IPortugal, igama elipheleleyo leRiphabhliki yasePortugal, ligubungela ummandla we-91,900 yeekhilomitha (ngoDisemba 2005). Ifumaneka kwinxalenye ekumzantsi-ntshona weIberia Peninsula eYurophu. Imida iSpain ukuya empuma nasemantla, kunye noLwandlekazi lweAtlantic kumazantsi mpuma. Unxweme lungaphezu kweekhilomitha ezingama-800 ubude. Indawo iphakame emantla kwaye isezantsi emazantsi, ubukhulu becala iintaba neenduli. Inxalenye esemantla yithafa laseMeseta; indawo engumbindi weentaba inokuphakama okuphakathi kwe-800 ukuya kwi-1,000 yeemitha, kwaye incopho ye-Estrela ziimitha ze-1991 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle; emazantsi nasentshona ziinduli namathafa aselunxwemeni ngokwahlukeneyo. Eyona milambo iphambili yiTejo, iDouro (322 yeekhilomitha ukuya kuloo mmandla) neMontego. Umntla unemozulu yehlathi epholileyo enamagqabi abanzi, kwaye emazantsi anemozulu eshushu yeLwandle iMeditera. Iqondo lobushushu eliphakathi li-7-11 ℃ ngoJanuwari nango-20-26 ℃ ngoJulayi. I-avareji yemvula yonyaka yi-500-1000 mm.

Ilizwe lahlulwe langamacandelo olawulo ali-18, angala: Lisbon, Porto, Coimbra, Viañado Castro, Braga, Villaril, Bragança, Guarana Elda, Leiria, Aveiro, Viseu, Santarem, Evora, Faro, Castello Blanco, Portalegre, Beja, Situbal. Kukwakho nemimandla emibini ezimeleyo, iMadeira kunye neAzores.

IPortugal lelinye lamazwe amandulo aseYurophu. Kudala phantsi kolawulo lwamaRoma, amaJamani namaMoor. Yaba bubukumkani obuzimeleyo ngo-1143. Kwinkulungwane ye-15 neye-16, yaqala ukwanda phesheya kolwandle kwaye ngokulandelelana kwamisela inani elikhulu lamathanga eAfrika, eAsia naseMelika, yaba ligunya lezolwandle. Yathinjwa yiSpain ngo-1580 yaza yakhululwa kulawulo lwaseSpain ngo-1640. Ngo-1703 waba ngumxholo waseBrithani. Ngomnyaka we-1820, abaphathi-mthetho basePortugal baqalisa i-revolution yokugxotha imikhosi yaseBrithani. IRiphabhlikhi yokuqala yasekwa ngo-1891. IRiphabhlikhi yesiBini yasekwa ngo-Okthobha u-1910. Inxaxheba kwiManyano ngexesha leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Ngo-Meyi ka-1926, iRiphabhlikhi yesiBini yabhukuqwa kwaza kwasekwa urhulumente wezomkhosi. Kwi-1932, uSalazar waba yinkulumbuso kwaye waseka ulawulo lobuzwilakhe e-Portugal. Ngo-Epreli 1974, "uMkhosi oxhobileyo" owenziwe liqela lamagosa akwinqanaba eliphakathi nelisezantsi babhukuqa ulawulo olunamandla olwalulawula iPortugal ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amane kwaye baqala inkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Iflegi yesizwe: Yixande kunye nomyinge wobude kububanzi be-3: 2. Umphezulu weflegi uqulethwe ngamacandelo amabini: ekhohlo, eluhlaza kunye nasekunene, ebomvu.Indawo eluhlaza luxande oluthe nkqo, inxalenye ebomvu isondele kwisikwere, kwaye ummandla wayo uliphinda-phinde elinye nesiqingatha ubukhulu bendawo eluhlaza. Umfuziselo welizwe lasePortugal upeyintwe embindini wemigca ebomvu neluhlaza. Umbala obomvu uveza ukubhiyozelwa kokusekwa kweRiphabhlikhi yesiBini ngo-1910, kwaye umbala oluhlaza ubonakalisa imbeko kwiNkosana uHenry, eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Navigator".

IPortugal inabemi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-10.3 (2005). Ngaphezulu kwama-99% kubo ngamaPhuthukezi, kwaye amanye aseSpanish. Ulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni sisiPhuthukezi. Ngaphezulu kwama-97% abahlali bakholelwa kubuKatolika.

IPortugal lilizwe eliphuhlileyo elinemveliso yelizwe epheleleyo ye-176.629 yezigidigidi zeedola zaseMelika ngo-2006, ngexabiso lomntu ngamnye nge-16647 yeedola zaseMelika. IPortugal ityebile kwimithombo yezimbiwa, ikakhulu i-tungsten, ubhedu, ipyrite, i-uranium, ihemmatite, imagnetite kunye nemabhile.I-Tungsten igcina indawo yokuqala eNtshona Yurophu. Amacandelo aphambili emizi-mveliso abandakanya amalaphu, iimpahla, ukutya, iphepha, ikhokho, izixhobo zombane, iiseramikhi kunye nokwenza iwayini. Icandelo lenkonzo lasePortugal likhule ngokukhawuleza, kwaye inani leziqhamo zalo kuqoqosho lwesizwe kunye nenani leshishini kubemi abaqeshiweyo sele lisondele kwinqanaba lamazwe aphuhlileyo eYurophu. Indawo yehlathi ziihektare eziyi-3.6 yezigidi, ibala i-1/3 yommandla womhlaba weli lizwe.Imveliso yayo ethambileyo yomthi ithatha ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha semveliso yelizwe liphela, kwaye ukuthunyelwa kwayo kubekwa kwindawo yokuqala emhlabeni, ke yaziwa ngokuba yi "Cork Kingdom". IPortugal lelinye lawona mazwe aphambili avelisa iwayini emhlabeni, kwaye iPorto emantla yindawo eyaziwayo evelisa iwayini. Isosi yetumato yesiPhuthukezi idume eYurophu kwaye ingoyena mthengisi mkhulu kwimarike yaseYurophu. Icandelo lokuloba elwandle lasePortugal liphuhlisiwe, ikakhulu iintlanzi zokuloba, ityhuna kunye nekhowudi.

IPortugal intle kwaye intle, inezakhiwo zakudala ezinjengeenqaba, amabhotwe, kunye neemyuziyam kuyo yonke indawo. Kukho ngaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezingama-800 zonxweme kunxweme olusentshona nolwasemazantsi, kwaye zininzi iilwandle ezintle zentlabathi. Uninzi lwayo lunemozulu yeMeditera. Ezokhenketho ngumthombo obalulekileyo wengeniso yotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle ePortugal kunye neendlela ezibalulekileyo zokwenza intsilelo kurhwebo lwangaphandle.Izona ndawo zinomtsalane kubakhenkethi yiLisbon, Faro, Porto, Madeira, njl.Nyaka nonyaka zifumana abakhenkethi bamanye amazwe abangaphezulu kwenani labemi. Ngaphezulu kwe-6 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ziye zaba ngumthombo obalulekileyo wengeniso yotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle.

ILisbon : ILisbon sisixeko esilikomkhulu leRiphabhlikhi yasePortugal kunye nesona sixeko sikhulu samazibuko ePortugal, esikwiindawo ezisentshona zelizwekazi laseYurophu. Igubungela indawo ye-82 yeekhilomitha. Abemi ngama-535,000 (1999). Intaba yeSintra isemantla eLisbon. UMlambo iTejo, owona mlambo mkhulu ePortugal, ungena kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantic unqumla emazantsi esixeko. Ichatshazelwe kukushushu yiAtlantic yangoku, iLisbon inemozulu elungileyo, ngaphandle kwengqele ebusika kwaye ayitshisi ehlotyeni. Iqondo lobushushu eliphakathi kuJanuwari nangoFebruwari li-8 ℃, kwaye iqondo lobushushu eliphakathi ngoJulayi nango-Agasti ngama-26. Uninzi lonyaka, kunelanga, kushushu kwaye kuyonwaba.

ILisbon yayinendawo zokuhlala abantu kumaxesha angaphambi kokubhalwa kwembali. Ngo-1147, ukumkani wokuqala wasePortugal, uAlfonso I, wabamba uLisbon. Ngo-1245, iLisbon yaba likomkhulu kunye neziko lezorhwebo loBukumkani basePortugal.

Umsebenzi wokulungisa umhlaba waseLisbon ulunge kakhulu.Kukho iipaki kunye negadi ezingama-250 esixekweni, ezinendawo eyi-1,400 yeehektare zengca kunye neendawo eziluhlaza. Kumacala omabini endlela kukho imithi efana nepayini, isundu, ibhodi, ilamuni, umnquma kunye namakhiwane. Isixeko sihlala siluhlaza unyaka wonke, iintyatyambo ziqhakaze ngokupheleleyo, ngokungathi ngumyezo omkhulu onomtsalane kunye nevumba elimnandi. ILisbon irhangqwe ziintaba nemilambo.Sonke isixeko sisasazwe kwiinduli ezincinci ezi-6.Ukude, izindlu ezibomvu zinemibala eyahlukeneyo nemibala eluhlaza ziyancedisana, kwaye ubuhle bayo buhle kakhulu.

Zininzi izikhumbuzo kunye namatye ezikhumbuzo eLisbon. Inqaba iBelem, ebekwe kunxweme loLwandlekazi lweAtlantic, yakhiwa ebutsheni benkulungwane ye-16.Xa umsinga uphezulu, ubonakala udada emanzini kwaye ubuhle bendalo buhle. I-Mononki yaseJeronimos ephambi kwale nqaba yindlela yokwakha eyakhiwe ngohlobo lukaManuel eyayithandwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-16. Iyintle kwaye ikrolwe kakuhle. Kukho amangcwaba abantu abadumileyo eyadini, apho umatiloshe wasePhuthukezi uDa Gama kunye nembongi eyaziwayo uCamo Anz bangcwatyelwa apha.

ILisbon yindawo yokuhamba yesizwe kunye nezona zibuko likhulu ePortugal. Indawo yamazibuko inabela kwiikhilomitha ezili-14, kwaye i-60% yempahla yelizwe yokungenisa kunye nokuthumela kwelinye ilizwe iyalayishwa ize ithuliswe apha. Ukugcwala kwabantu eLisbon kulawulwa ziimoto kunye neendlela ezingaphantsi. Umgaqo ongaphantsi wasetyenziswa ngo-1959, ngezikhululo ezingama-20 kunye nomthamo wabagibeli wonyaka wabagibeli abayi-132 yezigidi. Ukongeza, kukho iimoto zentambo kunye nokuphakamisa iilori ezibaleka ezindulini zedolophu. Icandelo lezokhenketho laseLisbon lidlale indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni uphuhliso lwenkunzi kwisixeko sanamhlanje. Unxweme oluhle lokuhlamba kunxweme olusentshona yeAtlantic yeLisbon yindawo yabakhenkethi eyaziwayo ePortugal, etsala ngaphezulu kwe-1 yezigidi zabakhenkethi ezivela kwihlabathi liphela minyaka le. ILisbon iyeyona dolophu inkulu yabakhenkethi ePortugal.