I-Iraq, igama elipheleleyo leRiphabhlikhi yase-Iraq, ikumazantsi mpuma e-Asiya nakwimpuma ye-Arabia. Ibandakanya indawo ye-441,839 yeekhilomitha (kubandakanya ne-924 yeekhilomitha zamanzi kunye ne-3,522 yeekhilomitha zesikwere seIraq naseSaudi. Imida iTurkey emantla, i-Iran isiya empuma, iSyria neJordani ngasentshona, iSaudi Arabia neKuwait emazantsi, kunye nePersian Gulf ukuya emzantsi mpuma. Unxweme luziikhilomitha ezingama-60 ubude. Ububanzi bolwandle lommandla zii-12 zemayile yeemayile. Umzantsi-ntshona uyinxalenye yeArabia Plateau, ethambekele ngasethafeni elisempuma; emantla mpuma ziintaba zaseKurdish, entshona yindawo eyintlango, phakathi kwethafa kunye neentaba yiThafa laseMesopotamiya, elinika uninzi lwelizwe, kwaye uninzi lwazo lungaphantsi kweemitha ezili-100 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle. Umlambo i-Ewufrathe kunye ne-Tigris River uqukuqela kuwo wonke umhlaba ukusuka emantla ntshona uye kumazantsi mpuma.Imilambo emibini idibana noMlambo iXiatai Arabian eKhulna, ongena kwiPersian Gulf. Indawo enentaba emantla mpuma inemozulu yeMeditera, kwaye ezinye ziimozulu zentlango yetropiki. Obona bushushu buphezulu ehlotyeni bungaphezulu kwama-50 ℃, kwaye ebusika kujikeleze i-0 ℃. Umyinge wemvula yonyaka yi-100-500 mm ukusuka emazantsi ukuya emantla, kunye ne-700 mm kwiintaba ezisemantla.

I-Iraq yahlulwe yangamaphondo ali-18 aneenqila, iilokishi kunye neelali. Amaphondo ali-18 ngala: Anbar, Arbil, Babil, Muthanna, Baghdad, Najaf, Basrah, Nineve neineva, dhi qar, qadisiyah, diyala, salahuddin, dohuk, sulaymaniyah, kalba Tsala (karbala), Tameem (tameem), Misan (misan), Wasit (wasit).

I-Iraq inembali ende.I-Mesopotamia yenye yeendawo zokuzalwa zempucuko yakudala emhlabeni.Izixeko zelizwe zavela ngo-4700 BC. Ngo-2000 BC, uBukumkani baseBhabheli, uBukhosi baseAsiriya, kunye noRhulumente waseBhabheli waseBhabheli, owaziwa njengelinye "leMiphakathi emine yakudala", zasekwa ngokulandelelana. Ubukhosi basePersi batshatyalaliswa ngo-550 BC. Yadityaniswa bubukhosi baseArabhu ngenkulungwane ye-7. Ulawulwa buBukhosi base-Ottoman ngenkulungwane ye-16. Kwi-1920, yaba yindawo yaseBritane "yesigunyaziso." Nge-Agasti ka-1921, yabhengeza inkululeko, yaseka uBukumkani base-Iraq, yaza yasungula ubukhosi bakwaFaisal phantsi koKhuselo lwaseBritane. Ndifumene inkululeko epheleleyo ngo-1932. IRiphabhlikhi yase-Iraq yasekwa ngo-1958.

I-Iraq inabemi abamalunga ne-23.58 yezigidi (eqikelelwa yiNgxowa-mali yeMali yeHlabathi phakathi ku-2001), apho ama-Arabhu enza malunga ne-73% yabemi beli lizwe, i-Kurds i-akhawunti malunga ne-21%, kwaye abanye baseTurkey naseArmenian , Ama-Asiriya, amaYuda kunye nama-Irani njl. Ulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni sisiArabhu, olona lwimi lusemthethweni kumantla eKurdish sisiKurdish, kwaye ezinye izizwe ezikummandla osempuma zithetha isiPersi. IsiNgesi ngokubanzi. I-Iraq lilizwe lamaSilamsi, i-Islam yinkolo yaseburhulumenteni, i-95% yabantu kweli lizwe bayakholelwa kwi-Islam.AmaShia amaSilamsi enza i-54.5% kwaye amaSunni amaSilamsi enza i-40.5%. Bambalwa kuphela abantu abakholelwa ebuKristwini okanye ebuYudeni.

I-Iraq isikelelekile ngeemeko ezizodwa zejografi kwaye ityebile kwioyile nakwizibonelelo zegesi yendalo.Ingqine ugcino lweoyile lweebhiliyoni ezingama-112.5.Yilizwe lesibini ngobukhulu lokugcina ioyile emhlabeni emva kweSaudi Arabia.Isekwe kwi-OPEC nakwihlabathi. Inani eligciniweyo loovimba beoyile lenze i-15.5% kunye ne-14% ngokwahlukeneyo. Oovimba begazi base-Iraq nabo bazizityebi kakhulu, bebala i-2.4% yoovimba behlabathi abaqinisekisiweyo.

Umhlaba olimekayo wase-Iraq ubala i-27.6% yomhlaba wonke.Umhlaba wezolimo uxhomekeke kakhulu kumanzi aphezu komhlaba, ikakhulu kwithafa laseMesopotamiya phakathi kweTigris ne-Ewufrathe. Inani labemi bezolimo lithatha isinye kwisithathu sabemi beli lizwe. Ezona zivuno ziphambili yingqolowa, irhasi, idatilisi, njl. Njl. Iinkozo azinako ukuzimela. Kukho ngaphezulu kwesigidi se-33 semithi yesundu kwilizwe liphela, ngesiphumo sonyaka esimalunga ne-6.3 yezigidi zeetoni zemihla. Iindawo eziphambili zabakhenkethi eIraq ngamabhodlo esixeko saseUre (2060 BC), intsalela yoBukhosi baseAsiriya (910 BC) kunye namabhodlo esiXeko saseHartle (esaziwa njenge- "Sun City"). IBhabheli, ebekwe kwiikhilomitha ezingama-90 kumzantsi-ntshona weBaghdad, lihlabathi Amabhodlo edolophu amandulo adumileyo, i "Sky Garden" idweliswe njengomnye wemimangaliso esixhenxe yelizwe lakudala. Ukongeza, iSelukiya neNineve ngakumlambo iTigris zizixeko zamandulo ezaziwayo eIraq.

Imbali ende yenze inkcubeko entle yase-Iraq. Namhlanje, zininzi iindawo zembali eIraq.Seleucia, Nineve kunye neAsiriya ngakumlambo iTigris zizixeko ezidumileyo zamandulo e-Iraq. IBhabheli, ebekwe kwicala lasekunene loMlambo i-Ewufrathe, kwiikhilomitha ezingama-90 kumzantsi-ntshona weBaghdad, yindawo yokuzalwa yempucuko yabantu edume njenge-China yakudala, i-India kunye ne-Egypt. IBaghdad, ikomkhulu laseIraq elinembali engaphezulu kweminyaka eli-1 000, yinto encinci yenkcubeko yayo entle.Kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-8 ukuya kweye-13 AD, iBaghdad yaba liziko lezopolitiko nezoqoqosho eNtshona Asia nakwilizwe lama-Arabhu nendawo yokuhlanganisana yabaphengululi. Iiyunivesithi zibandakanya iBaghdad, iBasra, iMosul kunye nezinye iiyunivesithi.

IBaghdad : IBaghdad, ikomkhulu lase-Iraq, ikumbindi we-Iraq kwaye ijikeleze uMlambo iTigris.Igubungela indawo ye-860 yeekhilomitha kwaye inabemi abazizigidi ezi-5.6 (2002). Izopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, inkolo kunye neziko lenkcubeko. Igama elithi Baghdad livela kwiPersi yakudala, ethetha "indawo enikwe nguThixo". IBaghdad inembali ende. Ngo-762 AD, iBaghdad yonyulwa njengekomkhulu nguMansour, isizukulwana sesibini se-Abbasid Caliph, yaza yabizwa ngokuba sisiXeko Soxolo. Embindini wedolophu "yiNdlu yeGolide" yaseMansour, ejikelezwe ziipaviliyali kunye neepavili zamadoda asebukhosini kunye nabaziwayo. Ngenxa yokuba isixeko sakhiwe ngaphakathi kwidonga leedolophu elijikelezayo, libizwa ngokuba yi "Tuancheng".

Ukusukela kwinkulungwane yesibhozo ukuya kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithathu, ngokwanda okuqhubekayo kunye nophuhliso lweBaghdad, indawo yayo esezidolophini ngokuthe ngcembe yenza ipateni enqamleza unxweme olusempuma nasentshona loMlambo iTigris. Ngeli xesha, ayizizakhiwo ezinesimbo sama-Arabhu kuphela ezanyuka emhlabeni, kodwa kwaneenqanawa zegolide nezesilivere, izinto zakudala zenkcubeko kunye nezinto zakudala ezivela kwihlabathi liphela zazifumaneka, kwaye yanconywa njengesixeko semyuziyam. Kuthiwa i-Arabhu edume umhlaba wonke "Amawaka aliNye kunye nobusuku obunye" yaqala ukusasazeka ukusuka kweli xesha. Oogqirha abadumileyo, iingcali zezibalo, ijiografi, abavumisi ngeenkwenkwezi kunye noososayensi abavela kwihlabathi liphela bahlanganisana apha, besenza indawo yokuhlanganisana yabaphengululi kunye nabaphengululi, beshiya iphepha elizukileyo kwimbali yempucuko yabantu.

IBaghdad inoqoqosho oluphucukileyo kwaye ingumnini we-40% yoshishino lweli lizwe. Kukho amashishini asezidolophini asekwe ekucoceni ioyile, amalaphu, ukushuka, ukwenza iphepha kunye nokutya; oololiwe, oohola bendlela kunye nokuhamba ngenqwelomoya kubandakanya ukuhanjiswa kwamacala amathathu eBaghdad ngomhlaba nangomoya. Ishishini apha lichuma, kungekuphela nje kwiivenkile ezinkulu zale mihla, kodwa nakwiivenkile zamandulo zaseArabhu.

IBaghdad inelifa lemveli elinenkcubeko kwaye iyinyani yamandulo yenkcubeko. Kukho ibhotwe lobulumko elakhiwe ngenkulungwane yesithoba elinendawo yokugcina izinto kunye nelayibrari; IYunivesithi yaseMustancilia, eyunivesithi endala emhlabeni, eyakhiwe e1227; kunye neYunivesithi yaseBaghdad, eyeyesibini kuphela kwiYunivesithi yaseCairo ngobukhulu kwaye ineekholeji ezili-15 . Kukwakhona uninzi lwemyuziyam eIraq, Baghdad, ezomkhosi, ezendalo kunye nezixhobo, ezinokubizwa ngokuba zezona zixeko zikhulu zikumbindi Mpuma.