Iraki, izina ryuzuye rya Repubulika ya Iraki, iherereye mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Aziya no mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bw'igice cy'Abarabu. Ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 441.839 (harimo kilometero kare 924 z'amazi na kilometero kare 3,522 za Irake na Arabiya Sawudite). Irahana imbibi na Turukiya mu majyaruguru, Irani mu burasirazuba, Siriya na Yorodani mu burengerazuba, Arabiya Sawudite na Koweti mu majyepfo, n'ikigobe cy'Ubuperesi mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba. Inkombe z'inyanja zifite uburebure bwa kilometero 60. Ubugari bwinyanja yubutaka ni kilometero 12 zubusa. Amajyepfo ashyira uburengerazuba ni igice cy’ibibaya by’Abarabu, bikanyerera bigana mu kibaya cy’iburasirazuba; mu majyaruguru y’amajyaruguru ni imisozi y’Abanyakorde, iburengerazuba ni agace k’ubutayu, hagati y’ibibaya n’imisozi ni ikibaya cya Mesopotamiya, kikaba kibarirwa mu gice kinini cy’igihugu, kandi inyinshi muri zo ziri munsi ya metero 100 hejuru y’inyanja. Umugezi wa Efurate n'umugezi wa Tigris unyura mu karere kose kuva mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba ugana mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba.Imigezi yombi ihurira mu ruzi rwa Arabiya Xiatai ahitwa Khulna, rujya mu kigobe cy'Ubuperesi. Agace k'imisozi mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba gafite ikirere cya Mediterane, naho ubundi gifite ikirere gishyuha. Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru mu cyi buri hejuru ya 50 ℃, naho mu gihe cy'itumba ni 0 ℃. Umubare wimvura ni muto.Imvura igereranijwe yumwaka ni mm 100-500 kuva mumajyepfo ugana mumajyaruguru, na mm 700 mumisozi yo mumajyaruguru.

Iraki igabanyijemo intara 18 zifite intara, imidugudu, n'imidugudu. Intara 18 ni: Anbar, Arbil, Babil, Muthanna, Bagidadi, Najaf, Basrah, Nineve neineva, dhi qar, qadisiyah, diyala, salahuddin, dohuk, sulaymaniyah, kalba Kurura (karbala), Tameem (tameem), Misan (misan), Wasit (wasit).

Iraki ifite amateka maremare. Mesopotamiya ni hamwe mu hantu havukiye imico gakondo ku isi. Ibihugu byo mu mujyi byagaragaye mu 4700 mbere ya Yesu. Mu 2000 mbere ya Yesu, ubwami bwa Babiloni, Ingoma ya Ashuri, n'Ubwami bwa nyuma ya Babiloni, buzwi ku izina rya "Imico ine ya kera", bwagiye bushingwa. Ingoma y'Ubuperesi yarimbuwe mu 550 mbere ya Yesu. Yigaruriwe n'Ingoma y'Abarabu mu kinyejana cya 7. Iyobowe n'Ingoma ya Ottoman mu kinyejana cya 16. Mu 1920, yahindutse "agace ka manda". Muri Kanama 1921, yatangaje ubwigenge, ishyiraho ubwami bwa Iraki, inashyiraho ingoma ya Faisal irinzwe n'Ubwongereza. Yabonye ubwigenge busesuye mu 1932. Repubulika ya Iraki yashinzwe mu 1958.

Iraki ihiriwe n’imiterere yihariye y’imiterere kandi ikungahaye kuri peteroli na gaze gasanzwe. Yerekanye ububiko bwa peteroli ingana na miliyari 112.5. Ni igihugu cya kabiri mu kubika peteroli ku isi nyuma ya Arabiya Sawudite. Yashinzwe muri OPEC no ku isi. Ibigega bya peteroli byagaragaye byose hamwe 15.5% na 14%. Ububiko bwa gazi karemano ya Iraki nabwo burakungahaye cyane, bingana na 2,4% byububiko bwagaragaye ku isi.

Ubutaka bwo guhingwa bwa Iraki bugizwe na 27,6% by'ubutaka bwose. Ubutaka bw'ubuhinzi bushingira cyane ku mazi yo hejuru, cyane cyane mu kibaya cya Mezopotamiya hagati ya Tigiri na Efurate. Abaturage b’ubuhinzi bangana na kimwe cya gatatu cyabaturage bose bigihugu. Ibihingwa nyamukuru ni ingano, sayiri, amatariki, nibindi, kandi ibiryo ntibishobora kwihaza. Mu gihugu hose hari ibiti by'imikindo birenga miliyoni 33, ugereranije impuzandengo yumwaka igera kuri toni miliyoni 6.3 zamatariki. Ahantu nyaburanga hasurwa muri Iraki harimo amatongo y’umujyi wa Ur (2060 mbere ya Yesu), ibisigazwa by’ingoma ya Ashuri (910 mbere ya Yesu) hamwe n’amatongo y’Umujyi wa Hartle (bakunze kwita "Umujyi w’izuba"). Babuloni, mu birometero 90 mu majyepfo ashyira uburengerazuba bwa Bagidadi, ni isi Amatongo azwi cyane yo mu mujyi wa kera, "Ikirere cyo mu kirere" yashyizwe ku rutonde nk'imwe mu bitangaza birindwi by'isi ya kera. Byongeye kandi, Seleucia na Nineve ku nkombe z'umugezi wa Tigris ni imigi izwi cyane muri Iraki.

Amateka maremare yashyizeho umuco mwiza wo muri Iraki. Muri iki gihe, muri Iraki hari ahantu henshi mu mateka. Selewukiya, Nineve na Ashuri ku nkombe z'umugezi wa Tigris, ni imigi izwi cyane muri Iraki. Babuloni iherereye ku nkombe iburyo bw'umugezi wa Efurate, mu birometero 90 mu majyepfo ashyira uburengerazuba bwa Bagidadi, niho havukiye umuco w'abantu uzwi cyane nk'Ubushinwa bwa kera, Ubuhinde, na Egiputa. "Sky Garden" izwi cyane yashyizwe ku rutonde rw'ibitangaza birindwi ku isi. Bagdad, umurwa mukuru wa Iraki ufite amateka y’imyaka isaga 1.000, ni microcosm y’umuco wacyo mwiza.Ku kinyejana cya 8 kugeza mu cya 13 nyuma ya Yesu, Bagdad yabaye ikigo cya politiki n’ubukungu muri Aziya y’iburengerazuba ndetse n’ibihugu by’abarabu ndetse n’ahantu hateranira intiti. Kaminuza zirimo Bagidadi, Basra, Mosul n'izindi kaminuza.

Bagdad : Bagdad, umurwa mukuru wa Iraki, iherereye muri Iraki rwagati kandi ikanyura mu ruzi rwa Tigris. Ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 860 kandi ituwe n'abaturage miliyoni 5.6 (2002). Ikigo cya politiki, ubukungu, idini n'umuco. Ijambo Bagdad rikomoka mu Giperesi cya kera, risobanura "ahantu Imana yahaye". Bagdad ifite amateka maremare. Mu 762 nyuma ya Yesu, Bagdad yatorewe kuba umurwa mukuru na Mansour, igisekuru cya kabiri cya Khalifa Khalifa, maze yitwa "Umujyi w'amahoro". Hagati mu mujyi hari "Ingoro ya Zahabu" ya Mansour, ikikijwe na pavilion na pavilion z'abami n'abami bakomeye. Kubera ko umujyi wubatswe mu rukuta ruzengurutse umujyi, nanone witwa "Tuancheng".

Kuva mu kinyejana cya 8 kugeza mu kinyejana cya 13 nyuma ya Yesu, hamwe no gukomeza kwaguka no gutera imbere kwa Bagidadi, agace kayo ko mu mijyi gahoro gahoro gafite ishusho izenguruka inkombe z’iburasirazuba n’iburengerazuba bw’umugezi wa Tigris. Inkombe z’iburasirazuba n’iburengerazuba zahujwe n’ibiraro bitanu byubatswe bikurikiranye. Muri kiriya gihe, ntabwo inyubako zifite imiterere y’Abarabu zazamutse ku butaka gusa, ahubwo n’ibikoresho bya zahabu na feza, ibisigisigi by’umuco n’ibintu bya kera byaturutse ku isi yose byari bihari, kandi byashimwaga ko ari umujyi w’ingoro ndangamurage. Bavuga ko Icyarabu kizwi cyane ku isi "Igihumbi Ijoro rimwe" cyatangiye gukwirakwira guhera muri iki gihe. Abaganga b'ibyamamare, abahanga mu mibare, abahanga mu bumenyi bw'isi, abaragurisha inyenyeri, na alchemiste baturutse impande zose z'isi bateraniye hano kugira ngo bahure intiti n'intiti, basize urupapuro rwiza mu mateka y'abantu.

Bagdad ifite ubukungu bwateye imbere kandi ifite 40% byinganda zigihugu. Hariho inganda zo mu mijyi zishingiye ku gutunganya peteroli, imyenda, gutunganya, gukora impapuro n'ibiribwa; gari ya moshi, umuhanda munini hamwe n’indege bigize ubwikorezi bw’ibice bitatu bya Bagidadi ku butaka n’ikirere. Ubucuruzi hano buratera imbere, hamwe nubucuruzi bugezweho gusa, ariko n'amaduka ya kera yabarabu.

Bagdad ifite umurage ndangamuco wimbitse kandi ni umurwa mukuru wumuco wa kera. Hano hari ingoro yubwenge yubatswe mu kinyejana cya cyenda ifite indorerezi n’isomero; kaminuza ya Mustancilia, imwe muri kaminuza za kera cyane ku isi, yubatswe mu 1227; na kaminuza ya Bagdad, iri ku mwanya wa kabiri nyuma ya kaminuza ya Cairo mu bunini kandi ifite kaminuza 15. . Hariho kandi ingoro ndangamurage nyinshi muri Iraki, Bagidadi, igisirikare, kamere n'intwaro, zishobora kwitwa cyane mu mijyi minini yo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati.