IChad, igama eligcwele leRiphabhlikhi yaseChad, linendawo yomhlaba isiyonke yamakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi eziyi-1.284. Itholakala enyakatho-maphakathi ne-Afrika, onqenqemeni oluseningizimu yoGwadule lwaseSahara, izwe eliyizingcingo. Unqamula iLibya ngasenyakatho, i-Afrika Ephakathi neCameroon ngaseningizimu, iNiger neNigeria entshonalanga, neSudan empumalanga. Isimo sendawo siyisicaba, nokuphakama okuphakathi kwamamitha ayi-300-500. Izindawo ezisemngceleni osenyakatho, empumalanga naseningizimu kuphela ezingamathafa nezintaba. Ingxenye esenyakatho ingeyogwadule iSahara noma i-semi-desert, ebalwa ngengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yendawo yonke yezwe; ingxenye esempumalanga iyindawo eyithafa; izingxenye ezisenkabeni nasentshonalanga zingamathafa amakhulu amakhulu; iTibes esenyakatho-ntshonalanga inyusa ukuphakama kwesilinganiso sokuqala kwamamitha ayi-2 000. Intaba iKuxi ingamamitha angu-3,415 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle futhi iyisiqongo esiphakeme kunazo zonke ezweni naseCentral Africa. Imifula emikhulu ngumfula iShali, iLogong River njalonjalo. ILake Chad yichibi elikhulu kunawo wonke lamanzi angenasawoti asenkabeni ye-Afrika. Njengoba izinga lamanzi liguquka ngezikhathi zonyaka, indawo yalo iphakathi kwamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-1 kanye nama-25,000. Inyakatho inesimo sezulu esishisayo sogwadule, futhi eningizimu kunesimo sezulu esishisayo.

Inani labantu baseChad liyizigidi eziyi-10.1 (njengoba kulinganiselwa yiLondon Economic Quarter ngo-2006). Kunezizwe ezingaphezu kwezingu-256 ezinkulu nezincane ezweni lonke. Izakhamizi ezisenyakatho, maphakathi nasempumalanga ikakhulukazi amaBerber, amaTubu, amaVadai, amaBagirmi, njll. Ngemvelaphi yama-Arab, abalwa cishe ama-45% wabantu bezwe; abahlali eningizimu naseningizimu-ntshonalanga ikakhulu yiSara , Masa, Kotoco, Mongdang, njll., Kubalwa cishe i-55% yabantu bezwe. Izakhamizi eziseningizimu zisebenzisa ulimi lwaseSudan iSarah, kuthi enyakatho zisebenzise iChadianized Arabic. IsiFulentshi nesi-Arabhu zombili izilimi ezisemthethweni. Izakhamuzi ezingama-44% zikholelwa enkolweni yamaSulumane, ezingama-33% zikholelwa ebuKristwini, kanti ezingama-23% zikholelwa enkolweni yokuqala.

Amayunithi okuphatha asendaweni eChad ahlukaniswe amazinga amane: isifunda, isifundazwe, idolobha kanye nedolobhana. Izwe lihlukaniswe izifundazwe ezingama-28, izifunda eziyi-107, izifunda ezingama-470, nezindawo zendabuko ezingama-44. Inhlokodolobha, uN'Djamena, ingeyophiko oluphethe ezizimele.

IChad inomlando omude, kanti i- "Sao Culture" yokuqala yayiyingxenye ebalulekile yendlu yengcebo yesiko lase-Afrika. Ngo-500 BC, isifunda esiseningizimu yeChibi iChad sakhiwe. Eminye imibuso yamaSulumane yasungulwa ngokulandelana ngekhulu lesi-9 kuya kwele-10 AD, kanti umbuso waseGanem-Bornu wawungumbuso omkhulu wamaSulumane. Ngemuva kwekhulu le-16, imibuso yaseBagirmi neVadai yabonakala iphikisana nayo, futhi isimo sezizwe ezintathu se-melee selivele savela. Kusukela ngo-1883-1893, yonke imibuso yanqotshwa yiSudan Bach-Zubair. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, amakholoni aseFrance aqala ukuhlasela futhi athatha yonke indawo ngo-1902. Yahlukaniswa njengesifundazwe se-French Equatorial Africa ngo-1910, futhi yamenyezelwa njengezwe elizimele ngaphakathi "Komphakathi waseFrance" ngo-1958. Yathola inkululeko ngo-Agasti 11, 1960 futhi yasungula iRiphabhliki yaseChad.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Lingunxande elinesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi obungu-3: 2. Ingaphezulu lefulegi lakhiwe ngonxande abathathu abalinganayo nabalinganayo. Ukusuka kwesobunxele kuye kwesokudla, ziluhlaza sasibhakabhaka, ziphuzi, futhi zibomvu. Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kufanekisela isibhakabhaka esiluhlaza, ithemba nokuphila, futhi futhi kumele iningizimu yezwe; okuphuzi kufanekisela ilanga nenyakatho yezwe; okubomvu kufanekisela inqubekela phambili, ubunye nomoya wokuzinikela ezweni lomama.

IChad izwe lezolimo nezilwane futhi lingelinye lamazwe athuthukile emhlabeni. Izibalo ezinkulu zezomnotho ngo-2005 zimi kanje: I-GDP ngomuntu ngamunye ngama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-5.47, i-GDP ngayinye ngama-dollar angama-601 aseMelika, kanti izinga lokukhula komnotho lingu-5.9%. I-Chad yizwe lamafutha elisafufusa. Ukuhlolwa kwe-petroleum kwaqala ngawo-1970 futhi sekuthuthuke ngokushesha muva nje. Umthombo wokuqala wokuhlola wabanjwa ngo-1974, ukutholakala kukawoyela kokuqala kwenziwa ngawo lowo nyaka, futhi ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela kwaqala ngo-2003.

Okuheha izivakashi okuyinhloko eChad yi-N'Djamena, iM Mondu, iFada-idolobha elincane elihle le-oasis elinabantu abangaba ngu-5 000, indawo enhle yedolobha, namatshe angajwayelekile anomlando weminyaka engaphezu kwengu-5 000. , Imihume egcwele izindonga nayo ingabonakala yonke indawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho kuneFaya, iLake Chad-indawo yayo ekhanga kakhulu ukuthi iyindawo yokuhlala yezilwane yemvelo.Iziqhingi ezintantayo echibini zihlala izilwane zasemanzini nezasemhlabeni.Kunezinhlanzi eziningi echibini. Izinhlobo eziyi-130.

Amadolobha amakhulu

I-N'Djamena: I-N'Djamena iyinhloko-dolobha nedolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke eChad, elalaziwa ngeFort-Lamy, ngoSepthemba 5, 1973 Usuku lushintshelwe egameni lalo lamanje. Isibalo sabantu singama-721,000 (kulinganiselwa ku-2005). Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu lingu-44 ℃ (Ephreli) kanti eliphansi kakhulu lingu-14 ℃ (Disemba). Kutholakala ohlangothini olusenyakatho-mpumalanga lapho kuhlangana khona iLogong neShali emngceleni osentshonalanga. Indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-15. Inani labantu cishe liyi-510,000. Isimo sezulu samathafa asezindaweni ezishisayo, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile ngoJanuwari lingu-23.9 ℃, kanti izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile ngoJulayi lingu-27.8 ℃. Imvula emaphakathi yonyaka ingu-744 mm. Ngokomlando, bekuyisikhungo esibalulekile sokuhweba samakharaveni onqenqemeni oluseningizimu yoGwadule iSahara. IFrance yasungula isikhungo samasosha lapha ngo-1900 futhi sayiqamba ngokuthi iFort Lamy. Yaba yinhloko dolobha yamakholoni kusukela ngo-1920. IChad yaba yinhloko dolobha ngemuva kwenkululeko ngo-1960. Iqanjwe kabusha ngo-1973.

I-N'Djamena iyisikhungo sezimboni esikhulu kunazo zonke ezweni kanye nehabhu lezokuthutha. Iningi lamabhizinisi asezimboni asanda kwakhiwa ezweni agxilile, kufaka phakathi ukukhishwa kukawoyela omkhulukazi, ufulawa, ukuthungwa kwendwangu nenyama, kanye namabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo njengokwenza ushukela, ukwenza izicathulo nokuhlangana kwamabhayisikili. Kunesikhungo samandla esikhulu se-N'Djamena ezweni. Imigwaqo emikhulu ihlanganisa amadolobha amakhulu ezweni lonke nasemazweni angomakhelwane afana neNigeria. Isikhumulo semikhumbi esikhulu kunazo zonke ezweni kanye nokuphela kwesikhumulo sezindiza emhlabeni jikelele. Indawo esenkabeni yedolobha iyisihlalo samahhovisi kahulumeni, enezakhiwo ezijwayelekile zemigwaqo, ikakhulukazi izakhiwo ezinesitayela saseYurophu, izindawo zokuhlala zabantu baseNtshonalanga, namahhotela kanokusho nemizi. Isifunda esisempumalanga yisifunda samasiko nezemfundo, neNyuvesi yaseChad nezikole ezahlukahlukene zobuchwepheshe, kanye neminyuziyamu, izinkundla zezemidlalo nezibhedlela. Isifunda saseNyakatho sinendawo enkulu kunazo zonke, futhi siyindawo yokuhlala kanye nendawo yezentengiselwano. Inyakatho-ntshonalanga yindawo yefektri enezitshalo ezinkulu zokuhlatshwa nezibandayo, amadepho kawoyela, njll.

Iqiniso elithandekayo-amadolobhana abahlali bezinhlanga ezahlukahlukene eChad ahluke kancane ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu. Iningi lezizwe ezisenyakatho zingabantu abayimizulane noma abayimizulane, kanti amadolobhana mancane. Emathafeni aseningizimu, amadolobhana makhulu kakhulu kunalawo asenyakatho, kodwa izakhiwo zilula kakhulu. Izembatho zabahlali bazo zonke izinhlanga eChad ziyefana.Ngokujwayelekile, amadoda agqoka amabhulukwe nezingubo ezixegayo, enemikhono ekhuluphele kakhulu. Izingubo zabesifazane ezijwayelekile ziyisonga namashali. Ngokuvamile zigqoka izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuhloba. Amacici, izandla namaqakala yizinto zokuhlobisa ezivame kakhulu. Abesifazane bezinhlanga ezithile bafaka imbobo encane emakhaleni abo esokunene futhi bagqoka imihlobiso yamakhala. Ukudla okuyisisekelo kwabaseCanada kubandakanya imikhiqizo kafulawa omhlophe, ummbila, amabele, ubhontshisi nokunye. Ukudla okungekho okuyisisekelo kuhlanganisa inyama yenkomo nenyama yemvu, inhlanzi, nemifino ehlukahlukene.