Chad, dzina lonse la Republic of Chad, ili ndi malo okwana makilomita 1.284 miliyoni. Ili kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, kumalire akumwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara, ndi dziko lopanda malire. Imadutsa Libya kumpoto, Central Africa ndi Cameroon kumwera, Niger ndi Nigeria kumadzulo, ndi Sudan kummawa. Malowa ndi athyathyathya, okwera pafupifupi mamitala 300-500. Madera akumpoto, kum'mawa ndi kumwera okha ndi madera ndi mapiri. Gawo lakumpoto ndi la m'chipululu cha Sahara kapena chipululu, lomwe limayang'anira gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a dziko lonselo; gawo lakum'mawa ndi dera lamapiri; zigawo zapakati ndi kumadzulo ndi zigwa zazikulu; kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Tibes kumakweza kutalika koyambirira kwa mita 2,000. Phiri la Kuxi lili pamtunda wa mamita 3,415 pamwamba pa nyanja ndipo ndi phiri lalitali kwambiri mdziko muno komanso ku Central Africa. Mitsinje yayikulu ndi Shali River, Logong River ndi zina zambiri. Nyanja ya Chad ndiye nyanja yayikulu kwambiri yamadzi oyera mkati mwa Central Africa.Pamene madzi amasinthira nyengo, dera lake limakhala pakati pa 1 ndi 25,000 kilomita. Kumpoto kuli nyengo yachipululu yotentha, ndipo kum'mwera kuli kotentha.

Chiwerengero cha anthu aku Chad ndi 10.1 miliyoni (monga akuyerekezera ndi London Economic Quarter mu 2006). Pali mafuko oposa 256 akulu ndi ang'ono mdziko lonselo. Omwe amakhala kumpoto, pakati ndi kum'mawa makamaka ndi Berber, Tubu, Vadai, Bagirmi, ndi ena ochokera ku Aarabu, omwe amawerengera pafupifupi 45% ya anthu mdzikolo; okhala kumwera ndi kumwera chakumadzulo makamaka Sara , Masa, Kotoco, Mongdang, ndi zina, zimawerengera pafupifupi 55% ya anthu mdzikolo. Okhala kumwera amagwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo cha ku Sudan a Sarah, ndipo kumpoto, amagwiritsa ntchito Chiarabu cha Chadianized. French ndi Arabic zilankhulo zonse zovomerezeka. Anthu 44% amakhulupirira Chisilamu, 33% amakhulupirira Chikhristu, ndipo 23% amakhulupirira zipembedzo zoyambirira.

Maofesi oyang'anira madera ku Chad agawidwa m'magulu anayi: chigawo, chigawo, tawuni ndi mudzi. Dzikoli lagawidwa zigawo 28, zigawo 107, zigawo 470, ndi madera 44 achikhalidwe. Likulu, a N'Djamena, ndi gulu loyang'anira palokha.

Chad ili ndi mbiri yakalekale, ndipo koyambirira "Chikhalidwe cha Sao" inali gawo lofunika kwambiri m'nyumba yosungira zikhalidwe zaku Africa. Mu 500 BC, dera lakumwera kwa Nyanja ya Chad lakhalidwa. Maufumu angapo achi Muslim adakhazikitsidwa m'zaka za zana la 9 ndi 10, ndipo Ganem-Bornu Kingdom anali mtsogoleri wachisilamu. Pambuyo pa zaka za zana la 16, maufumu a Bagirmi ndi Vadai adawoneka kuti akulimbana nawo, ndipo pakhala pali mayiko atatu kuyambira pamenepo. Kuyambira 1883-1893, maufumu onse adagonjetsedwa ndi a Sudan Bach-Zubair. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, atsamunda aku France adayamba kulanda ndikulanda gawo lonselo mu 1902. Adasankhidwa kukhala chigawo cha French Equatorial Africa ku 1910, ndipo adalengezedwa ngati dziko lodziyimira palokha mkati mwa "French Community" mu 1958. Adalandira ufulu pa Ogasiti 11, 1960 ndikukhazikitsa Republic of Chad.

Mbendera yadziko: Ndi yaying'ono yamakona anayi ndi kutalika kwa kutalika kwake kwa 3: 2. Pamwamba pa mbendera pamakhala ma rectangles atatu ofanana komanso ofanana. Kuyambira kumanzere kupita kumanja, amakhala amtambo, wachikaso, komanso wofiira. Buluu ikuyimira thambo lamtambo, chiyembekezo ndi moyo, komanso likuyimira kumwera kwa dzikolo; chikasu chikuyimira dzuwa ndi kumpoto kwa dzikolo; kufiyira kumatanthauza kupita patsogolo, umodzi ndi mzimu wakudzipereka kudziko lakwawo.

Chad ndi dziko laulimi ndi ziweto ndipo ndi amodzi mwamayiko otukuka kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ziwerengero zikuluzikulu zachuma cha 2005 ndi izi: GDP pamunthu aliyense ndi US $ 5.47 biliyoni, pa munthu aliyense GDP ndi US $ 601, ndipo kukula kwachuma ndi 5.9%. Chad ndi dziko lamafuta lomwe likubwera kumene. Kufufuza mafuta kumayambira m'ma 1970 ndipo kwachitika mwachangu posachedwa. Chitsime choyamba chofufuzira chidakumbidwa mu 1974, mafuta oyamba adapezeka mchaka chomwecho, ndipo kupanga mafuta kudayamba mu 2003.

Zokopa zazikulu zokopa alendo ku Chad ndi N'Djamena, Mondu, Fada-mzinda wokongola wokongola wokhala ndi anthu pafupifupi 5,000, malo okongola amatawuni, ndi miyala yachilendo yokhala ndi mbiri ya zaka zoposa 5,000. , Mapanga odzaza ndi zojambulajambula amatha kuwonanso kulikonse. Kuphatikiza apo, pali Faya, Nyanja ya Chad-malo ake owoneka bwino kwambiri ndikuti ndi nyama zachilengedwe.Zilumba zoyandama m'nyanjayi zimakhala ndi nyama zam'madzi ndi zapadziko lapansi.Pali nsomba zambiri m'nyanjayi. Mitundu 130.

Mizinda ikulu

N’Djamena: N’Djamena ndiye likulu ndi mzinda waukulu kwambiri ku Chad, womwe kale unkatchedwa Fort-Lamy, Seputembara 5, 1973 Tsiku lasinthidwa kukhala dzina lake lamakono. Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi 721 sauzande (akuyerekezedwa mu 2005). Kutentha kwambiri ndi 44 ℃ (Epulo) ndipo kutsikitsitsa ndi 14 ℃ (Disembala). Ili kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa malo ophatikizana a Logong ndi Shali kumalire akumadzulo. Dera la 15 kilomita lalikulu. Chiwerengero cha anthu pafupifupi 510,000. Nyengo yam'malo otentha, kutentha kwakukulu mu Januware ndi 23.9 ℃, ndipo kutentha kwapakati mu Julayi ndi 27.8 ℃. Mvula yamvula yapachaka ndi 744 mm. M'mbuyomu, inali malo ofunikira amalonda apaulendo akumwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara. France idakhazikitsa malo achitetezo apa 1900 ndipo adatcha Fort Lamy. Unakhala likulu lachikoloni kuyambira 1920. Chad idakhala likulu pambuyo pa ufulu mu 1960. Adasinthidwa kukhala 1973.

N’Djamena ndiye likulu la mafakitale mdziko muno komanso malo oyendera anthu. Mabizinesi ambiri omwe angomangidwa kumene mdziko muno amakhala okhazikika, kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa mafuta, ufa, nsalu ndi kukonza nyama, komanso mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono komanso apakatikati monga kupanga shuga, kupanga nsapato ndi msonkhano wa njinga. Pali chomera chachikulu kwambiri cha N'Djamena mdziko muno. Misewu ikulu yolumikiza mizinda ikuluikulu mdziko lonseli komanso mayiko oyandikana nawo monga Nigeria. Malo oyendetsa mitsinje yayikulu mdziko muno komanso eyapoti yokhayo yapadziko lonse lapansi. Mzindawu ndi malo okhala maofesi aboma, okhala ndi misewu yokhazikika, makamaka nyumba zaku Europe, malo okhala azungu, ndi mahotela apamwamba ndi nyumba zanyumba. Chigawo chakummawa ndi chigawo cha chikhalidwe ndi maphunziro, ndi University of Chad ndi masukulu osiyanasiyana aukadaulo, komanso malo owonetsera zakale, mabwalo amasewera ndi zipatala. Chigawo cha Kumpoto chili ndi malo akulu kwambiri, ndipo ndi komwe kumakhala anthu wamba komanso malo ogulitsa. Kumpoto chakumadzulo ndi dera la fakitole komwe kumakhala kuphana kwakukulu komanso malo ozizira ozizira, malo osungira mafuta, ndi zina zambiri.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti midzi ya anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana ku Chad ndiyosiyana pang'ono kumpoto ndi kumwera. Mafuko akumpoto amakhala osamukasamuka kapena osakhazikika, ndipo midzi ndi yaying'ono. M'madera akumwera, midzi ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuposa yomwe ili kumpoto, koma nyumbazi ndizosavuta. Zovala za anthu amitundu yonse ku Chad ndizofanana.Nthawi zambiri, amuna amavala mathalauza omasuka ndi zovala zotayirira, okhala ndi manja a mafuta kwambiri. Zovala zachikazi zodziwika bwino ndizokulunga ndi mashela. Amavala zodzikongoletsera zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Amayi amitundu ina amavala kabowo pamphuno lawo lamanja ndikumavala zodzikongoletsera pamphuno. Zakudya zazikulu za anthu aku Chad ndizopanga ufa woyera, chimanga, manyuchi, nyemba ndi zina zambiri. Chakudya chosadalira chimaphatikizapo ng'ombe ndi nyama yamphongo, nsomba, ndi masamba osiyanasiyana.