ISaudi Arabia, igama elipheleleyo lobukumkani baseSaudi Arabia, ligubungela i-2.25 yezigidi zeekhilomitha ezizikwere. Ipeninsula iArabia imi kumazantsi-ntshona e-Asiya, kwaye imida kwiPersian Gulf ukuya empuma kunye noLwandle Olubomvu ngasentshona, iJordani, i-Iraq, i-Kuwait, i-UAE, i-Oman, i-Yemen kunye namanye amazwe. Igama "Saudi Arabia" lithetha "intlango yolonwabo" ngesiArabhu. Indawo iphakame kakhulu entshona kwaye isempuma. Ngasentshona yiHijaz-Asir Plateau, kwaye iiNtaba zeHijaz emazantsi zingaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-3000 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle. Icandelo eliphambili yiNajd Plateau. Impuma ithafa. Indawo engakuLwandle oluBomvu luLwandle oluBomvu intili ephantsi malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-70 ububanzi. Intlango ibanga malunga nesiqingatha sommandla welizwe. Imilambo kunye namachibi angenamanzi angapheliyo. Ithafa elisentshona lelikwimozulu yeMeditera; ezinye iindawo ezinkulu zikwimozulu eshushu yentlango, kushushu kwaye komile.

Ilizwe lahlulwe langamacandelo ali-13: Ummandla waseRiyadh, uMecca, uMmandla weMedina, uMmandla waseMpuma, uMmandla waseQasim, uMmandla waseHa'il, uMmandla we-Asir, uMmandla weBaha, iTabu ICroatia, uMda osemantla, iJizan, iNajran, iZhufu. Kukho iitawuli zenqanaba lokuqala kunye neeklasi zenqanaba lesibini kule ngingqi, kunye neelokishi zenqanaba lokuqala kunye neelokishi zenqanaba lesibini eziphantsi kwengingqi.

I-Saudi Arabia yindawo yokuzalwa yama-Islam. Ngenkulungwane ye-7 AD, owangena ezihlangwini zomsunguli wenkolo yobu-Islam, uMuhammad, waseka uBukhosi bama-Arabhu. Inkulungwane yesi-8 yayiyeyona ntsuku inkulu, kwaye ummandla wayo wawuquka iYurophu, iAsia neAfrika. Kwinkulungwane ye-16th AD, uBukhosi baseArabhu babulawulwa buBukhosi base-Ottoman. Ngenkulungwane ye-19 AD, i-Bhritane yahlasela yaza yahlulahlula umhlaba waba ziinxalenye ezimbini: iHanzhi neMbali yaNgaphakathi. Ngo-1924, inkosi yase-Nezhan u-Abdul Aziz-Saudi Arabia yathimba i-Hanzhi, emva koko yanyanzelisa ukuhlanganisa iPeninsula yase-Arabia, kwaye yabhengeza ukumiselwa kobukumkani base-Saudi Arabia ngo-Septemba ka-1932.

Iflegi yesizwe: yoxande kunye nomyinge wobude kububanzi be-3: 2. Kumhlaba oluhlaza weflegi kubhalwe intetho edumileyo yamaSilamsi ngesi-Arabhu esimhlophe: "Zonke izinto aziyiNkosi, kodwa ngu-Allah, uMuhammad ngumthunywa ka-Allah." Ikrele lipeyintwe ngezantsi, kufanekisela imfazwe engcwele kunye nokuzikhusela. Oluhlaza lubonakalisa uxolo kwaye ngumbala oqinisekileyo owuthandwayo ngamazwe amaSilamsi. Imibala kunye neepateni zeflegi yesizwe ziqaqambisa iinkolelo zelizwe, kwaye iSaudi Arabia yindawo yokuzalwa yamaSilamsi.

I-Saudi Arabia inabemi abangama-24.6 yezigidi (2005), apho abemi bamanye amazwe baxabisa malunga ne-30%, uninzi lwabo ingama-Arabhu. Ulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni sisiArabhu, isiNgesi ngokubanzi, i-Islam yinkolo yaseburhulumenteni, ii-akhawunti zeSunni malunga ne-85%, ii-akhawunti zeShia malunga ne-15%.

I-Saudi Arabia iphumeza umgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho wasimahla. ISaudi Arabia yaziwa ngokuba "bubukumkani beoyile", kunye noovimba bayo beoyile kunye nenqanaba lokukhutshwa okokuqala emhlabeni, kwaye ioyile kunye nemveliso yamachiza epetroli yimeko yokuphila kuqoqosho lwayo. Oovimba beoyile baseSaudi Arabia bangama-261.2 ezigidi zemigqomo, bebala ama-26% oovimba beoyile behlabathi. ISaudi Arabia ivelisa i-400 yezigidi zeetoni zeoyile ekrwada ngonyaka.Imveliso zepetroli zithunyelwa kumazwe angaphezu kwama-70 nakwimimandla.Ingeniso yePetroleum i-akhawunti ingaphezulu kwe-70% yengeniso yelizwe, kunye nokuthunyelwa kweoyile kuthumela ngaphezulu kwe-90% yokuthumela ngaphandle. ISaudi Arabia ikwacebile kakhulu koovimba begesi yendalo, kunye noovimba begesi yendalo eqinisekisiweyo eyi-6.75 trillion cubic metres, ephakathi kwezona ziphezulu ehlabathini. Ngokwengqikelelo yemveliso yeoyile yangoku, ioyile yaseSaudi isenokuxhatshazwa malunga neminyaka engama-80. Ukongeza, kukho izimbiwa zegolide, ubhedu, i-iron, i-tin, i-aluminium kunye ne-zinc, eyenza ukuba ibe yintengiso yegolide yesine ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Owona mthombo uphambili wamanzi ngamanzi aphantsi komhlaba. Ugcino olupheleleyo lwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba zii-cubic metres ezingama-36 zeetriliyoni. Ngokusekwe kusetyenziso lwamanzi lwangoku, umthombo wamanzi weemitha ezingama-20 ngaphantsi komphezulu unokusetyenziswa malunga neminyaka engama-320. ISaudi Arabia ngoyena mvelisi mkhulu wamanzi olwandle anetyuwa.Isixa esipheleleyo samanzi olwandle aselwandle kweli lizwe abandakanya malunga neepesenti ezingama-21 zamanzi olwandle anetyuwa. Kukho amadama ali-184 anendawo yokugcina amanzi angama-640 ezigidi zeekyubhikh. ISaudi Arabia ihlawula ngokukodwa ezolimo. Ilizwe lineehektare ezizigidi ezingama-32 zomhlaba olimekayo kunye neehektare eziyi-3.6 zezigidi zomhlaba olimekayo. Phakathi kwamazwe akuMbindi Mpuma, iSaudi Arabia ineyona mveliso ephezulu yekhaya, kwinqanaba eliphezulu phakathi kwamazwe asaphuhlayo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iSaudi Arabia iye yalandela ngamandla umgaqo-nkqubo wokwahluka koqoqosho, izama ukuphuhlisa amashishini angengawo e-oyile anje ngemigodi, ishishini lokukhanya, kunye nezolimo.Ubume olunye loqoqosho oluthembele kwioyile lutshintshile. Ngo-2004, i-GDP nganye ye-Saudi Arabia yayizi-11,800 zeedola zaseMelika. I-Saudi Arabia ingenisa ikakhulu iimpahla zabathengi kunye neemveliso zeekhemikhali ezinje ngoomatshini nezixhobo, ukutya, amalaphu, njl. I-Saudi Arabia yimeko yentlalontle ephezulu. Sebenzisa ukhathalelo lwasimahla lwezonyango.

IRiyadh: Isixeko saseRiyadh (iRiyadh) sisixeko esilikomkhulu lobukumkani baseSaudi Arabia, isihlalo seRoyal Palace, kunye nekomkhulu lePhondo laseRiyadh. Indawo yedolophu ineekhilomitha ezili-1,600 zesikwere. Ime kwiintlambo ezintathu ezomileyo zaseHanifa, iAisan neBaixahanzai kwiThafa laseNezhi embindini weSingasiqithi waseArabhiya, ikwiimitha ezingama-520 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle, malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-386 kwimpuma yePersian Gulf, kunye ne-oasis ekufutshane. Imozulu yomile kwaye iyatshisa.Iqondo lobushushu eliphakathi kuJulayi lingama-33 ℃ kwaye elonaqondo lobushushu liphezulu lingama-45 ℃; iqondo lobushushu eliphakathi kuJanuwari li-14 ℃ lize elona zantsi liphantsi li-100 ℃; iqondo lobushushu lonyaka ngama-25 ℃. Imvula yonyaka yi-81.3 mm. Kufuphi kukho i-oasis enemithi yesundu emikhulu kunye nemithombo ecacileyo, eyanika iRiyadh igama layo (iRiyadh sisininzi "segadi" ngesiArabhu).

Phakathi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, igama elithi Riyadh laqala ukusetyenziswa emva kokuba kwakhiwe udonga lwedolophu eRiyadh. Kwi-1824, yaba likomkhulu losapho lwasebukhosini lwaseSaudi. Wayengowesizwe sikaRashid ngo-1891. Ngo-1902, u-Abdul Aziz, umseki woBukumkani base-Saudi Arabia, wakhokela imikhosi yakhe ukuba iphinde ihlale eRiyadh.Xa obu bukumkani busekwa ngo-1932, baba likomkhulu ngokusemthethweni. Ngexesha lokuhlaselwa kweCliyad, iMasmak castle yokugqibela yayisemi. Ukusukela nge-1930s, iRiyadh ikhule ngokukhawuleza yaba sisixeko sanamhlanje ngenxa yemali enkulu yengeniso yeoyile kunye nophuhliso olonyukayo lwezothutho. Kukho uloliwe osempuma kwizibuko laseGulf Dammam, kwaye kukho isikhululo seenqwelomoya kwiindawo ezisemantla.

I-Riyadh liziko lesizwe lezorhwebo, inkcubeko, imfundo kunye nezothutho eSaudi Arabia. Ngophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwezixhobo zepetroleum, yakhe isixeko esivelayo sanamhlanje. Indawo yezolimo ye-oasis ivelisa imihla, ingqolowa kunye nemifuno. Amashishini abandakanya ukucocwa kweoyile, iipetrokhemikhali, isamente, amalaphu, njl. Yindawo yokudlula phakathi koLwandle oluBomvu kunye nePersian Gulf, kunye neziko lokuhambisa iimveliso zezolimo kunye nemfuyo. Izikhululo zothutho lomhlaba zamaSilamsi eIran, eIraq nakwezinye iindawo zokuya eMecca naseMedina ngeHajj. Kukho oololiwe bale mihla noohola bendlela abakhokelela kunxweme, kwaye kukho imigca yomoya kunye noohola bendlela abadibanisa ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.

IMecca: IMecca yindawo yokuqala engcwele kwi-Islam. Ime kwintlambo emxinwa kwiiNtaba zeSerat kwintshona yeSaudi Arabia, egubungela ummandla ophantse ube malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-30 zesikwere kunye nabemi abamalunga ne-400,000. Ijikelezwe ziintaba, zineenduli ezingenamanzi kunye nembonakalo entle. IMecca, elithetha "ukuncanca" ngesiArabhu, ichaza ngokucacileyo iimpawu zomhlaba ophantsi, ubushushu obuphezulu kunye nobunzima emanzini okusela.

Isizathu sokuba iMecca idume kangaka kukuba uMuhammad, umseki we-Islam, wazalelwa apha. U-Muhammad waseka kwaye wasasaza i-Islam eMecca.Ngenxa yenkcaso kunye nentshutshiso, wafudukela eMedina ngo-622 AD. Nqula. Ngo-630 AD, uMuhammad wakhokela amajoni akhe ukuba ayokuthimba iMecca, alawule ilungelo lokugada iTempile yaseKaaba, kwaye wayishiya inkolo yezithixo ezininzi wayitshintsha itempile yaba yindlu yamaSilamsi. IMosque enkulu (ekwabizwa ngokuba yiMosque Engavumelekanga) embindini weMecca yeyona ndawo ingcwele yamaSilamsi.Igubungela indawo eyi-160,000 yeemitha zesikwere kwaye inokuhlala ama-300,000 amaSilamsi ngaxeshanye.