I-Iraq, igama eligcwele leRiphabhulikhi yase-Iraq, itholakala eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeNhlonhlo yase-Arabia. Imboza indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-441,839 (kufaka phakathi amakhilomitha ayisikwele angama-924 wamanzi namakhilomitha-skwele angama-3,522 wezindawo ezingathathi hlangothi e-Iraq naseSaudi). Unqamula iTurkey ngasenyakatho, i-Iran empumalanga, iSyria neJordani entshonalanga, iSaudi Arabia neKuwait ngaseningizimu, nePersian Gulf ngaseningizimu-mpumalanga. Ugu lungamakhilomitha angama-60 ubude. Ububanzi bolwandle lwendawo ngamamayela ayi-12 nautical. INingizimu-ntshonalanga iyingxenye ye-Arabian Plateau, eyehlelayo ibheke ethafeni elisempumalanga; inyakatho-mpumalanga yizintaba zaseKurdish, entshonalanga yindawo ewugwadule, phakathi kwethafa nezintaba yiThafa laseMesopotamiya, elibhekele iningi lezwe, futhi iningi lalo lingaphansi kwamamitha ayi-100 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. UMfula u-Ewufrathe noMfula iTigris uwela yonke le ndawo usuka enyakatho-ntshonalanga uye eningizimu-mpumalanga.Imifula emibili ihlangana noMfula i-Xiatai Arabian eKhulna, ogelezela eGulf Persian. Indawo enezintaba enyakatho-mpumalanga inesimo sezulu saseMedithera, kanti ezinye ziyizimo zasogwadule ezishisayo. Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu ehlobo lingaphezu kwama-50 ℃, kuthi ebusika kube ngu-0 ℃. Imvula incane kakhulu.Isilinganiso semvula saminyaka yonke singu-100-500 mm ukusuka eningizimu kuya enyakatho, kanye no-700 mm endaweni esenyakatho yezintaba.

I-Iraq ihlukaniswe izifundazwe eziyi-18 ezinezifunda, amalokishi kanye nemizana. Izifundazwe eziyi-18 yilezi: Anbar, Arbil, Babil, Muthanna, Baghdad, Najaf, Basrah, Nineveh neineva, dhi qar, qadisiyah, diyala, salahuddin, dohuk, sulaymaniyah, kalba Donsa (karbala), Tameem (tameem), Misan (misan), Wasit (wasit).

I-Iraq inomlando omude.I-Mesopotamia ingenye yezindawo zokuzalwa zemiphakathi yasendulo emhlabeni.I-City-states yavela ngo-4700 BC. Ngo-2000 BC, uMbuso waseBabiloni, uMbuso wase-Asiriya kanye noMbuso WaseBabiloni, owaziwa njengomunye "Wezimpucuko Ezine Zasendulo", zasungulwa ngokulandelana. Umbuso wasePheresiya wabhujiswa ngo-550 BC. Kwatholwa uMbuso Wama-Arab ngekhulu lesi-7. Ibuswa ngumbuso wase-Ottoman ngekhulu le-16. Ngo-1920, yaba "indawo yegunya" laseBrithani. Ngo-Agasti 1921, kwamenyezelwa ukuzimela, kwasungulwa uMbuso wase-Iraq, kwasungulwa iFaisal Dynasty ngaphansi kokuvikelwa yiBrithani. Ngathola inkululeko ephelele ngo-1932. IRiphabhlikhi yase-Iraq yasungulwa ngo-1958.

I-Iraq inabantu abalinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-23.58 (kulinganiselwa yi-International Monetary Fund maphakathi no-2001), ama-Arabhu abalelwa ku-73% wabantu bonke bezwe, amaKurds abalelwa ku-21%, kanti abanye bangamaTurkey nama-Armenia , Abase-Asiriya, amaJuda nabase-Irani njll. Ulimi olusemthethweni yi-Arabhu, ulimi olusemthethweni esifundeni esisenyakatho seKurd isiKurdish, kanti ezinye izizwe esifundeni esisempumalanga zikhuluma isiPheresiya. IsiNgisi Esijwayelekile. I-Iraq yizwe lamaSulumane.I-Islam iyinkolo yombuso.Abantu abangama-95% ezweni bakholelwa enkolweni yamaSulumane.AmaSulumane amaShia enza u-54.5% kanti amaSunni amaSulumane enza u-40.5 %.AmaKurds asenyakatho nawo akholelwa kwi-Islam.Iningi labo liphansi. Kunabantu abambalwa kuphela abakholelwa ebuKristwini noma ebuJudeni.

I-Iraq ibusiswe ngezimo ezingafani nezindawo futhi inothe ngemithombo kawoyela negesi yemvelo.Ineziqiwu ezigciniwe zikawoyela zemiphongolo eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-112.5.Iyizwe lesibili ngobukhulu eligcina uwoyela emhlabeni ngemuva kweSaudi Arabia. Isungulwe ku-OPEC nasemhlabeni jikelele. Inani eligciniwe likawoyela ligcine u-15.5% no-14% ngokulandelana. Izinqolobane zegesi yemvelo yase-Iraq nazo zicebile kakhulu, zibala u-2.4% wemali ebekiwe ephelele emhlabeni.

Umhlaba olimekayo wase-Iraq ubala u-27.6% wendawo isiyonke yomhlaba. Umhlaba wezolimo uncike kakhulu emanzini angaphezulu, ikakhulukazi ethafeni laseMesopotamiya phakathi kweTigris ne-Ewufrathe. Inani lezolimo lilinganiselwa kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yenani labantu ezweni. Izitshalo ezinkulu ukolweni, ibhali, amadethi, njll. Izinhlamvu azikwazi ukuzimela. Kunemithi yesundu engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-33 ezweni lonke, okukhipha isilinganiso saminyaka yonke esingamathani ayizigidi ezingama-6.3 wamadethi. Izindawo ezinkulu zabavakashi e-Iraq zifaka phakathi amanxiwa wedolobha lase-Uri (2060 BC), izinsalela zoMbuso Wase-Asiriya (910 BC) namanxiwa e-Hartle City (eyaziwa kakhulu njenge "Sun City"). IBabiloni, amakhilomitha angama-90 eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeBaghdad, ngumhlaba Amanxiwa edolobha lasendulo adumile, i- "Sky Garden" ibalwe njengenye yezimangaliso eziyisikhombisa zomhlaba wasendulo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSeleucia neNineve eduze noMfula iTigris amadolobha asendulo aziwayo e-Iraq.

Umlando omude udale isiko elihle lase-Iraq. Namuhla, kunezindawo eziningi zomlando e-Iraq.Seleucia, Nineveh kanye ne-Asiriya ngasemfuleni iTigris wonke amadolobha asendulo adumile e-Iraq. IBabiloni, elisogwini olungakwesokudla loMfula i-Ewufrathe, amakhilomitha angama-90 eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeBaghdad, yindawo yokuzalwa yempucuko yabantu edume njengeChina lasendulo, iNdiya, kanye neGibhithe. I- "Sky Garden" edumile ibalwe njengenye yezimangaliso eziyisikhombisa zomhlaba. IBaghdad, inhlokodolobha yase-Iraq enomlando weminyaka engaphezu kwengu-1 000, iyi-microcosm yesiko layo elihle kakhulu.Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-8 kuya kwele-13 AD, iBaghdad yaba yisikhungo sezepolitiki nezomnotho eNtshonalanga Asia nezwe lama-Arabhu nendawo yokubuthana yabafundi. Amanyuvesi afaka iBaghdad, iBasra, iMosul namanye amanyuvesi.

IBaghdad : IBaghdad, inhlokodolobha yase-Iraq, isenkabeni ye-Iraq futhi inqamula uMfula iTigris. Ihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-860 futhi inabantu abayizigidi ezi-5.6 (2002). Isikhungo sezepolitiki, ezomnotho, ezenkolo namasiko. Igama elithi Baghdad livela kwelasePheresiya lasendulo, okusho ukuthi "indawo enikezwe uNkulunkulu". IBaghdad inomlando omude. Ngo-762 AD, iBaghdad yakhethwa njengenhlokodolobha nguMansour, isizukulwane sesibili se-Abbasid Caliph, futhi yaqanjwa ngokuthi "iDolobha Lokuthula". Maphakathi nedolobha kukhona "Isigodlo Segolide" saseMansour, esizungezwe ngamadokodo nemipheme yamanani abasebukhosini nabavelele. Ngoba idolobha lakhiwe ngaphakathi kodonga lwedolobha eliyisiyingi, libizwa nangokuthi "iTuancheng".

Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-8 kuya kwele-13th AD, ngokwanda okuqhubekayo nokuthuthuka kweBaghdad, indawo yayo yasedolobheni yakha kancane kancane iphethini eyayinqamula osebeni lwasempumalanga nasentshonalanga yoMfula iTigris. Amabhange asempumalanga nasentshonalanga ayexhunywe ngamabhuloho amahlanu akhiwe ngokulandelana. Ngalesi sikhathi, akuveli kuphela izakhiwo ezinesitayela sikazwelonke sama-Arabhu, kepha nezitsha zegolide nezesiliva, izinsalela zamasiko nezinto zakudala ezivela emhlabeni wonke, futhi kwadunyiswa njengedolobha lamagugu emvelo. Kuthiwa i-Arabhu eyaduma umhlaba wonke "One Thousand and One Nights" yaqala ukusabalala kusukela ngalesi sikhathi. Odokotela abadumile, izazi zezibalo, izazi zokuma komhlaba, ababhula ngezinkanyezi nososayensi bamakhemikhali abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba bahlangane lapha, bakha indawo yokuhlangana yezifundiswa kanye nezazi, beshiya ikhasi elikhazimulayo emlandweni wempucuko yabantu.

IBaghdad inomnotho othuthukile futhi ingumnikazi wezimboni ezingama-40% wezwe. Kunezimboni zasemadolobheni ezisuselwa ekucwengweni kukawoyela, izindwangu, ukushuka, ukwenza amaphepha kanye nokudla; ​​ojantshi, imigwaqo emikhulu kanye nokundiza ngezindiza kwakha ukuthuthwa okuthathu kweBaghdad ngomhlaba nangomoya. Ibhizinisi lapha lichumile, hhayi ngezitolo ezinkulu zesimanje kuphela, kodwa futhi nezitolo zasendulo zama-Arabhu.

IBaghdad inamagugu amasiko ajulile futhi iyinhloko-dolobha yamandulo yamasiko. Kunesigodlo sobulumko esakhiwe ngekhulu lesi-9 nge-Observatory kanye nomtapo wezincwadi; I-Mustancilia University, eyakhiwa e-1227 nenye yamanyuvesi amadala kakhulu emhlabeni; kanye neBaghdad University, engeyesibili kuphela eCairo University esikalini futhi inamakholiji ayi-15 . Kunenqwaba yeminyuziyamu e-Iraq, Baghdad, ezempi, ezemvelo nezikhali, ezingabizwa ngokuthi ziningi kakhulu emadolobheni amakhulu eMiddle East.