Arabiya Sawudite, izina ryuzuye ryubwami bwa Arabiya Sawudite, ifite kilometero kare miliyoni 2.25. Igice cy'Abarabu giherereye mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Aziya.Bihana imbibi n'Ikigobe cy'Ubuperesi mu burasirazuba n'Inyanja Itukura mu burengerazuba. Irahana imbibi na Yorodani, Iraki, Koweti, UAE, Oman, Yemeni n'ibindi bihugu. Ijambo "Arabiya Sawudite" risobanura "ubutayu bw'ibyishimo" mucyarabu. Ubutaka buri hejuru muburengerazuba no hasi muburasirazuba. Mu burengerazuba hari ikibaya cya Hijaz-Asir, naho imisozi ya Hijaz mu majyepfo iri hejuru ya metero 3000 hejuru y’inyanja. Igice cyo hagati ni ikibaya cya Najd. Iburasirazuba ni ikibaya. Agace kegereye inyanja Itukura ni ikibaya cy'Inyanja Itukura hafi kilometero 70 z'ubugari. Ubutayu bugera hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'ubutaka bw'igihugu. Inzuzi n'ibiyaga bidafite amazi yimyaka. Ikibaya cyo mu burengerazuba ni icy'ikirere cya Mediterane; utundi turere twinshi ni iy'ikirere cyo mu butayu, ubushyuhe kandi bwumutse.

Igihugu kigabanyijemo uturere 13: Akarere ka Riyadh, Akarere ka Maka, Akarere ka Medina, Akarere k'iburasirazuba, Akarere ka Qasim, Akarere ka Ha'il, Akarere ka Asir, Akarere ka Baha, Tabu Korowasiya, Imipaka y'Amajyaruguru, Jizan, Najran, Zhufu. Hariho intara zo murwego rwa mbere nintara zo murwego rwa kabiri mukarere, hamwe nimidugudu yo murwego rwa mbere hamwe nimidugudu yo murwego rwa kabiri munsi yintara.

Arabiya Sawudite niho havuka Ubuyisilamu. Mu kinyejana cya 7 nyuma ya Yesu, uwasimbuye uwashinze Islamu, Muhammad, yashinze ubwami bw'Abarabu.Ikinyejana cya 8 cyari igihe cyiza, kandi akarere kacyo kazengurutse Uburayi, Aziya, na Afurika. Mu kinyejana cya 16 nyuma ya Yesu, Ingoma y'Abarabu yategekwaga n'Ingoma ya Ottoman. Mu kinyejana cya 19 nyuma ya Yesu, Abongereza bateye kandi bagabanya igihugu mo ibice bibiri: Hanzhi n'amateka y'imbere. Mu 1924, umuyobozi wa Nezhan, Abdul Aziz-Arabiya Sawudite yigaruriye Hanzhi, hanyuma buhoro buhoro ahuza igice cy’Abarabu, maze atangaza ko hashyizweho ubwami bwa Arabiya Sawudite muri Nzeri 1932.

Ibendera ryigihugu: Ni urukiramende rufite igipimo cyuburebure n'ubugari bwa 3: 2. Ku butaka bw'icyatsi kibisi handitsemo ijambo rizwi rya kisilamu mu cyarabu cyera: "Ibintu byose ntabwo ari Uwiteka, ahubwo ni Allah, Muhamadi ni intumwa ya Allah." Inkota ishushanyije hepfo, ishushanya intambara yera no kwirwanaho. Icyatsi kigereranya amahoro kandi ni ibara ryiza ritoneshwa nibihugu bya kisilamu. Amabara n'ibishusho by'ibendera ry'igihugu byerekana imyizerere y'idini y'igihugu, kandi Arabiya Sawudite niho havuka Islam.

Arabiya Sawudite ifite abaturage miliyoni 24,6 (2005), muri bo abaturage b’amahanga bangana na 30%, abenshi bakaba ari abarabu. Ururimi rwemewe ni Icyarabu, Icyongereza rusange, Islamu ni idini rya Leta, Abasuni bangana na 85%, Abashiya bangana na 15%.

Arabiya Sawudite ishyira mu bikorwa politiki yubukungu yubuntu. Arabiya Sawudite izwi ku izina rya "ubwami bwa peteroli", hamwe n’ibigega bya peteroli n’ibisohoka biza ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi, kandi inganda zayo za peteroli na peteroli n’inkomoko y’ubukungu bwacyo. Ibicuruzwa bya peteroli byagaragaye muri Arabiya Sawudite ni miliyari 261.2, bingana na 26% bya peteroli ku isi. Arabiya Sawudite itanga toni miliyoni 400 kugeza kuri miliyoni 500 za peteroli ya peteroli ku mwaka.Ibicuruzwa bikomoka kuri peteroli byoherezwa mu bihugu n’uturere birenga 70. Amafaranga yinjira muri peteroli arenga 70% y’amafaranga yinjira mu gihugu, naho ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bikarenga 90% by’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Arabiya Sawudite nayo ikungahaye cyane ku bubiko bwa gaze karemano, hamwe na gazi karemano ya metero kibe 6.75, ikaba iri mu hejuru cyane ku isi. Dukurikije ibigereranyo bitanga umusaruro muri iki gihe, peteroli yo muri Arabiya Sawudite irashobora gukoreshwa mu myaka igera kuri 80. Byongeye kandi, hari amabuye y'agaciro ya zahabu, umuringa, ibyuma, amabati, aluminium, na zinc, bikaba isoko rya kane ku isi rya zahabu. Amikoro nyamukuru ya hydraulic ni amazi yubutaka. Igiteranyo cy’amazi yo mu butaka ni metero kibe 36.000. Ukurikije uko amazi akoreshwa ubu, isoko y’amazi muri metero 20 munsi yubutaka irashobora gukoreshwa mugihe cyimyaka 320. Arabiya Sawudite nicyo gihugu kinini ku isi gitanga amazi y’inyanja yanduye.Umubare rusange w’amazi yo mu nyanja muri iki gihugu angana na 21% by’amazi y’inyanja ku isi. Hano hari ibigega 184 bifite ubushobozi bwo kubika amazi ya metero kibe miliyoni 640. Arabiya Sawudite yitaye cyane ku buhinzi. Igihugu gifite hegitari miliyoni 32 z'ubutaka bwo guhingwa na hegitari miliyoni 3.6 z'ubutaka bwo guhingwa. Mu bihugu byo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati, Arabiya Sawudite ifite ibicuruzwa byinjira mu gihugu imbere, bikaba ari urwego rwo hejuru mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere. Mu myaka yashize, Arabiya Sawudite yakurikiranye cyane politiki yo gutandukanya ubukungu, iharanira guteza imbere inganda zidafite peteroli nk’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y'agaciro, inganda zoroheje, n’ubuhinzi. Imiterere imwe y’ubukungu ishingiye kuri peteroli yarahindutse. Mu 2004, umuturage GDP wa Arabiya Sawudite yari 11.800 USD. Arabiya Sawudite itumiza cyane cyane ibicuruzwa byabaguzi nibicuruzwa nkimashini nibikoresho, ibiryo, imyenda, nibindi. Arabiya Sawudite nigihugu cyimibereho myiza. Shyira mu bikorwa ubuvuzi.

Riyadh: Umujyi wa Riyadh (Riyadh) ni umurwa mukuru w'Ubwami bwa Arabiya Sawudite, icyicaro cy'Ingoro y'Ubwami, n'umurwa mukuru w'Intara ya Riyadh. Agace ko mumijyi gafite kilometero kare 1.600. Iherereye mu mibande itatu yumye ya Hanifa, Aisan na Baixahanzai ku kibaya cya Nezhi rwagati mu gice cy’Abarabu, ni metero 520 hejuru y’inyanja, nko mu birometero 386 mu burasirazuba bw’ikigobe cy’Ubuperesi, na oasisi iri hafi. Ikirere cyumye kandi gishyushye.Ubushyuhe bwo muri Nyakanga ni 33 ℃ n'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru ni 45 ℃; ubushyuhe bwo hagati muri Mutarama ni 14 ℃ n'ubushyuhe bwo hasi ni 100 ℃; impuzandengo y'umwaka ni 25 ℃. Imvura igwa buri mwaka ni 81.3 mm. Hafi yacyo ni oasisi ifite ibiti by'imikindo nini n'amasoko meza, yahaye Riyadh izina ryayo (Riyadh ni "ubusitani" mu cyarabu).

Hagati mu kinyejana cya cumi n'umunani, izina Riyadh ryatangiye gukoreshwa nyuma yuko inkuta z'umujyi zubatswe hafi ya Riyadh. Mu 1824, yabaye umurwa mukuru wumuryango wibwami wa Arabiya Sawudite. Akomoka mu bwoko bwa Rashid mu 1891. Mu 1902, Abdul Aziz washinze ubwami bwa Arabiya Sawudite, yayoboye ingabo ze kongera kwigarurira Riyadh.Ubwo bwami bwashingwa mu 1932, bwabaye umurwa mukuru. Igihe igitero cyagabwe kuri Cliyad, ikigo cya Masmak cya nyuma cyigaruriwe cyari kigihagaze. Kuva mu myaka ya za 1930, Riyadh yateye imbere mu mujyi wa kijyambere kubera amafaranga menshi yinjira muri peteroli ndetse no kwiyongera kw'ubwikorezi. Hano hari gari ya moshi iburasirazuba igana ku cyambu cya Dammam, kandi hari ikibuga cyindege mu nkengero z’amajyaruguru.

Riyadh nikigo cyigihugu cyubucuruzi, umuco, uburezi nogutwara abantu muri Arabiya Sawudite. Hamwe niterambere ryihuse ryumutungo wa peteroli, ryubatse umujyi ugezweho. Agace k'ubuhinzi bwa oasis gatanga amatariki, ingano n'imboga. Inganda zirimo gutunganya peteroli, peteroli, sima, imyenda, nibindi Ni ahantu nyabagendwa hagati y'Inyanja Itukura n'Ikigobe cy'Ubuperesi, n'ikigo gikwirakwiza ibikomoka ku buhinzi n'ubworozi. Sitasiyo zitwara abantu kubasilamu bo muri Irani, Iraki nahandi bajya i Maka na Medina gusenga. Hano hari gari ya moshi zigezweho hamwe ninzira nyabagendwa igana ku nkombe, kandi hariho imirongo yindege ninzira nyabagendwa ihuza imbere n’amahanga.

Maka: Maka ni ahantu ha mbere hatagatifu muri Islamu. Iherereye mu kibaya gito mu misozi ya Serat mu burengerazuba bwa Arabiya Sawudite, ifite ubuso bungana na kilometero kare 30 kandi abaturage bagera ku 400.000. Uzengurutswe n'imisozi, hamwe n'imisozi ihindagurika hamwe n'ahantu heza cyane. Maka, bisobanura "kunwa" mucyarabu, igaragaza neza ibiranga ubutaka buke, ubushyuhe bwinshi ningorane zo kunywa amazi.

Impamvu Maka azwi cyane nuko Muhammad, washinze Islam, yavukiye hano. Muhammad yashinze kandi akwirakwiza Ubuyisilamu i Maka. Kubera kurwanya no gutotezwa, yimukiye i Madina mu 622 nyuma ya Yesu. I Madina, yahisemo guhindura icyerekezo cyo gusenga yerekeza i Maka. Kuva icyo gihe, Abayisilamu ku isi yose bahindukiriye i Maka. kuramya. Mu 630 nyuma ya Yesu, Muhammad yayoboye ingabo ze gufata Maka, agenzura uburenganzira bwo kurinda urusengero rwa Kaaba, areka imana nyinshi kandi ahindura urusengero ahinduka umusigiti wa kisilamu. Umusigiti munini (uzwi kandi ku rusengero rwabujijwe) rwagati muri Maka ni ahantu hera cyane ku Bayisilamu.Ufite ubuso bwa metero kare 160.000 kandi ushobora kwakira Abayisilamu 300.000 icyarimwe.

"Hija" ni bumwe mu buryo bw'ibanze abayoboke ba Islamu bagomba kubahiriza. Ntabwo bukubiyemo umuhango w'idini wubaha imigenzo y'amateka kandi ukibuka "umuhanuzi", ariko kandi n'ubwoko bumwe. Hariho inama ngarukamwaka iteza imbere ubwumvikane nubucuti hagati yabayisilamu baturutse mubihugu bitandukanye. Mu myaka irenga 1.000, hamwe n’iterambere ryiyongera ry’ubwikorezi, umubare w’abayisilamu bajya i Maka gutembera wiyongereye uko umwaka utashye.Mu myaka yashize, Abayisilamu b’amabara y’uruhu atandukanye ndetse n’indimi zitandukanye baturutse mu bihugu birenga 70 binjiye i Maka, bituma Maka mu gihe cya Hija iba idasanzwe. , Isi ya kaleidoscope. Nyuma y’ishyirwaho ry’Ubwami bwa Arabiya Sawudite mu 1932, Maka yari azwi nk "umurwa mukuru w’amadini" none iyobowe n’abakomoka kuri Muhammad. Umujyi wa kera wa Maka witwa "Kwiheba kwa Ibrahim" mu kibaya cy'umugezi. Hano hari igiterane cyamazu y’amadini n’ingoro zifite imiterere yo mu gihe cyagati.