Saudi Arabia, the full name of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, covers 2.25 million square kilometers. The Arabian Peninsula, located in southwestern Asia, borders the Persian Gulf to the east and the Red Sea to the west, and borders countries such as Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, the UAE, Oman, and Yemen. The word "Saudi Arabia" means "the desert of happiness" in Arabic. The terrain is high in the west and low in the east. To the west is the Hijaz-Asir Plateau, and the Hijaz Mountains to the south are above 3000 meters above sea level. The central part is the Najd Plateau. The east is a plain. The area along the Red Sea is the Red Sea lowland about 70 kilometers wide. The desert accounts for about half of the country's area. Rivers and lakes with no perennial water. The western plateau has a Mediterranean climate; other vast areas have a subtropical desert climate, hot and dry.

The country is divided into 13 regions: Riyadh Region, Mecca Region, Medina Region, Eastern Region, Qasim Region, Ha'il Region, Asir Region, Baha Region, Tabu Croatia, Northern Frontier, Jizan, Najran, Zhufu. There are first-level counties and second-level counties in the region, and first-level townships and second-level townships under the county.

Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of Islam. In the 7th century AD, the successor of the founder of Islam Muhammad established the Arab Empire. The 8th century was its heyday, and its territory spanned Europe, Asia, and Africa. In the 16th century AD, the Arab Empire was ruled by the Ottoman Empire. In the 19th century AD, the British invaded and divided the land into two parts: Hanzhi and Internal History. In 1924, Nezhan chief Abdul Aziz-Saudi Arabia annexed Hanzhi, and then gradually unified the Arabian Peninsula, and announced the establishment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in September 1932.

The national flag: It is rectangular with a ratio of length to width of 3:2. On the green flag ground is written a famous Islamic saying in white Arabic: "All things are not the Lord, but Allah, Muhammad is the messenger of Allah." The sword is painted below, symbolizing holy war and self-defense. Green symbolizes peace and is an auspicious color favored by Islamic countries. The colors and patterns of the national flag highlight the country’s religious beliefs, and Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of Islam.

Saudi Arabia has a total population of 24.6 million (2005), of which the foreign population accounts for about 30%, most of which are Arabs. The official language is Arabic, general English, Islam is the state religion, Sunni accounts for about 85%, Shia accounts for about 15%.

Saudi Arabia implements a free economic policy. Saudi Arabia is known as the "oil kingdom", with its oil reserves and output ranking first in the world, and its oil and petrochemical industries are the lifeblood of its economy. Saudi Arabia's proven oil reserves are 261.2 billion barrels, accounting for 26% of the world's oil reserves. Saudi Arabia produces 400 million to 500 million tons of crude oil per year. Petrochemical products are exported to more than 70 countries and regions. Petroleum revenue accounts for more than 70% of national fiscal revenue, and oil exports account for more than 90% of total exports. Saudi Arabia is also extremely rich in natural gas reserves, with proven natural gas reserves of 6.75 trillion cubic meters, which is among the highest in the world. According to current oil production estimates, Saudi oil can still be exploited for about 80 years. In addition, there are mineral deposits of gold, copper, iron, tin, aluminum, and zinc, making it the world's fourth largest gold market. The main hydraulic resources are groundwater. The total reserve of groundwater is 36 trillion cubic meters. Based on the current water consumption, the water source 20 meters below the surface can be used for about 320 years. Saudi Arabia is the world's largest producer of desalinated seawater. The total amount of seawater desalination in the country accounts for about 21% of the world's seawater desalination. There are 184 reservoirs with a water storage capacity of 640 million cubic meters. Saudi Arabia pays special attention to agriculture. The country has 32 million hectares of arable land and 3.6 million hectares of arable land. Among the countries in the Middle East, Saudi Arabia has the highest gross domestic product, which is a high level among developing countries. In recent years, Saudi Arabia has vigorously pursued a policy of economic diversification, striving to develop non-oil industries such as mining, light industry, and agriculture. The single economic structure that relies on oil has changed. In 2004, the per capita GDP of Saudi Arabia was 11,800 US dollars. Saudi Arabia imports mainly consumer goods and chemical products such as machinery and equipment, food, textiles, etc. Saudi Arabia is a high welfare state. Implement free medical care.

Riyadh: Riyadh City (Riyadh) is the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the seat of the royal palace, and the capital of Riyadh Province. The urban area has 1,600 square kilometers. Located in the three dry valleys of Hanifa, Aisan and Baixahanzai on the Nezhi Plateau in the middle of the Arabian Peninsula, it is 520 meters above sea level, about 386 kilometers east of the Persian Gulf, and an oasis nearby. The climate is dry and hot. The average temperature in July is 33℃ and the highest temperature is 45℃; the average temperature in January is 14℃ and the lowest temperature is 100℃; the average annual temperature is 25℃. The annual precipitation is 81.3 mm. Nearby is an oasis with vast date palm trees and clear springs, which gave Riyadh its name (Riyadh is a plural of "garden" in Arabic).

In the middle of the eighteenth century, the name Riyadh began to be used after a city wall was built around Riyadh. In 1824, it became the capital of the Saudi royal family. Belonged to the Rashid tribe in 1891. In 1902, Abdul Aziz, the founder of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, led his troops to re-occupy Riyadh. When the kingdom was established in 1932, it officially became the capital. At the time of the attack on Cliyad, the last occupied Masmak Castle was still standing. Since the 1930s, Riyadh has quickly become a modern city due to a large amount of oil revenue and the increasing development of transportation. There is a railway east to the Gulf port Dammam, and there is an airport in the northern suburbs.

Riyadh is the national commercial, cultural, educational and transportation center of Saudi Arabia. With the rapid development of petroleum resources, it has built a modern emerging city. The oasis agricultural area produces dates, wheat and vegetables. Industries include oil refining, petrochemicals, cement, textiles, etc. It is a transit point between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, and a distribution center for agricultural and animal husbandry products. Land transportation stations for Muslims in Iran, Iraq and other places to go to Mecca and Medina for hajj. There are modern railways and highways leading to the coast, and there are air lines and highways connecting domestic and foreign.

Mecca: Mecca is the first holy place in Islam. It is located in a narrow valley in the Serat Mountains in western Saudi Arabia, covering an area of ​​nearly 30 square kilometers and a population of about 400,000. It is surrounded by mountains, with undulating hills and magnificent scenery. Mecca, which means "suck" in Arabic, vividly expresses the characteristics of low terrain, high temperature and difficulty in drinking water.

The reason why Mecca is so famous is that Muhammad, the founder of Islam, was born here. Muhammad founded and spread Islam in Mecca. Due to opposition and persecution, he moved to Medina in 622 AD. In Medina, he decided to turn the direction of worship towards Mecca. Since then, Muslims all over the world have turned to Mecca. worship. In 630 AD, Muhammad led his troops to capture Mecca, controlled the right to guard the Kaaba Temple, and abandoned polytheism and changed the temple to an Islamic mosque. The Great Mosque (also known as the Forbidden Temple) in the center of Mecca is the most sacred place for Muslims. It covers an area of ​​160,000 square meters and can accommodate 300,000 Muslims at the same time.

"Hajj" is one of the basic systems that the followers of Islam must abide by. It not only embodies a religious ritual that respects historical traditions and commemorates the "prophet", but also a kind of There is an annual meeting that spontaneously promotes mutual understanding and friendship between Muslims from various countries. For more than 1,000 years, with the increasing development of transportation, the number of Muslims going to Mecca for pilgrimage has increased year by year. Over the years, Muslims of various skin colors and different languages ​​from more than 70 countries have flocked to Mecca, making Mecca during the Hajj period become bizarre. , A kaleidoscope world. After the establishment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932, Mecca was known as the "religious capital" and is now managed by the descendants of Muhammad. The old city of Mecca is called the "Ibrahim Depression" in the river valley. There are gatherings of religious buildings and palaces with medieval characteristics. The narrow streets are lined with antique shops. The clothing, language and customs of the residents still retain some of the style of the Muhammad era.