Chad, the full name of the Republic of Chad, has a total land area of ​​1.284 million square kilometers. Located in north-central Africa, on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert, it is a landlocked country. It borders Libya to the north, Central Africa and Cameroon to the south, Niger and Nigeria to the west, and Sudan to the east. The terrain is relatively flat, with an average elevation of 300-500 meters. Only the north, east and south border areas are plateaus and mountains. The northern part is the Sahara Desert or semi-desert, accounting for one-third of the country's area; the eastern part is a plateau area; the central and western parts are vast quasi-plains; the northwestern Tibes raises the original average altitude of 2000 meters. Kuxi Mountain is 3,415 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in the country and Central Africa. The main rivers are Shali River, Logong River and so on. Lake Chad is the largest inland freshwater lake in Central Africa. As the water level changes with the seasons, its area is between 1 and 25,000 square kilometers. The north has a tropical desert climate, and the south has a tropical steppe climate.

The total population of Chad is 10.1 million (as estimated by the London Economic Quarter in 2006). There are more than 256 large and small tribes across the country. The residents in the north, central and east are mainly Berber, Tubu, Vadai, Bagirmi, etc. of Arab origin, accounting for about 45% of the country’s population; residents in the south and southwest are mainly Sara , Masa, Kotoco, Mongdang, etc., account for about 55% of the country’s population. Residents in the south use the Sudanese language Sarah, and in the north, they use Chadianized Arabic. French and Arabic are both official languages. 44% of residents believe in Islam, 33% believe in Christianity, and 23% believe in primitive religion.

The local administrative units in Chad are divided into four levels: district, province, town and village. The country is divided into 28 provinces, 107 states, 470 districts, and 44 traditional territories. The capital, N’Djamena, belongs to an independent administrative unit.

Chad has a long history, and the early "Sao Culture" was an important part of the treasure house of African culture. In 500 BC, the southern region of Lake Chad has been inhabited. Some Muslim kingdoms were established successively in the 9th-10th centuries AD, and the Ganem-Bornu Kingdom was the main Muslim sultanate. After the 16th century, the kingdoms of Bagirmi and Vadai appeared to contend with, and there has been a three-nation melee since then. From 1883-1893, all kingdoms were conquered by the Sudanese Bach-Zubair. At the end of the 19th century, French colonists began to invade and occupied the entire territory in 1902. It was classified as a province of French Equatorial Africa in 1910, and declared as an autonomous republic in the "French Community" in 1958. It gained independence on August 11, 1960 and established the Republic of Chad.

National flag: It is rectangular with a ratio of length to width of 3:2. The flag surface is composed of three parallel and equal vertical rectangles. From left to right, they are blue, yellow, and red. Blue symbolizes the blue sky, hope and life, and also represents the south of the country; yellow symbolizes the sun and the north of the country; red symbolizes progress, unity and the spirit of dedication to the motherland.

Chad is an agricultural and animal husbandry country and one of the least developed countries in the world. The main economic figures in 2005 are as follows: GDP per capita is US$5.47 billion, per capita GDP is US$601, and economic growth rate is 5.9%. Chad is an emerging oil country. Petroleum exploration began in the 1970s and has developed rapidly recently. The first exploratory well was drilled in 1974, the first oil discovery was made in the same year, and oil production began in 2003.

The main tourist attractions in Chad are N'Djamena, Mondu, Fada-a beautiful small oasis city with about 5,000 residents, beautiful town scenery, and strange rocks with a history of more than 5,000 years. , Caves full of murals can also be seen everywhere. In addition, there is Faya, Lake Chad-its most attractive place is that it is a natural animal habitat. The floating islands in the lake are inhabited by aquatic and terrestrial animals. There are as many fishes in the lake. 130 kinds.

Main cities

N’Djamena: N’Djamena is the capital and largest city of Chad, formerly known as Fort-Lamy, September 5, 1973 Day changed to its current name. The population is 721,000 (estimated in 2005). The highest temperature is 44℃ (April) and the lowest is 14℃ (December). Located on the northeast side of the confluence of Logong and Shali on the western border. The area is 15 square kilometers. The population is about 510,000. Tropical grassland climate, the average temperature in January is 23.9℃, and the average temperature in July is 27.8℃. The average annual precipitation is 744 mm. Historically, it was an important trading station for caravans on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert. France established a military base here in 1900 and named it Fort Lamy. It has become the colonial capital since 1920. Chad became the capital after independence in 1960. Changed its current name in 1973.

N’Djamena is the country’s largest industrial center and transportation hub. Most of the newly-built industrial enterprises in the country are concentrated, including large-scale oil extraction, flour, textile and meat processing, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises such as sugar making, shoe making and bicycle assembly. There is the largest N'Djamena power plant in the country. Trunk roads connect major cities across the country and neighboring countries such as Nigeria. The country's largest river transport terminal and the only international airport. The downtown area is the seat of government offices, with regular street layouts, mostly European-style buildings, residential areas for Westerners, and luxury hotels and villas. The eastern district is the cultural and educational district, with the University of Chad and various technical schools, as well as museums, stadiums and hospitals. The North District has the largest area, and is a local settlement and a commercial area. The northwest is the factory area with large slaughter and cold storage plants, oil depots, etc.

An interesting fact-the villages of residents of different ethnic groups in Chad are slightly different from north to south. Most of the northern tribes are nomadic or semi-nomadic, and the villages are small. In the southern plains, the villages are much larger than those in the north, but the buildings are very simple. The costumes of residents of all ethnic groups in Chad are similar. Generally, men wear loose trousers and loose clothes, with very fat sleeves. Women's common clothes are wraps and shawls. They generally wear various types of jewelry. Earrings, hands, and ankles are the most common decorations. Women of some ethnic groups wear a small hole in their right nostril and wear nose ornaments. The staple foods of Chadians include white flour products, corn, sorghum, beans and so on. Non-staple food includes beef and mutton, fish, and various vegetables.