Ubushinwa buherereye mu burasirazuba bwa Aziya, ku nkombe y'iburengerazuba bw'inyanja ya pasifika. Ubuso bwubutaka ni kilometero kare miliyoni 9,6, inkombe yuburasirazuba nu majyepfo yumugabane wa kilometero zirenga 18.000, naho amazi yinyanja yimbere ninyanja ihana imbibi ni kilometero kare miliyoni 4.7. Hariho ibirwa 7,600 binini kandi bito mu karere k'inyanja, muri byo ikirwa cya Tayiwani nicyo kinini gifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 35,798. Ubushinwa buhana imbibi n'ibihugu 14 kandi bwegeranye n'ibihugu 8 ku nyanja. Amacakubiri y’intara agabanijwemo amakomine 4 ayobowe na guverinoma nkuru, intara 23, uturere 5 twigenga, uturere 2 twihariye n’umurwa mukuru wa Beijing.

Ubutaka bw'Ubushinwa ni burebure mu burengerazuba no hasi mu burasirazuba. Imisozi, ibibaya n'imisozi bigera kuri 67% by'ubutaka, naho ibibaya n'ibibaya bingana na 33% by'ubutaka. Imisozi ahanini ni iburasirazuba-uburengerazuba n’amajyaruguru y’amajyepfo ashyira uburengerazuba, cyane cyane harimo imisozi ya Altai, imisozi ya Tianshan, imisozi ya Kunlun, imisozi ya Karakoram, Himalaya, imisozi ya Yinshan, imisozi ya Qinling, imisozi ya Nanling, imisozi ya Daxinganling, imisozi ya Changbai, imisozi ya Wuyi, na Tayiwani. . Mu burengerazuba, hari ikibaya cya Qinghai-Tibet, kinini cyane ku isi, gifite uburebure bwa metero zirenga 4000. Bizwi ku izina rya "Igisenge cy'isi". Umusozi wa Everest ufite metero 8.844.43 hejuru y’inyanja, akaba ari impinga ndende ku isi. Imbere muri Mongoliya, mu karere ka Sinayi, mu kibaya cya Loess, mu kibaya cya Sichuan no mu kibaya cya Yunnan-Guizhou mu majyaruguru no mu burasirazuba ni intambwe ya kabiri y’ubutaka bw’Ubushinwa. Hano hari ibibaya n'imisozi kuva iburasirazuba bwumusozi wa Daxinganling-Taihang-Wu Umusozi-Wuling Umusozi-Xuefeng kugera kumusozi, iyo ikaba ari intambwe ya gatatu. Umugabane wumugabane muburasirazuba no mumajyepfo yinyanja urimo umutungo mwinshi winyanja.

Ubushinwa bufite amateka maremare. Abantu Yuanmou hashize imyaka miriyoni 1.7 ni abantu ba mbere bazwi mu Bushinwa. Mu kinyejana cya 21 mbere ya Yesu, Ingoma ya Xia, igihugu cy’ubucakara bwa mbere mu Bushinwa, yashinzwe.Mu myaka ibihumbi yakurikiyeho, Abashinwa bakoresheje inguzanyo zabo n'ubwenge bwabo kugira ngo bagire umuco mwiza w'amateka n'umuco, mu bumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga, ubukungu rusange, ibitekerezo by’ubuvanganzo, n'ibindi. Ibikorwa byiza byagezweho muri urwo rwego.

Amateka ya kijyambere y'Ubushinwa ni amateka y’uko Abashinwa baterwa isoni n’imyigaragambyo, ariko Abashinwa b'intwari kandi b'umutima mwiza barwanye amaraso bahirika ingoma ya feodal maze bashiraho guverinoma ishingiye kuri demokarasi. Mu 1921, havutse Ishyaka rikomeye rya gikomunisiti ry’Ubushinwa, ryerekana icyerekezo cya revolisiyo y'Ubushinwa.

Bayobowe n’ishyaka rya gikomunisiti ry’Ubushinwa, Abashinwa batsinze abayapani bateye nyuma y’imyaka umunani barwanyije bikomeye maze batsinda intambara yo kwibohora. Ku ya 1 Ukwakira 1949, i Beijing hatangajwe Repubulika y’Ubushinwa, ibyo bikaba byaranze Ubushinwa bwinjiye mu gihe cy’impinduramatwara n’ubwubatsi. Nyuma y’imyaka irenga 50, Ishyaka rya gikomunisiti ry’Abashinwa ryayoboye abaturage b’igihugu cyose gukurikiza inzira y’iterambere ry’abasosiyalisiti, gukomeza guteza imbere ubukungu bw’abasosiyalisiti, no gukomeza kuzamura imibereho y’abaturage.

Ubushinwa nicyo gihugu gitera imbere cyane ku isi. Umubare munini wabaturage, umutungo udahagije ugereranije, hamwe nubushobozi buke bwo gutwara ibidukikije nubukungu bwibanze mubushinwa muriki cyiciro, bigoye guhinduka mugihe gito. Kuva mu myaka ya za 70, guverinoma y'Ubushinwa yashyize mu bikorwa ubudacogora politiki y’ibanze y’igihugu yo kuboneza urubyaro mu gihugu hose kandi ishyira mu bikorwa inzira y’iterambere rirambye.Hariho amoko menshi mu Bushinwa, kandi amoko 56 afite imiterere yihariye, avanga, kandi afatanya guteza imbere iterambere ry’abasosiyalisiti.

Beijing

"Pekin" muri make, ni umurwa mukuru wa Repubulika y’Ubushinwa, ihuriro rya politiki n’umuco by’Ubushinwa, hamwe n’ikigo mpuzamahanga cyo kungurana ibitekerezo. Ubutaka bwa Beijing buri hejuru mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba no hasi mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba. Iburengerazuba, amajyaruguru n'amajyaruguru y'uburasirazuba buzengurutswe n'imisozi ku mpande eshatu, naho mu majyepfo y'iburasirazuba ni ikibaya kigoramye cyerekeza ku nyanja ya Bohai. Pekin ni iy'ubushyuhe bukabije bw’ubushyuhe bw’ikirere, gifite ibihe bine bitandukanye, impeshyi nigihe cyizuba, nimbeho ndende nizuba. Pekin ni umujyi wavukiyemo uzwi cyane "Beijing Ape Man". Ifite amateka y’imyaka irenga 3.000 yubatswe n’umujyi hamwe n’inyandiko n’ibisigisigi by’umuco. Yahoze ari umurwa mukuru w’ingoma ya Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming na Qing. Repubulika y’Ubushinwa yashinzwe ku ya 1 Ukwakira 1949, kandi kuva icyo gihe Beijing yabaye umurwa mukuru wa Repubulika y’Ubushinwa n’ikigo cya politiki, ikigo ndangamuco, n’ikigo mpuzamahanga cyo guhanahana amakuru. Umujyi wabujijwe na Beijing, Urukuta runini, Ikibuga cy’inguge cya Zhoukoudian, Urusengero rwo mu Ijuru, n’Ingoro y’impeshyi byashyizwe ku rutonde rw’umurage ndangamuco ku isi n’umuryango w’abibumbye. Pekin ifite umutungo w’ubukerarugendo ukungahaye, hamwe n’ahantu nyaburanga hasurwa 200 hasurwa ku isi, harimo ingoro nini ku isi, Umujyi wabujijwe, Urusengero rwo mu Ijuru, Ubusitani bwa Royal Beihai, Ingoro y’umwami w’ubusitani, hamwe n’Urukuta runini rwa Badaling, Mutianyu, na Simatai. Kimwe n'inzu nini nini ku isi, Inzu ya Prince Gong n'ahandi hantu h'amateka. Muri uyu mujyi hari ibisigisigi ndangamuco 7309 hamwe n’ahantu ndangamateka, harimo ibice 42 byo kurinda ibisigisigi by’umuco by’igihugu hamwe n’ibice 222 byo kurinda ibisigisigi by’umuco.

Shanghai

"Shanghai" muri make, iherereye ku nkombe y’imbere y’umugezi wa Delta wa Yangtze, uhana imbibi n’inyanja y’Ubushinwa mu burasirazuba, Ikigobe cya Hangzhou mu majyepfo, n’intara za Jiangsu na Zhejiang mu burengerazuba. Inkombe z'umugezi wa Yangtze mu majyaruguru ziri hagati y’inyanja y’amajyaruguru y’Ubushinwa, hamwe n’ubwikorezi bworoshye, imbere mu gihugu kinini ndetse n’ahantu heza.Ni icyambu cyiza-nyanja. Usibye imisozi mike n'imisozi yo mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba, Shanghai yuzuye ibibaya bifunguye kandi biri hasi, biri mu kibaya cya alluvial cyo mu ruzi rwa Yangtze. Shanghai ifite ikirere cyimvura yo mu majyaruguru ifite ibihe bine bitandukanye, izuba ryinshi n imvura nyinshi. Ikirere muri Shanghai kiroroshye kandi gifite ubuhehere, hamwe nimpeshyi ngufi nimpeshyi nigihe kirekire cyitumba nizuba. Agace ka Shanghai gaherereye ku nkombe z’inyanja y’Ubushinwa kandi gakungahaye ku mutungo w’amazi.Dukurikije imibare, hari umutungo w’amazi arenga 700 mu nyanja y’Ubushinwa n’Inyanja y’umuhondo. Shanghai numujyi wumuco ufite amateka maremare. Kuva mu mpera z'umwaka wa 2004, Shanghai yashyizwe ku rutonde rw’ibikorwa by’ingenzi by’umuco by’ibisigisigi by’umuco by’igihugu, 114 byo kurinda ibisigisigi by’umuco byo ku rwego rw’amakomine, ahantu 29 hibukwa, n’ahantu 14 harinzwe. Kugeza ubu, haracyari ahantu henshi h'amateka n'ubusitani buranga kuva mu ngoma ya Tang, Indirimbo, Yuan, Ming na Qing.

Guangzhou

Umurwa mukuru w'Intara ya Guangdong, ikigo cya politiki, ubukungu, ikoranabuhanga, uburezi n'umuco byo mu Ntara ya Guangdong. Guangzhou iherereye mu majyepfo y’umugabane w’Ubushinwa, mu majyepfo y’amajyepfo y’Intara ya Guangdong, ku nkombe y’amajyaruguru y’uruzi rwa Pearl, kandi hafi y’umunwa w’imigezi yo hepfo y’ikibaya cy’uruzi rwa Pearl. Kubera ko Pearl River Estuary ifite ibirwa byinshi n'inzira zuzuye z'amazi, Humen, Jiaomen, Hongqimen n'izindi nzira z'amazi zijya mu nyanja, bigatuma Guangzhou ari icyambu cyiza cyane cyo kohereza mu nyanja y'Ubushinwa ndetse n'icyambu gitumizwa mu mahanga no kohereza mu mahanga mu kibaya cy'uruzi rwa Pearl. Guangzhou kandi ni ihuriro rya gari ya moshi ya Beijing-Guangzhou, Guangshen, Guangmao na Guangmeishan hamwe n’ikigo gishinzwe gutwara abantu n'ibintu mu ndege za gisivili mu Bushinwa y'Amajyepfo. Ifitanye umubano wa hafi n’ibice byose by’igihugu. Kubwibyo, Guangzhou izwi ku izina rya "Irembo ry’Amajyepfo" y'Ubushinwa. Guangzhou iherereye mu majyepfo y’ubushyuhe, kandi ikirere cyacyo ni ikirere gisanzwe cy’inyanja y’imvura mu karere ka subtropicale. Kubera imisozi ninyanja, imiterere yikirere yinyanja irahambaye cyane, hamwe nubushyuhe nimvura, urumuri nubushyuhe buhagije, itandukaniro ryubushyuhe buto, icyi kirekire, nigihe gito cyubukonje.

Xi'an

Umurwa mukuru w'Intara ya Shaanxi, umujyi uzwi cyane ku mateka n'umuco ku isi, ni uwambere mu murwa mukuru wa gatandatu mu Bushinwa, n'ubushakashatsi bukomeye bwa siyansi, Amashuri makuru, inganda zigihugu zirwanira mu nganda n’inganda zishingiye ku buhanga buhanitse. Xi'an iherereye mu kibaya cya Guanzhong rwagati mu kibaya cy'Uruzi rw'Umuhondo.Itandukaniro riri ku butumburuke bw'umujyi ni ryo hejuru cyane mu mijyi yo muri iki gihugu. Agace ka Xi'an kazwi ku izina rya "Amazi umunani Hafi ya Chang'an" kuva mu bihe bya kera. Agace keza ka Xi'an gafite akarere gashyuha gashyuha hamwe n’ikirere cy’imvura yo ku mugabane w’ikirere, gifite ibihe bine bitandukanye: ubukonje, ubushyuhe, bwumye kandi butose. Xi'an ikungahaye ku mutungo w’ubukerarugendo n’ubukerarugendo none ibaye umwe mu mijyi izwi cyane mu bukerarugendo mu Bushinwa.