Saudi Arabia, izere zita rehumambo hweSaudi Arabia, inovhara 2.25 mamirioni emakiromita. Arabian Peninsula, iri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweAsia, inopinda muPersian Gulf kumabvazuva uye Gungwa Dzvuku kumadokero.Iyo inopinda muJorodhani, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Yemen nedzimwe nyika. Izwi rekuti "Saudi Arabia" rinoreva "renje remufaro" muchiArabic. Nzvimbo yacho yakakwira kumadokero uye yakadzika kumabvazuva. Kumadokero kune Hijaz-Asir Plateau, uye Hijaz Mountain Range kumaodzanyemba inodarika 3000 metres pamusoro pegungwa. Chikamu chepakati ndiyo Najd Plateau. Kumabvazuva ibani. Nzvimbo iri pedyo neGungwa Dzvuku ndiyo Gungwa Dzvuku rakadzika makiromita angangoita makumi manomwe. Iyo renje inosvika kwehafu yenzvimbo yenyika. Nzizi nemadhamu asina mvura isingaperi. Bani rekumadokero ndere mamiriro ekunze eMediterranean; dzimwe nzvimbo dzakakura ndedze mamiriro ekunze epasi perenje, inopisa uye yakaoma.

Nyika yakakamurwa kuita matunhu gumi nematatu: Riyadh Dunhu, Dunhu reMecca, Dunhu reMedina, Dunhu rekuMabvazuva, Dunhu reQasim, Dunhu reHa'il, Dunhu reAsir, Dunhu reBaha, Tabu Croatia, Northern Frontier, Jizan, Najran, Zhufu. Kune matunhu ekutanga-chikamu uye echipiri-chikamu matunhu mudunhu, uye ekutanga-nhanji emataundishipi uye echipiri-nhanji emataundi ari pasi pematunhu.

Saudi Arabia ndiyo nzvimbo yekuzvarwa yeIslam. Muzana ramakore rechinomwe AD, akatsiva muvambi weIslam, Muhammad, akasimbisa Humambo hweArabhu.Zana ramakore rechisere ndiro raive zuva raro rakanaka, uye nharaunda yacho yaisanganisira Europe, Asia, ne Africa. Muzana ramakore rechi 16 AD, Humambo hweArabhu hwaitongwa nehushe hweOttoman. Muzana ramakore rechi19 AD, maBritish akapinda nekukamura ivhu kuita zvikamu zviviri: Hanzhi uye Yemukati Nhoroondo. Muna 1924, Nezhan mukuru Abdul Aziz-Saudi Arabia akabatanidza Hanzhi, uye zvishoma nezvishoma akabatanidza Arabia Peninsula, uye akazivisa kugadzwa kweHumambo hweSaudi Arabia munaGunyana 1932.

Mureza wenyika: Iyo yakatetepa ine chiyero chehurefu kusvika paupamhi hwe3: 2. Pane yakasvibirira mureza pasi pakanyorwa chirevo chakakurumbira cheIslam nechichena chiArabic: "Zvinhu zvese hazvisi Ishe, asi Allah, Muhammad ndiye mutumwa waAllah." Pfumo rakapendwa pazasi, rinomiririra hondo tsvene uye kuzvidzivirira. Green inoratidzira runyararo uye iri rinoyevedza ruvara runofarirwa nenyika dzeIslam. Iwo mavara uye mapatani emureza wenyika anoonesa zvitendero zvemunyika, uye Saudi Arabia ndiyo nzvimbo yekuzvarwa yeIslam.

Saudi Arabia ine huwandu hwakazara hwemamiriyoni makumi maviri nematanhatu (2005), huwandu hwevanhu vekunze hunosvika makumi matatu muzana, mazhinji acho ari maArabu. Mutauro wepamutemo chiArabic, chiRungu chakawanda, chiIslam chitendero chehurumende, maSunni anoverengera nezve 85%, maShia anoverengera angangoita 15%.

Saudi Arabia inoshandisa mutemo wezvehupfumi wakasununguka. Saudi Arabia inozivikanwa se "oiri humambo", iine oiri ayo matura uye goho chinzvimbo chekutanga pasirese, uye mafuta ayo uye petrochemical maindasitiri ndiwo hupenyu hwehupfumi hwayo. Nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa dzemafuta eSaudi Arabia dziri pamabhariri mazana maviri negumi nematanhatu, achiverengera makumi maviri neshanu ematura epasirese emafuta. Saudi Arabia inogadzira mamirioni mazana mana kusvika mazana mashanu emamiriyoni emafuta asina kugadzirwa pagore.Petrochemical zvigadzirwa zvinotumirwa kune dzinopfuura nyika makumi manomwe uye matunhu.Petroleum mari inobata inopfuura 70% yemari yemari yenyika, uye kutengeswa kwemafuta kunotakura zvinopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe muzana ezvese zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika. Saudi Arabia zvakare yakapfuma zvakanyanya mumatura gasi, neakavhurwa gasi chaiwo e6,75 trillion cubic metres, iri pakati pepamusoro-soro pasirese. Zvinoenderana nekufungidzirwa kwazvino kwekugadzirwa kwemafuta, oiri yeSaudi ichiri kushandiswa kwenguva ingangoita makore makumi masere. Uye zvakare, kune zvicherwa zvakaiswa zvegoridhe, mhangura, iron, tini, aluminium, uye zinc, zvichiita kuti ive musika wegore wegore pakukura. Huru hydraulic zviwanikwa ipasi pemvura. Matura ese emvura yepasi anosvika makumi matatu emamiriyoni emamiriyoni emamita.Izvi zvinoenderana nemvura yazvino, tsime remvura remamita makumi maviri pasi pevhu rinogona kushandiswa kweanosvika makore makumi matatu nemaviri. Saudi Arabia ndiyo inogadzira pasi pese mvura yegungwa ine desal.Uwandu hwese hwemvura yegungwa munyika inoumba chikamu che21% yemvura yemugungwa yepasirese. Kune 184 madziva ane inochengetedza mvura inokwana mamirioni mazana matanhatu nemakumi mana emamiriyoni emamita. Saudi Arabia inotarisisa zvakanyanya kurima. Nyika ine mahekita emamiriyoni makumi matatu nemaviri evhu rinorimwa uye mahekita mamirioni 3.6 epasi rinorimwa. Pakati penyika dziri kuMiddle East, Saudi Arabia ine girositi yepamusoro yezvigadzirwa, inova iri nhanho yepamusoro pakati penyika dzichiri kusimukira. Mumakore achangopfuura, Saudi Arabia yakateedzera zvine simba gwara rekusiyanisa hupfumi, ichivavarira kugadzira maindasitiri asiri emafuta senge kuchera, maindasitiri akareruka, uye kurima.Mhando imwechete yehupfumi inovimba neoiri yachinja. Muna 2004, iyo yega capita GDP yeSaudi Arabia yaive 11,800 US madhora. Saudi Arabia inopinza zvakanyanya zvinhu zvevatengi uye zvigadzirwa zvemakemikari senge michina nemidziyo, chikafu, machira, nezvimwe. Saudi Arabia inzvimbo yepamusoro yehupfumi. Shandisai kurapwa pachena.

Riyadh: Riyadh Guta (Riyadh) ndiro guta guru rehumambo hweSaudi Arabia, chigaro cheRoyal Palace, uye guta guru reRiyadh Province. Iyo yemadhorobha nzvimbo ine 1,600 mativi emakiromita. Inowanikwa mumipata mitatu yakaoma yeHanifa, Aisan neBaixahanzai paNezhi Plateau iri pakati peArabia Peninsula, iri 520 metres pamusoro pegungwa, anenge makiromita 386 kumabvazuva kwePersian Gulf, uye oasis padyo. Mamiriro ekunze akaoma uye anopisa.Avhareji tembiricha muna Chikunguru ndeye 33 ℃ uye yakanyanya kupisa iri 45 ℃; iyo yepakati tembiricha muna Ndira ndeye 14 ℃ uye yakadzika tembiricha iri 100 ℃; avhareji tembiricha yegore iri 25 ℃. Kunaya kwegore negore kuri 81.3 mm. Pedyo pane oasis ine yakakura misi yemichindwe uye matsime akajeka, ayo akapa Riyadh zita rayo (Riyadh izhinji re "gadheni" muchiArabic).

Pakati pezana regumi nemasere century, zita rekuti Riyadh rakatanga kushandiswa mushure mekuvakwa kweguta reguta rakatenderedza Riyadh. Muna 1824, rakava guta guru remhuri yehumambo yeSaudi. Yaive yerudzi rweRashid muna 1891. Muna 1902, Abdul Aziz, muvambi weHumambo hweSaudi Arabia, akatungamira mauto ake kuti vatorezve Riyadh.Pakati humambo hwakagadzwa muna 1932, hwakave muzinda zviri pamutemo. Panguva yekurwiswa kweCliyad, yekupedzisira yaigara Masmak Castle yakanga ichakamira. Kubva kuma1930, Riyadh yakakurumidza kuve guta remazuva ano nekuda kwehuwandu hwemafuta emari uye kuwedzera kukura kwekufambisa. Kune njanji yekumabvazuva kuenda kuGulf port Dammam, uye kune airport kune ekuchamhembe kwemasabhabha.

Riyadh ndiyo yenyika yekutengesa, tsika, dzidzo uye chekufambisa nzvimbo yeSaudi Arabia. Nekukurumidza kukurumidza kwe petroleum zviwanikwa, yakavaka guta remazuva ano riri kubuda. Iyo oasis nzvimbo yekurima inoburitsa mazuva, gorosi nemiriwo. Maindasitiri anosanganisira kuchenesa mafuta, petrochemicals, samende, machira, nezvimwe. Inzvimbo yekufambisa iri pakati peGungwa Dzvuku nePersian Gulf, uye nzvimbo yekugovera yezvigadzirwa zvekurima nekuchengeta zvipfuyo. Nzvimbo dzekufambisa dzepasi dzevaMuslim muIran, Iraq nedzimwe nzvimbo kuenda kuMecca neMedina kune hajj. Kune njanji dzemazuva ano nemigwagwa mikuru inoenda kumahombekombe, uye kune mitsara yemhepo uye migwagwa mikuru inobatanidza yekumba neyekunze.

Mecca: Mecca ndiyo yekutanga nzvimbo tsvene muIslam. Inowanikwa mumupata wakamanikana muSerat Mountains kumadokero kweSaudi Arabia, inovhara nzvimbo ingangoita makumi matatu emakiromita uye huwandu hwevanhu vangangoita 400,000. Yakakomberedzwa nemakomo, ane makomo asingatsuduguki uye nzvimbo dzinoyevedza. Mecca, zvinoreva kuti "kuyamwa" muchiArabic, inoratidza zvakajeka hunhu hwepasi penzvimbo, tembiricha yakakwira uye kunetsekana mumvura yekunwa.

Chikonzero nei Mecca ichizivikanwa zvakadaro ndeyekuti Muhammad, muvambi weIslam, akaberekerwa pano. Muhammad akatanga nekuparadzira Islam muMecca. Nekuda kwekushorwa nekutambudzwa, akatamira kuMedina muna 622 AD. MuMedina, akafunga kutsausa nzira yekunamata akananga kuMecca. Kubva ipapo, maMuslim pasi rese vatendeukira kuMecca. namata. Muna 630 AD, Muhammad akatungamira mauto ake kundotora Mecca, akadzora kodzero yekurinda Kaaba Tembere, uye akasiya vamwari vazhinji ndokushandura tembere kuita musikiti yechiIslam. Great Mosque (inozivikanwawo seMutemo Usina Kurambidzwa) iri pakati peMecca ndiyo nzvimbo inoera kwazvo yevaMuslim.Inotora nzvimbo inosvika 160 000 mativi emamirimita uye inogona kutora maMuslim mazana matatu panguva imwe chete.

"Hajj" ndiyo imwe yenzira dzekutanga dzinofanirwa kutevedzwa nevateveri veIslam. Haingoratidzi tsika yechinamato inoremekedza tsika dzekare nekurangarira "muporofita", asiwo rudzi rwe Iko kune musangano wepagore uyo unosimudzira nekukurumidza kunzwisisana uye hushamwari pakati pevaMuslim vanobva kunyika dzakasiyana. Kwemakore anopfuura chiuru, nekuvandudzwa kwekufambisa, huwandu hwevaMuslim vanoenda kuMecca kunofambira hwakawedzera gore negore.Mumakore, maMuslim emarudzi akasiyana-siyana eganda nemitauro yakasiyana kubva munyika dzinopfuura makumi manomwe vakamhanyira kuMecca. , Nyika yekareidoscope. Mushure mekugadzwa kwehumambo hweSaudi Arabia mu1932, Mecca yaizivikanwa se "guta rechitendero" uye rave kutarisirwa nevazukuru vaMuhammad. Guta rekare reMecca rinonzi "Ibrahim Kushungurudzika" mumupata werwizi. Kune kuungana kwezvivakwa zvechitendero uye dzimba dzehumambo dzine hunhu hwepakati nepakati.Migwagwa mitete yakazadzwa nezvitoro zvekare. Zvipfeko, mutauro uye tsika dzevagari zvichiri kuchengeta mamwe maitiro eiyo nguva yaMuhammad.