Saudi Arabia, dzina lonse la Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, limakwirira makilomita 2.25 miliyoni. Arabian Peninsula, yomwe ili kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Asia, imadutsa Persian Gulf kum'mawa ndi Nyanja Yofiira kumadzulo, ndipo imadutsa mayiko monga Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, ndi Yemen. Mawu oti "Saudi Arabia" amatanthauza "chipululu cha chisangalalo" mu Chiarabu. Malowa ndi okwera kumadzulo komanso kum'mawa. Kumadzulo kuli Hijaz-Asir Plateau, ndipo Mapiri a Hijaz kumwera ali pamwamba pa 3000 mita pamwamba pa nyanja. Gawo lapakati ndi Najd Plateau. Kum'mawa kuli chigwa. Dera lomwe lili m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yofiira ndi malo otsika a Nyanja Yofiira pafupifupi makilomita 70 m'lifupi. Chipululu chimakhala pafupifupi theka la dzikolo. Mitsinje ndi nyanja zopanda madzi osatha. Madera akumadzulo ali ndi nyengo ya Mediterranean; madera ena akuluakulu ali ndi nyengo yachipululu yotentha, yotentha komanso youma.

Dzikoli lagawidwa zigawo 13: Dera la Riyadh, Chigawo cha Mecca, Chigawo cha Medina, Chigawo Chakummawa, Chigawo cha Qasim, Chigawo cha Ha'il, Chigawo cha Asir, Chigawo cha Baha, Tabu Croatia, Malire a Kumpoto, Jizan, Najran, Zhufu. Kuderali kuli matauni oyambira ndi zigawo zachiwiri m'chigawochi, komanso matauni okhala ndi gawo loyamba komanso matauni apansi oyang'anira zigawo.

Saudi Arabia ndi malo obadwira Chisilamu. M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri AD, wolowa m'malo wa Islam Muhammad adakhazikitsa Ufumu wa Aluya.Zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu linali tsiku lotsogola, ndipo gawo lake lidafalikira ku Europe, Asia, ndi Africa. M'zaka za zana la 16 AD, Ufumu wa Aluya unkalamulidwa ndi Ufumu wa Ottoman. M'zaka za zana la 19 AD, aku Britain adalanda ndikugawa malowa kukhala magawo awiri: Hanzhi ndi Mbiri Yamkati. Mu 1924, wamkulu wa Nezhan a Abdul Aziz-Saudi Arabia adalanda Hanzhi, kenako pang'onopang'ono adalumikiza Arabian Peninsula, ndikulengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa Kingdom of Saudi Arabia mu Seputembara 1932.

Mbendera yadziko: Ndi yaying'ono yamakona anayi ndi kutalika kwa kutalika kwa 3: 2. Pamalo obiriwira obiriwira pamalembedwa mawu achisilamu odziwika mu Chiarabu choyera kuti: "Zinthu zonse si Ambuye, koma Allah, Muhammad ndiye mthenga wa Allah." Lupangalo lajambulidwa pansipa, likuyimira nkhondo yoyera komanso chitetezo. Chobiriwira chimayimira mtendere ndipo ndiutoto wokongola womwe mayiko achi Islamic amakonda. Mitundu ndi mitundu ya mbendera yadziko ikuwonetsa zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo zadzikolo, ndipo Saudi Arabia ndi komwe kudabadwira Chisilamu.

Saudi Arabia ili ndi anthu okwana 24.6 miliyoni (2005), omwe akunja amawerengera pafupifupi 30%, ndipo ambiri aiwo ndi Aluya. Chilankhulo chovomerezeka ndi Chiarabu, Chingerezi chonse, Chisilamu ndichipembedzo chaboma, Sunni amawerengera pafupifupi 85%, Shia amawerengera pafupifupi 15%.

Saudi Arabia ikukhazikitsa ndondomeko yazachuma yaulere. Saudi Arabia imadziwika kuti "ufumu wamafuta", pomwe mafuta ake amasungidwa komanso kutulutsa koyamba padziko lapansi, ndipo mafakitale ake amafuta ndi petrochemical ndiwo moyo wachuma chake. Malo osungira mafuta aku Saudi Arabia ndi migolo 261.2 biliyoni, kuwerengera 26% yamafuta amafuta padziko lapansi. Saudi Arabia imapanga mafuta osakonzedwa okwana matani 400 miliyoni mpaka 500 miliyoni pachaka.Zogulitsa zamafuta zimatumizidwa kumayiko ndi zigawo zoposa 70. Ndalama zamafuta zimaposa 70% ya ndalama zadziko lonse, ndipo mafuta omwe amatumizidwa kunja amatenga zoposa 90% zogulitsa kunja konse. Saudi Arabia ilinso ndi chuma chambiri chambiri, ndi gasi yotsimikizika ya 6.75 trilioni cubic metres, yomwe ili m'gulu lapamwamba kwambiri padziko lapansi. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwamakono kwamafuta, mafuta aku Saudi atha kugwiritsidwabe ntchito kwa zaka 80. Kuphatikiza apo, pamapezeka miyala ya golide, mkuwa, chitsulo, malata, aluminiyamu ndi zinc, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala msika wachinayi padziko lonse lapansi wagolide. Zomwe zimayambira ndi madzi apansi panthaka. Madzi onse osungidwa pansi ndi ma tric cubic metres 36. Kutengera momwe madzi akugwiritsidwira ntchito, gwero lamadzi la 20 mita pansi limatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwazaka pafupifupi 320. Saudi Arabia ndi yomwe imatulutsa madzi amchere okhala ndi mchere kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.Madzi okwanira amchere amchere mdziko muno amatenga pafupifupi 21% yamadzi amchere apadziko lonse lapansi. Pali malo osungiramo madzi okwanira 184 omwe amatha kusunga madzi okwana 640 miliyoni. Saudi Arabia imasamala kwambiri zaulimi. Dzikoli lili ndi mahekitala 32 miliyoni a nthaka yolimapo ndi mahekitala 3.6 miliyoni a nthaka yolimapo. Mwa mayiko aku Middle East, Saudi Arabia ili ndi chuma chambiri kwambiri, chomwe chimakhala chambiri pakati pa mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene. M'zaka zaposachedwa, Saudi Arabia yakhala ikutsatira mwamphamvu mfundo zakusintha kwachuma, kuyesetsa kupanga mafakitale osagwiritsa ntchito mafuta monga migodi, mafakitale opepuka, komanso ulimi. Mu 2004, GDP ya munthu aliyense ku Saudi Arabia inali madola 11,800 aku US. Saudi Arabia imatumiza makamaka zogulitsa ndi zinthu zamagetsi monga makina ndi zida, chakudya, nsalu, ndi zina zambiri. Saudi Arabia ndi dziko labwino kwambiri. Tsatirani chithandizo chamankhwala chaulere.

Riyadh: Riyadh City (Riyadh) ndiye likulu la Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, pampando wachifumu, komanso likulu la Riyadh Province. Dera lamatauni lili ndi ma 1,600 ma kilomita. Ili m'zigwa zitatu zouma za Hanifa, Aisan ndi Baixahanzai ku Nezhi Plateau pakati pa Arabia Peninsula, ili pamtunda wa mamita 520 pamwamba pa nyanja, pafupifupi makilomita 386 kum'mawa kwa Persian Gulf, ndi oasis pafupi. Nyengo ndi youma komanso yotentha, ndi kutentha kwapakati pa 33 ° C mu Julayi ndi kutentha kwakukulu kwa 45 ° C; kutentha kwapakati mu Januware ndi 14 ° C ndipo kutentha kochepa ndi 100 ° C; ndipo kutentha kwapakati pachaka ndi 25 ° C. Mpweya wamvula wapachaka ndi 81.3 mm. Pafupi pali malo ochititsa chidwi omwe ali ndi mitengo ya kanjedza yayikulu komanso akasupe oyera, omwe adapatsa dzina la Riyadh (Riyadh ndichambiri cha "dimba" m'Chiarabu).

Pakati pa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu, dzina loti Riyadh lidayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito khoma la mzinda litamangidwa mozungulira Riyadh. Mu 1824, idakhala likulu la banja lachifumu la Saudi. Anali amtundu wa Rashid ku 1891. Mu 1902, Abdul Aziz, yemwe adayambitsa Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, adatsogolera asitikali ake kuti alandenso Riyadh.Ufumuwo utakhazikitsidwa mu 1932, udakhala likulu. Pa nthawi yomwe kuukira kwa Cliyad, Masmak Castle yomalizidwa idayimilirabe. Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1930, Riyadh yakhala mzinda wamakono mwachangu chifukwa cha mafuta ochulukirapo komanso kupititsa patsogolo mayendedwe. Pali njanji kum'mawa kukafika ku doko la Gulf Dammam, ndipo pali eyapoti kumpoto chakumpoto.

Riyadh ndiye likulu lazamalonda, chikhalidwe, maphunziro ndi mayendedwe ku Saudi Arabia. Ndikukula kwachangu kwazinthu zamafuta, yamanga mzinda wamakono wotukuka. Dera la oasis limatulutsa zipatso, tirigu ndi ndiwo zamasamba. Makampani amaphatikizapo kuyenga mafuta, petrochemicals, simenti, nsalu, ndi zina zambiri. Ndi malo odutsa pakati pa Nyanja Yofiira ndi Persian Gulf, komanso malo ogawa zinthu zaulimi ndi ziweto. Malo oyendera pansi a Asilamu ku Iran, Iraq ndi malo ena oti apite ku Mecca ndi Medina kukachita hajj. Pali njanji zamakono ndi misewu ikuluikulu yolowera kugombe, ndipo pali mizere yamawayilesi ndi misewu ikuluikulu yolumikiza zoweta ndi zakunja.

Makka: Makka ndi malo oyamba opatulika mu Chisilamu. Ili m'chigwa chopapatiza m'mapiri a Serat kumadzulo kwa Saudi Arabia, komwe kuli pafupifupi makilomita 30 ndi anthu pafupifupi 400,000. Ili lozunguliridwa ndi mapiri, okhala ndi mapiri osadumphadumpha komanso malo owoneka bwino. Mecca, kutanthauza "kuyamwa" m'Chiarabu, imafotokoza momveka bwino mawonekedwe amalo otsika, kutentha kwambiri komanso kuvuta kwamadzi akumwa.

Chifukwa chomwe Mecca ndi yotchuka ndichakuti Muhammad, yemwe adayambitsa Chisilamu, adabadwira kuno. Muhammad adayambitsa ndikufalitsa Chisilamu ku Mecca. Chifukwa chotsutsidwa ndi kuzunzidwa, adasamukira ku Medina mu 622 AD. Ku Medina, adaganiza zopititsa patsogolo kulambira ku Mecca. Kuyambira pamenepo, Asilamu padziko lonse lapansi apita ku Mecca. lambira. Mu 630 AD, Muhammad adatsogolera gulu lake lankhondo kuti alande Mecca, adayang'anira ufulu woyang'anira Kachisi wa Kaaba, ndikusiya kupembedza milungu yambiri ndikusintha kachisi kukhala mzikiti wachisilamu. Great Mosque (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Mosque Forbidden) yomwe ili pakatikati pa Mecca ndi malo opatulika kwambiri kwa Asilamu. Ili ndi malo okwana ma mita 160,000 ndipo imatha kukhala ndi Asilamu 300,000 nthawi yomweyo.

"Hajj" ndi imodzi mwamachitidwe omwe otsatira Chisilamu ayenera kutsatira. Sikuti imangokhala miyambo yachipembedzo yomwe imalemekeza miyambo yakale komanso yokumbukira "mneneri", komanso mtundu wa Pali msonkhano wapachaka womwe umangolimbikitsa kumvana ndi mgwirizano pakati pa Asilamu ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana. Kwa zaka zopitilira 1,000, ndikuwonjezereka kwa mayendedwe, kuchuluka kwa Asilamu opita ku Mecca kukachita maulendo akuwonjezeka chaka ndi chaka.Pazaka zapitazi, Asilamu amitundu yosiyanasiyana akhungu ndi zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana ochokera kumayiko opitilira 70 adakhamukira ku Mecca, ndikupangitsa Mecca munthawi ya Hajj kukhala yodabwitsa. , Dziko lakaleidoscope. Ufumu wa Saudi Arabia utakhazikitsidwa mu 1932, Mecca amadziwika kuti "likulu lachipembedzo" ndipo tsopano akuyang'aniridwa ndi mbadwa za Muhammad. Mzinda wakale wa Mecca umatchedwa "Ibrahim Depression" m'chigwa cha mtsinje. Pali misonkhano yanyumba zachipembedzo komanso nyumba zachifumu zomwe zimakhala ndi zaka zamakedzana.Misewu yopapatiza ili ndi malo ogulitsira zakale.Zovala, chilankhulo ndi zikhalidwe zaomwe akukhalabe zikusungabe zina za nthawi ya Muhammad.