Tchad, izina ryuzuye rya Repubulika ya Tchad, ifite ubuso bungana na kilometero kare miliyoni 1.284. Iherereye mu majyaruguru ya Afurika yo hagati, ku nkombe y’amajyepfo y’ubutayu bwa Sahara, ni igihugu kidafite inkombe. Irahana imbibi na Libiya mu majyaruguru, Afurika yo hagati na Kameruni mu majyepfo, Nigeriya na Nijeriya mu burengerazuba, na Sudani mu burasirazuba. Ubutaka burasa neza, bufite uburebure bwa metero 300-500. Gusa uduce two mu majyaruguru, iburasirazuba n’amajyepfo ni ibibaya n'imisozi. Igice cyo mu majyaruguru ni icy'ubutayu bwa Sahara cyangwa ubutayu bwa kimwe cya kabiri, bingana na kimwe cya gatatu cy'ubuso bw'igihugu cyose; igice cy'iburasirazuba ni agace k'ibibaya; ibice byo hagati n'iburengerazuba ni ibibaya binini cyane; Tibes yo mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwazamuye uburebure bwa metero 2000. Umusozi wa Kuxi ufite metero 3,415 hejuru y’inyanja kandi ni impinga ndende mu gihugu no muri Afurika yo hagati. Inzuzi nyamukuru ni uruzi rwa Shali, uruzi rwa Logong n'ibindi. Ikiyaga cya Tchad nicyo kiyaga kinini cy’amazi meza yo muri Afurika yo hagati.Nkuko urwego rw’amazi ruhinduka uko ibihe bigenda bisimburana, ubuso bwacyo buri hagati ya kilometero kare 1 na 25.000. Amajyaruguru afite ikirere gishyuha gishyuha, naho amajyepfo afite ikirere gishyuha.

Abaturage bose ba Tchad ni miliyoni 10.1 (nkuko byagereranijwe na Quarter Quarter of London mu 2006). Mu gihugu hose hari amoko arenga 256 manini mato mato. Abatuye mu majyaruguru, hagati no mu burasirazuba ni cyane cyane Berber, Tubu, Vadai, Bagirmi, n'ibindi bakomoka mu barabu, bangana na 45% by'abatuye iki gihugu; abatuye mu majyepfo no mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba ni Sara cyane , Masa, Kotoco, Mongdang, n'ibindi, bangana na 55% by'abatuye igihugu. Abatuye mu majyepfo bakoresha ururimi rwa Sudani Sarah, naho mu majyaruguru, bakoresha icyarabu cyitwa Chadianized. Igifaransa n'Icyarabu byombi ni indimi zemewe. 44% by'abaturage bemera Islam, 33% bemera ubukirisitu, 23% bemera idini rya mbere.

Inzego zubutegetsi bwibanze muri Tchad zigabanijwemo inzego enye: akarere, intara, umujyi numudugudu. Igihugu kigabanyijemo intara 28, leta 107, uturere 470, n’intara 44 gakondo. Umurwa mukuru, N'Djamena, ni uw'ubuyobozi bwigenga.

Tchad ifite amateka maremare, kandi "Umuco wa Sao" wo hambere wari igice cyingenzi cyinzu yumutungo wumuco nyafurika. Muri 500 mbere ya Yesu, akarere k'amajyepfo y'ikiyaga cya Tchad karatuwe. Ingoma nyinshi z’abayisilamu zashinzwe mu kinyejana cya 9-10, kandi ubwami bwa Ganem-Bornu bwari ubwami bukuru bw’abayisilamu. Nyuma yikinyejana cya 16, ubwami bwa Bagirmi na Vadai bwasaga nkaho buhanganye, kandi kuva icyo gihe habaye ibihugu bitatu bya melee. Kuva 1883-1893, ubwami bwose bwatsinzwe na Sudani Bach-Zubair. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19, abakoloni b'Abafaransa batangiye gutera no kwigarurira akarere kose mu 1902. Yashyizwe mu ntara ya Afurika y’uburinganire bw’Abafaransa mu 1910, itangazwa nka repubulika yigenga muri "Umuryango w’Abafaransa" mu 1958. Yabonye ubwigenge ku ya 11 Kanama 1960 ishinga Repubulika ya Tchad.

Ibendera ry'igihugu: Ni urukiramende rufite igipimo cy'uburebure n'ubugari bwa 3: 2. Ubuso bwibendera bugizwe nuburyo butatu buringaniye kandi buringaniye buringaniye. Uhereye ibumoso ugana iburyo, ni ubururu, umuhondo, n'umutuku. Ubururu bugereranya ikirere cyubururu, ibyiringiro nubuzima, kandi binagereranya amajyepfo yigihugu; umuhondo ugereranya izuba namajyaruguru yigihugu; umutuku ugereranya iterambere, ubumwe numwuka wo kwiyegurira urwababyaye.

Tchad ni igihugu cy’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi kandi ni kimwe mu bihugu byateye imbere ku isi. Imibare nyamukuru y’ubukungu mu 2005 ni iyi ikurikira: GDP kuri buri muntu ni miliyari 5.47 US $, umuturage GDP ni US $ 601, naho izamuka ry’ubukungu ni 5.9%. Tchad nigihugu cya peteroli kivuka. Ubushakashatsi bwa peteroli bwatangiye mu myaka ya za 70 kandi bwateye imbere vuba vuba. Iriba rya mbere ry’ubushakashatsi ryacukuwe mu 1974, ivumburwa rya mbere rya peteroli ryakozwe muri uwo mwaka, kandi umusaruro wa peteroli watangiye mu 2003.

Imijyi minini

N'Djamena: N'Djamena n'umurwa mukuru n'umujyi munini wa Tchad, ahahoze hitwa Fort-Lamy, ku ya 5 Nzeri 1973 Umunsi wahinduwe mwizina ryubu. Abaturage ni ibihumbi 721 (ugereranije muri 2005). Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru ni 44 ℃ (Mata) naho hasi ni 14 ℃ (Ukuboza). Iherereye mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bw'isangano rya Logong na Shali kumupaka wiburengerazuba. Ubuso bwa kilometero kare 15. Abaturage bagera ku 510.000. Ikirere gishyuha gishyuha, ubushyuhe bwo muri Mutarama ni 23.9 and, naho ubushyuhe bwo muri Nyakanga ni 27.8 ℃. Impuzandengo yimvura yumwaka ni 744 mm. Mu mateka, yari sitasiyo ikomeye yubucuruzi yabagenzi ku nkombe y amajyepfo yubutayu bwa Sahara. Ubufaransa bwashinze ibirindiro bya gisirikare hano mu 1900 maze bwita Fort Lamy. Yabaye umurwa mukuru w'abakoloni kuva 1920. Tchad yabaye umurwa mukuru nyuma y'ubwigenge mu 1960. Yahinduwe mu 1973.

N'Djamena nicyo kigo kinini mu nganda n’ikigo cy’ubwikorezi. Benshi mu mishinga mishya yubatswe mu gihugu yibanze cyane, harimo kuvoma peteroli nini, ifu, imyenda n’inyama, ndetse n’ibigo bito n'ibiciriritse nko gukora isukari, gukora inkweto no guteranya amagare. Hariho uruganda runini rwa N'Djamena mu gihugu. Umuhanda munini uhuza imijyi minini mugihugu ndetse nibihugu bituranye nka Nijeriya. Ikibuga kinini cyo gutwara abantu ninzuzi nikibuga cyindege mpuzamahanga. Agace ko mu mujyi rwagati ni icyicaro cyibiro bya leta, gifite imihanda isanzwe, cyane cyane inyubako zuburayi, ahantu hatuwe nabanyaburengerazuba, na hoteri nziza na villa. Akarere k'iburasirazuba ni akarere k'umuco n'uburezi, hamwe na kaminuza ya Tchad n'amashuri atandukanye ya tekiniki, hamwe n'inzu ndangamurage, stade n'ibitaro. Intara y'Amajyaruguru ifite ubuso bunini, kandi ni umuturage waho hamwe nubucuruzi. Amajyaruguru yuburengerazuba nigice cyuruganda rufite ibagiro rinini hamwe nububiko bukonje bukonje, ububiko bwamavuta, nibindi.

Ikintu gishimishije-imidugudu yabatuye amoko atandukanye muri Tchad iratandukanye gato mumajyaruguru ugana mumajyepfo. Benshi mu moko yo mu majyaruguru ni abimukira cyangwa abimukira, kandi imidugudu ni nto. Mu bibaya byo mu majyepfo, imidugudu ni nini cyane kuruta iyo mu majyaruguru, ariko inyubako ziroroshye cyane. Imyambarire y'abaturage bo mu moko yose yo muri Tchad irasa.Ubusanzwe, abagabo bambara ipantaro irekuye n'imyenda irekuye, bafite amaboko menshi. Imyenda isanzwe y'abagore ni ibipfunyika na shaweli.Busanzwe bambara ubwoko butandukanye bw'imitako. Impeta, amaboko, n'amaguru ni imitako ikunze kugaragara. Abagore bo mu moko amwe bambara umwobo muto mu mazuru yabo iburyo kandi bambara imitako yizuru. Ibiryo by'ibanze by'Abakadiyani birimo ibikomoka ku ifu yera, ibigori, amasaka, ibishyimbo n'ibindi. Ibiryo bidafite ibiribwa birimo inyama zinka nintama, amafi, nimboga zitandukanye.