Iraq, izere zita reRepublic of Iraq, iri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweAsia uye kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweArabia Peninsula. Inofukidza nzvimbo inosvika makiromita mazana mana negumi nemana nemakumi masere nemasere nemapfumbamwe (kusanganisira makiromita mazana mapfumbamwe nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemana emvura uye makiromita mazana matatu nemakumi mairi nemaviri nemaviri emakiromita eIraq neSaudi asina kwadzinogara nzvimbo) Inoganhura Turkey kuchamhembe, Iran kumabvazuva, Siria neJorodhani kumadokero, Saudi Arabia neKuwait kumaodzanyemba, uye Persian Gulf kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Mahombekombe akareba makiromita makumi matanhatu. Hupamhi hwenzvimbo yegungwa i12 nautical mamaira. Maodzanyemba akadziva kumadokero chikamu cheArabia Plateau, inotsvedza yakananga kubani rekumabvazuva; kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva makomo eKurdish, kumadokero inzvimbo yerenje, pakati pebani nemakomo i Mesopotamian Plain, inoverengeka nyika zhinji, uye mazhinji acho ari pasi pemamita zana pamusoro pegungwa. Rwizi rweYufratesi uye rwizi Tigris runopfuura nemunyika yese kubva kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kusvika kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva.Iyo nzizi mbiri dzinobatana neRwizi Xiatai rweArabia kuKhulna, inoyerera ichipinda muPersian Gulf. Nzvimbo ine makomo kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva ine mamiriro ekunze eMediterranean, uye mamwe acho ane mamiriro ekunze anopisa erenje. Iyo yakanyanya kupisa tembiricha iri pamusoro pe50 ℃, uye munguva yechando inenge 0 ℃. Kunaya kwemvura kuri kushoma, paavhareji kunaya kwemvura pagore kuri 100-500 mm kubva kumaodzanyemba kusvika kuchamhembe, uye 700 mm mumakomo ekuchamhembe.

Iraq yakakamurwa kuva matunhu gumi nemasere nematunhu, mataundishipi, nemisha. Mapurovhinzi gumi nemasere ndeaya: Anbar, Arbil, Babil, Muthanna, Baghdad, Najaf, Basrah, Ninevhe neineva, dhi qar, qadisiyah, diyala, salahuddin, dohuk, sulaymaniyah, kalba Dhonza (karbala), Tameem (tameem), Misan (misan), Wasit (wasit).

Iraq ine nhoroondo yakareba.Mesopotamiya ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzekuzvarwa dzevanhu vekare munyika.Maguta-nyika akaonekwa muna 4700 BC. Muna 2000 BC, Humambo hweBabironi, Humambo hweAsiriya, nehumambo hwePashure-Bhabhironi, inozivikanwa seimwe ye "Makumi mana ekare", akagadzwa zvakateedzana. Humambo hwePezhiya hwakaparadzwa muna 550 BC. Yakabatanidzwa neMambo weArabhu muzana ramakore rechinomwe. Inotongwa neOttoman Humambo muzana ramakore rechi16. Muna 1920, yakava yeBritish "nzvimbo yemvumo." Muna Nyamavhuvhu 1921, kuzvitonga kwakaziviswa, Humambo hweIraq hwakagadzwa, uye Faisal Dynasty yakavambwa pasi pekudzivirirwa neBritish. Akawana rusununguko rwakakwana muna 1932. Republic yeIraq yakavambwa muna 1958.

Iraq ine huwandu hwevanhu vangangoita mamirioni 23.58 (inofungidzirwa neInternational Monetary Fund pakati pa2001), ayo maArabu anoverengera 73% yehuwandu hwenyika, maKurds anosvika 21%, uye vamwe vese maTurkey nemaArmenian , MaAsiriya, maJuda nemaIranani etc. Mutauro wepamutemo chiArabic, mutauro wepamutemo wedunhu rekuchamhembe kweKurdish ndiKurdish, uye mamwe marudzi mudunhu rekumabvazuva anotaura Persian. General Chirungu. Iraq inyika yeIslam.Islam ndiyo chitendero chehurumende. 95% yevanhu munyika vanotenda muIslam.VaShia maMuslim vanosvika 54.5% uye maSunni maMuslim vanoita 40.5% .Kurds kuchamhembe vanotendawo muIslam.Vazhinji vavo vakaderera. Kune vanhu vashoma chete vanotenda muchiKristu kana muchiJuda.

Iraq yakakomborerwa nenzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenzvimbo uye yakapfuma mumafuta uye gasi zviwanikwa.Iine ratidziro yemafuta ekuchengetedza emabhiriyoni 112.5 emabhiramu.Nyika yechipiri pakukura yekuchengetedza oiri pasirese mushure meSaudi Arabia.Iyo yakagadzwa muOPP nepasi rose. Huwandu hwese hwakachengetedzwa hwemafuta hwakachengeterwa 15.5% uye 14% zvichiteerana. Iran yakapfumawo mumatura egasi echisikigo, achiverengera 2,4% yematura epasirese epasirese.

Nyika inorimika yeIraq inoita 27.6% yenzvimbo dzapasi rose.Munda wezvekurima unovimba zvakanyanya pamusoro pemvura yepamusoro, kunyanya mubani reMesopotamiya pakati peTigirisi neYufuratesi. Huwandu hwevanhu vekurima hunotora chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chehuwandu hwenyika. Zvirimwa zvikuru igorosi, bhari, madate, nezvimwewo Zviyo hazvigone kuzviriritira. Iko kune anopfuura mamirioni makumi matatu nematatu emiti yemichindwe nyika yose, iine avhareji pagore kuburitsa angangoita 6.3 mamirioni matani emadheti. Nzvimbo huru dzevashanyi muIraq dzinosanganisira matongo eUri guta (2060 BC), zvisaririra zveAsiria Humambo (910 BC) uye matongo eHartle City (inozivikanwa se "Sun City"). Bhabhironi, makiromita makumi maodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweBaghdad, ndiyo nyika Matongo anozivikanwa eguta rekare, rakakurumbira "Sky Bindu" rakanyorwa seimwe yezvishamiso zvinomwe zvepasi rekare. Uye zvakare, Seleucia neNinevhe parutivi rweRwizi Tigris maguta ekare anozivikanwa muIraq.

Nhoroondo refu yakagadzira yakanakisa tsika yeIraq. Nhasi, kune nzvimbo zhinji dzezvakaitika muIraq.Seleucia, Ninevhe neAsiriya padivi peRwizi Tigris ese maguta ekare anozivikanwa muIraq. Bhabhironi, riri pamahombekombe erudyi erwizi rweYufratesi, makiromita makumi mapfumbamwe kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweBaghdad, ndiyo nzvimbo yekuzvarwa kwevanhu vakabudirira seyakakurumbira seChina dzekare, India neEjipitori. Iyo inozivikanwa "Sky Garden" yakanyorwa seimwe yeZvinomwe Zvinoshamisa zvePasi. Baghdad, guta guru reIraq rine nhoroondo yeanodarika makore chiuru, ndiyo microcosm yetsika dzayo yakanaka kwazvo.Kutanga sezana remakore rechisere kusvika regumi nematatu AD, Baghdad yakava muzinda wezvematongerwo enyika neupfumi weWest Asia nenyika yeArab uye nzvimbo yekuunganira vadzidzi. Masayunivhesiti anosanganisira Baghdad, Basra, Mosul uye mamwe mayunivhesiti.

Baghdad : Baghdad, guta guru reIraq, iri pakati nepakati peIraq uye inodarika Rwizi rweTigris.Inotakura nzvimbo yemakiromita mazana masere mazana masere nemakumi matanhatu uye ine huwandu hwevanhu 5.6 mamirioni (2002). Zvematongerwo enyika, zvehupfumi, zvechitendero uye zvetsika nzvimbo. Izwi rekuti Baghdad rinobva ku Persian yekare, zvichireva "nzvimbo yakapihwa naMwari". Baghdad ine nhoroondo refu. Muna 762 AD, Baghdad yakasarudzwa seguta guru naMansour, chizvarwa chechipiri cheAbbasid Caliph, ndokutumidza zita rekuti "Guta rerunyararo". Pakati peguta pane "Goridhe Goridhe" reMansour, rakakomberedzwa nemapumba uye matende evamambo uye vakakurumbira manhamba. Nekuti iro guta rakavakwa mukati medenderedzwa reguta remadziro, iro zvakare rinodaidzwa kuti "Tuancheng".

Kubva muzana ramakore rechisere kusvika muzana ramakore regumi nematatu AD, pamwe nekuenderera mberi kwekuwedzera nekusimudzira kweBaghdad, nharaunda yaro yemadhorobha zvishoma nezvishoma yakaumba chimiro chakatenderedza mabhandi ekumabvazuva nekumadokero eRwizi rweTigris.Mabhangi ekumabvazuva nekumadokero akasunganidzwa nemabhiriji mashanu akavakwa zvakateedzana. Munguva iyi, kwete chete zvivakwa zvine chimiro cheArabhu chenyika chakasimuka kubva pasi, asiwo midziyo yegoridhe neyesirivheri, zvisaririra zvetsika uye zvekare kubva pasi rese zvaive zviripo, uye yakarumbidzwa seguta remamuseum. Zvinonzi iro rakakurumbira pasi rose chiArabic "Chiuru chimwe neusiku humwe" chakatanga kupararira kubva panguva ino. Vanachiremba vane mukurumbira, masvomhu, geographer, vazivi venyeredzi uye masayendisiti kubva kumativi ese epasi vakaungana pano, vachiumba nzvimbo yekuunganira vadzidzi nevadzidzi, vachisiya peji rine mbiri munhoroondo yehupenyu hwevanhu.

Baghdad ine hupfumi hwakasimukira uye ine 40% yeindasitiri yenyika. Kune maindasitiri emumaguta anoenderana nekuchenesa mafuta, machira, kusona, kugadzira pepa uye chikafu; njanji, migwagwa mikuru uye nendege zvinoumba hutatu-hukuru hwekutakura kweBaghdad nenyika nemhepo. Bhizinesi pano rakabudirira, kwete kwete chete ezvitoro zvemazuva ano, asiwo zvekare zvitoro zveArabhu.

Baghdad ine yakadzika tsika tsika uye ndeyechokwadi yekare tsika tsika. Kune huchenjeri muzinda wakavakwa muzana repfumbamwe nezana rekutarisa uye raibhurari; Mustancilia University, imwe yemayunivhesiti ekare pasi rose, yakavakwa mu1227; uye Baghdad University, inova yechipiri chete kuCairo University muhukuru uye ine gumi nemashanu makoreji . Kune zvakare mamuseum mazhinji muIraq, Baghdad, mauto, zvisikwa uye zvombo, izvo zvinogona kunzi zvakanyanya mumaguta makuru muMiddle East.