Chad, izere zita reRepublic of Chad, ine nzvimbo yepasi rose yemamirimita makiromita 1.284. Inowanikwa kuchamhembe-pakati pe Africa, kumucheto kwekumaodzanyemba kweSahara Desert, inyika yakakomberedzwa. Inogumira Libya kuchamhembe, Central Africa neCameroon kumaodzanyemba, Niger neNigeria kumadokero, neSudan kumabvazuva. Nzvimbo yacho yakati sandara, iine avhareji yekukwira kwemamita mazana matatu kusvika mazana mashanu.Nzvimbo dzekumusoro chete, kumabvazuva nekumaodzanyemba chete ndedzezvikomo nemakomo. Chikamu chekuchamhembe ndechaSahara Desert kana semi-gwenga, kuverenga chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chenharaunda yese yenyika; chikamu chekumabvazuva inzvimbo yamapani; iyo yepakati neyekumadokero zvikamu zvakakura zvemapani; kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweTibes kunosimudza chepakati kureba kukwirira kwemamirioni zviuru zviviri. Kuxi Mountain iri 3,415 metres pamusoro pegungwa uye ndiyo yepamusoro soro munyika neCentral Africa. Nzizi huru iShalali River, Logong River zvichingodaro. Lake Chad ndiro rakakura kwazvo mukati megungwa rine mvura yakachena muCentral Africa.Sezvo mwero wemvura uchichinja nemwaka, nharaunda yayo iri pakati pe1 ne25,000 square kilometres. Kuchamhembe kune nzvimbo inopisa yegwenga, uye kumaodzanyemba kune tropical steppe climate.

Huwandu hwevagari veChad vane mamirioni gumi nemazana gumi (sekufungidzirwa neLondon Economic Quarter muna 2006). Kune anopfuura mazana maviri nemakumi maviri nematanhatu madzinza makuru uye madiki kutenderera nyika. Vagari kuchamhembe, pakati nepakati kumabvazuva vanowanzova maBerber, Tubu, Vadai, Bagirmi, nezvimwewo zvakabva kuArabhu, vachiverengera vangangoita 45% yevagari vemunyika; vagari vekumaodzanyemba nekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero vari kunyanya Sara , Masa, Kotoco, Mongdang, nezvimwewo, zvinosvika 55% yevagari vemunyika. Vagari vekumaodzanyemba vanoshandisa mutauro weSudanese Sarah, uye kuchamhembe, vanoshandisa Chadianized Arabic. French neArabic mitauro yese zviri pamutemo. 44% yevagari vanotenda muIslam, 33% vanotenda muchiKristu, uye 23% vanotenda muzvitendero zvekare.

Matunhu emunharaunda muChad akakamurwa kuita nhanho ina: dunhu, dunhu, guta nemusha. Nyika yakakamurwa kuita mapurovhinzi makumi maviri nemasere, makumi mashanu nenomwe, matunhu mazana mana nemakumi mana, nenharaunda makumi mana nematanhatu. Guta guru, N'Djamena, ndeyenhengo yakazvimirira yekutonga.

Chad ine nhoroondo refu, uye yekutanga "Sao Tsika" yaive chikamu chakakosha cheimba yepfuma yetsika dzeAfrica. Muna 500 BC, nzvimbo yekumaodzanyemba kweLake Chad yakagarwa. Humambo hwakati wandei hweMuslim hwakavambwa muzana ramakumi mapfumbamwe negumi, uye Ganem-Bornu Kingdom yaive sultanate huru yeMuslim. Mushure mezana ramakore regumi nematanhatu, humambo hwaBagirmi neVadai hwakaratidzika kunge hunokwikwidza, uye kwave kune nyika nhatu-melee kubva ipapo. Kubva 1883-1893, humambo hwese hwakakundwa neSudanese Bach-Zubair. Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi19, vechiFrench colonists vakatanga kupamba nekugara nharaunda yese muna 1902. Yakarongerwa sedunhu reFrench Equatorial Africa muna 1910, ndokuziviswa sedunhu rakazvimiririra mukati me "French Community" muna 1958. Yakawana rusununguko musi waNyamavhuvhu 11, 1960 ndokumisa Republic of Chad.

Mureza wenyika: Inoita rectangular ine chiyero chehurefu kusvika paupamhi hwe3: 2. Iyo mureza pamusoro inoumbwa nematatu akaenzana uye akaenzana akatwasuka rectangles. Kubva kuruboshwe kurudyi, vane bhuruu, yero, uye tsvuku. Bhuruu inomiririra denga rebhuruu, tariro uye hupenyu, uye zvakare inomiririra kumaodzanyemba kwenyika; yero inomiririra zuva uye kuchamhembe kwenyika; tsvuku inomiririra kufambira mberi, kubatana uye nemweya wekuzvipira kunamai.

Chad inyika yekurima uye yekuchengeta zvipfuyo uye imwe yenyika dzisina kusimukira pasi rose. Huwandu hukuru hwehupfumi muna2005 hunotevera: GDP pamunhu capet US $ 5.47 bhiriyoni, pamunhu GDP iUS $ 601, uye kukura kwehupfumi hwehupfumi kuri 5.9%. Chad inyika iri kubuda yemafuta. Kuongorora petroleum kwakatanga muma1970 uye kwakawedzera nekukurumidza munguva pfupi yapfuura. Tsime rekutanga rekuongorora rakacherwa muna 1974, kuwanikwa kwemafuta kwekutanga kwakaitwa mugore rimwe chete, uye kugadzirwa kwemafuta kwakatanga muna 2003.

Zvinonyanya kushanya muChad ndiN'Djamena, Mondu, Fada-rakanaka guta diki reoasis rine vangangoita zviuru zvishanu vagari, nzvimbo dzinoyevedza dzetaundi, uye matombo asingazivikanwe ane nhoroondo yeanopfuura makore zviuru zvishanu. , Mapako azere nemadziro anogonawo kuoneka kwese kwese. Pamusoro pezvo, pane Faya, Lake Chad - nzvimbo yayo inokwezva ndeyekuti inzvimbo yekugara mhuka.Zvitsuwa zvinoyangarara mugungwa zvinogarwa nemhuka dzemumvura uye dzepanyika.Pane hove dzakawanda mudhamu iri. 130 mhando.

Maguta makuru

N’Djamena: N’Djamena ndiro guta guru uye guta guru reChad, raimbozivikanwa seFort-Lamy, Gunyana 5, 1973 Zuva rakachinjika kuzita razvino. Huwandu hwevanhu hwane zviuru mazana manomwe nemakumi maviri nezviviri (inofungidzirwa muna 2005). Tembiricha yepamusoro ndeye 44 ℃ (Kubvumbi) uye yakadzika ndeye 14 ℃ (Zvita). Inowanikwa kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwe confongence yeLogong neShalali pamuganhu wekumadokero. Nzvimbo inosvika 15 square kilometres. Vagari vacho vangangoita 510,000. Mamiriro ekunze anotonhora ehuswa, avhareji tembiricha muna Ndira ndeye 23.9 ℃, uye avhareji tembiricha muna Chikunguru ndeye 27.8 ℃. Avhareji yemvura yegore negore ndeye 744 mm. Nhoroondo, yaive yakakosha nzvimbo yekutengesera yemaparavha kumucheto kwekumaodzanyemba kweSahara Desert. France yakagadzira nzvimbo yemauto pano muna 1900 ndokuitumidza kuti Fort Lamy. Yakava guta rakakura kubva muna 1920. Chad yakava guta guru mushure mekuzvitonga muna 1960. Yakatumidzwazve zita muna 1973.

N’Djamena inzvimbo huru kwazvo munyika nemaindasitiri ekufambisa. Mazhinji emabhizimusi achangovakwa emabhizimusi munyika akasunganidzwa, kusanganisira makuru ekuchera oiri, hupfu, machira uye kugadzira nyama, pamwe nemabhizimusi madiki nepakati senge kugadzira shuga, kugadzira shangu uye kuungana kwebhasikoro. Iko kune hombe simba reN'Djamena chirimwa chemagetsi munyika. Trunk migwagwa inobatanidza maguta makuru kutenderera nyika uye nyika dzakavakidzana seNigeria. Nzvimbo huru kwazvo yekufambisa rwizi munyika uye chete yendege yenyika. Iyo yedhorobha nzvimbo ndiyo chigaro chemahofisi ehurumende, iine marongero enguva dzose emigwagwa, kazhinji zvivakwa zveEuropean -style, nzvimbo dzekugara dzeWesterners, uye mahotera emahombekombe nemisha. Dunhu rekumabvazuva idunhu retsika nedzidzo, neYunivhesiti yeChad uye zvikoro zvakasiyana-siyana zvehunyanzvi, pamwe nemamiziyamu, nhandare nezvipatara. Dunhu rekuchamhembe rine nzvimbo hombe uye inharaunda yekugara uye bhizinesi dunhu. Kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero ndiyo nzvimbo yefekitori, ine hukuru hukuru uye inotonhorera yekuchengetera zvirimwa, mafuta depo, nezvimwe

Chokwadi chinonakidza-misha yevagari vemarudzi akasiyana muChad yakati siyanei kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba. Marudzi ekuchamhembe mazhinji anongofamba-famba kana semi-anongofamba, uye misha yacho midiki. Mumapani ekumaodzanyemba, misha yacho yakakura zvikuru kupfuura iya yekuchamhembe, asi zvivakwa zviri nyore. Mapfekero evagari vemarudzi ese muChad akafanana .. Kazhinji, varume vanopfeka matirauzi akasununguka uye mbatya dzakasununguka, nemaoko ane mafuta. Hembe dzakajairwa dzevakadzi zviputiro uye shawls.Vanowanzo pfeka mhando dzakasiyana dzezvishongo.Mhete, maoko, uye makumbo ndizvo zvakashongedzwa zvakajairika. Vakadzi vemamwe madzinza vanopfeka kaburi kadiki mumhino yavo yekurudyi uye vanopfeka zvishongo zvemhino. Chikafu chikuru chevaCanada chinosanganisira zvigadzirwa zveupfu chena, chibage, mhunga, bhinzi nezvimwewo. Chikafu chisingasanganiswe chinosanganisira nyama yemombe neyeganda, hove, miriwo yakasiyana siyana nezvimwe.