulumenteni esakhiwa ngo-1852 ukuya ku-1857.

IYunivesithi eyaziwayo yaseBern yasekwa kwi-1834. ILayibrari yeSizwe, iThala leeNcwadi likaMasipala kunye neThala leencwadi laseYunivesithi yaseBern baqokelele inani elikhulu lemibhalo ebhaliweyo kunye neencwadi ezinqabileyo. Ukongeza, kukho iimyuziyam zembali, indalo, ubugcisa kunye nezixhobo esixekweni. Ikomkhulu lemibutho yamazwe aphesheya njenge-Universal Post Union, i-International Telecommunications Union, i-International Railway Union kunye ne-International Copyright Union ikwakhona.

UBern ukwaziwa njenge- "capital of watches". Ukongeza kwimveliso yokubukela, kukwakho nokulungiswa kwetshokholethi, oomatshini, isixhobo, ilaphu, amachiza kunye namanye amashishini. Ukongeza, njengeziko lokusasaza iimveliso zezolimo zaseSwitzerland kunye nehabhu yothutho kaloliwe, kukho imizila kaloliwe edibanisa iZurich neGeneva. Ehlotyeni, iBelpmoos Airport, eyi-9.6 yeekhilomitha kumazantsi mpuma eBern, ineenqwelo moya eziya eZurich.

I-Geneva: I-Geneva (i-Geneva) ibekwe kunxweme lweLake Leman entle.Ingqamene neFrance kumazantsi ayo, empuma nasentshona.Yayiyindawo yomlo kubacwangcisi bezomkhosi ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo. Ukusuka kwimephu, iGeneva iphuma kummandla waseSwitzerland.Indawo emxinwa embindini ziikhilomitha ezi-4 kuphela.Umhlaba kwiindawo ezininzi kwabelwana ngawo neFrance.Isiqingatha seKvantland International Airport naso sesaseFrance. Umlambo ozolileyo waseRhone udlula esixekweni.kukuhlangana kwechibi kunye nomlambo, iibhlorho ezininzi zidibanisa isixeko esidala kunye nesixeko esitsha kumantla asemantla nasezantsi. Abemi bangama-200,000. Obona bushushu buphantsi ngoJanuwari ngu -1 ℃ kwaye obona bushushu buphezulu ngoJulayi ngu-26 ℃. IsiFrentshi siqhelekile eGeneva, kwaye isiNgesi sithandwa kakhulu.

IGeneva sisixeko samazwe aphesheya, abanye abantu ngokuqhula bathi "iGeneva ayisiyo eyaseSwitzerland." Esona sizathu siphambili kukuba kukho imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjengekomkhulu leZizwe eziManyeneyo eGeneva kunye noMnqamlezo obomvu wamazwe aphesheya; le yindawo apho kudibana khona abakhenkethi abavela kwihlabathi liphela; ukulungiselela ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi, baninzi abantu abavela kumazwe aseMeditera abaza kusebenza apha. Esinye isizathu kukuba ngokwembali, ukusukela kuHlaziyo lukaCalvin, iGeneva iye yaba yindawo yokuzimela kwabo bachasa inkqubo endala. URousseau wazalwa phakathi kwamaGenevans awayezinyamezele kakhulu izimvo ezintsha, kwaye uVoltaire, uByron, kunye noLenin nabo beza eGeneva befuna indawo enoxolo. Kunokuthiwa esi sixeko samazwe aphesheya sazalwa ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-500.

Izakhiwo ezilula nezihle kwidolophu yakudala esezindulini zahluke mpela kwizakhiwo zale dolophu intsha, ezibonisa ngokucacileyo ukukhula okumangalisayo kwale dolophu indala ukuba ibe sisixeko sanamhla. Izitalato ezenziwe ngamatye eengqalutye kwisixeko esidala zolula zincinci kwaye zijijekile ngaphambili, ngokungathi yingalo ethe cwaka, ukuba ikuse kwiintsomi. Kwisithunzi semithi eluhlaza, uyilo olucekeceke lwaseYurophu lulula kwaye lubekekile. Ivenkile ezixhonywe ngezinto zakudala zixhonywe ngophawu oluhlaza kunye noluluhlaza kumacala omabini esitalato. Isixeko esakhiwe kwiLake Leman sisixeko esitsha saseGeneva. Iindawo zorhwebo kunye neendawo zokuhlala kumbindi wesixeko zicocekile kwaye ziphangalele, zilungelelaniswe kakuhle. Kuyo yonke indawo epakini, imithi emide emide, ethe cwaka kwaye intle. Nokuba uhlala kwisixeko esidala okanye kwisixeko esitsha, nokuba kukwidolophu okanye kwiindawo zabakhenkethi, unikwa isixeko esihle esigcwele iintyatyambo kunye nembonakalo entle.

I-Geneva ikwaliziko lenkcubeko kunye nezobugcisa, elinemyuziyam enkulu kunye nezincinci ezinkulu ezilishumi kunye neeholo zemiboniso. Eyona idumileyo zezi zeMyuziyam yobuGcisa neMbali ebekwe kumazantsi e-Old Town. Imyuziyam ibonisa izinto zakudala zenkcubeko, izixhobo, imisebenzi yezandla, imizobo yakudala kunye neefoto zabantu abadumileyo bembali, njengomphengululi wezoluntu uRousseau, inkokheli yohlaziyo lwezenkolo kwinkulungwane ye-16, kunye nommeli woRenaissance uCalvin. Ukufunyanwa kwezinto zakudala kumgangatho wokuqala kubonisa ukukhula kwempucuko ukusuka kwimbali ukuya kumaxesha anamhlanje, kwaye umgangatho wesibini ulawulwa yimizobo kunye nobunye ubugcisa obuhle kunye nokuhonjiswa. Elona qhekeza libaluleke kakhulu ngumzobo wesibingelelo owawenziwe nguKonrad Witz waseGeneva Cathedral ngo-1444, owawunesihloko esithi "Ummangaliso Wokuloba."

Esona sakhiwo sidumileyo eGeneva yiPalais des Nations, ikomkhulu leZizwe eziManyeneyo eGeneva. Ime kwiPaki yeAriane kunxweme lwaseLake Geneva, eligubungela ummandla weemitha zesikwere ezingama-326,000. Umhombiso wokwakha ubonakalisa iimpawu "zeHlabathi liphela" kuyo yonke indawo. Ingaphandle yesitalato yenziwe ngekalika yase-Italiya, ilitye lekalika loMlambo iRhone kunye neeNtaba zeJura, ingaphakathi lenziwe ngeemabhile ezivela eFrance, e-Itali naseSweden, kwaye iikhaphethi ezimdaka ngebala emhlabeni zisuka kwiiPhilippines. Amazwe angamalungu anikele ngezinto ezahlukeneyo zokuhombisa kunye neefenitshala Imizobo echazwe ngumzobi odumileyo waseSpain uPause Maria Sete owoyise umlo nokuncoma uxolo zezona zinomtsalane. Ilitye lesikhumbuzo lokoyisa indalo iphela lanikelwa yindawo eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union ukukhumbula impumelelo yayo kwicandelo lobugcisa basemajukujukwini. Kukwakho nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyenziwe yi-Dwinner-Sands yokukhumbula uNyaka waBantwana we-International kunye ne-pine, i-cypress kunye neminye imithi emihle enikelwe ngamazwe angamalungu.

ILausanne: ILausanne (iLausanne) imi kumazantsi-ntshona eSwitzerland, kunxweme olusemantla eLake Geneva, kunye nasezantsi kweentaba zeJura. ILausanne yakhiwa ngenkulungwane ye-4 kwaye yaba likomkhulu leVaud (Wat) kwi1803. Isixeko singqongwe ziintaba kunye namachibi.UMlambo iFurlong kunye noMlambo iLoof udlula kummandla wedolophu, wahlula isixeko kubini. Indawo entle yesixeko intle, kwaye ababhali abaninzi abadumileyo baseYurophu abanjengoByron, Rousseau, Hugo noDickens bahlala apha, ke iLausanne yaziwa ngokuba yi "International Cultural City".

Izakhiwo zamandulo ezidumileyo eLausanne zibandakanya iGothic Catholic Cathedral, eyakhiwa ngenkulungwane ye-12 kwaye yaziwa njengesona sakhiwo sihle eSwitzerland, kunye nenqaba yebhotwe lamaKatolika, eyagqitywa ngenkulungwane ye-14 ngenxalenye yajika yayimyuziyam , IProtestanti Theological Seminary, eyasekwa ngo-1537, kamva yaba liziko lokufunda imfundiso yomhlaziyi wonqulo waseFransi uCalvin, ibe ngoku iye yaba yiYunivesithi yaseLausanne, iziko lemfundo ephakamileyo. Ukongeza, kukho iLausanne Hotel School, isikolo sokuqala sehotele esekwe kwi-1893. Kwiidolophana, kukho amabhodlo amandulo anjengeedepho zezixhobo, iinqaba zewotshi kunye neebhulorho zokumisa kwiChiron Castle eyakhiwe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-14.

ILausanne ibekwe kwindawo etyebileyo yezolimo, kunye nentengiso ephucukileyo kunye nezorhwebo, kwaye ishishini elenza iwayini liyaziwa ngokukodwa. Ikomkhulu leKomiti yeOlimpiki yeHlabathi kunye neZiko loPhando loMhlaza laseYurophu likho apha. Uninzi lweenkomfa zamazwe aphesheya zibanjelwe apha. Emva kokuvulwa kweTimplon Tunnel ngo-1906, iLausanne yaba yimfuneko yokudlula ukusuka eParis, eFrance ukuya eMilan, e-Itali naseGeneva iye eBerne. Namhlanje iLausanne iyeyona ndawo ibalulekileyo kaloliwe kunye nesikhululo somoya.