ISaudi Arabia, igama eligcwele lombuso waseSaudi Arabia, lihlanganisa amakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingama-2.25. INhlonhlo yase-Arabia, etholakala eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia, inqamula iPersian Gulf empumalanga noLwandle Olubomvu ngasentshonalanga, futhi inqamula amazwe anjengeJordani, i-Iraq, i-Kuwait, i-UAE, i-Oman ne-Yemen. Igama elithi "Saudi Arabia" lisho "ugwadule lwenjabulo" ngesi-Arabhu. Indawo iphakeme entshonalanga futhi iphansi empumalanga. Ngasentshonalanga yiHijaz-Asir Plateau, kanti izintaba zeHijaz eningizimu zingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-3000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Ingxenye emaphakathi yiNajd Plateau. Impumalanga ithafa. Indawo egudle uLwandle Olubomvu yiLwandle Olubomvu iphansi elingamakhilomitha angama-70 ububanzi. Ugwadule luthatha cishe isigamu sendawo yezwe. Imifula namachibi angenawo amanzi angapheli. Ithafa elisentshonalanga linesimo sezulu saseMedithera; ezinye izindawo ezinkulu zinesimo sezulu sogwadule, esishisayo nesomile.

Izwe lihlukaniswe izifunda eziyi-13: Isifunda iRiyadh, Isifunda saseMecca, Isifunda saseMedina, Isifunda SaseMpumalanga, Isifunda saseQasim, Isifunda saseHa'il, Isifunda sase-Asir, Isifunda saseBaha, iTabu ICroatia, iNyakatho Frontier, iJizan, iNajran, iZhufu. Kukhona izifunda ezisezingeni lokuqala nezifunda ezisezingeni lesibili esifundeni, namalokishi ezingeni lokuqala namalokishi ezingeni lesibili ngaphansi kwesifunda.

ISaudi Arabia yindawo yokuzalwa yamaSulumane. Ngekhulu lesi-7 AD, owalandela umsunguli wenkolo yamaSulumane uMuhammad wasungula uMbuso Wama-Arabhu.Ikhulu lesi-8 laliyisikhathi salo sokudlondlobala, futhi indawo yalo yahlanganisa iYurophu, i-Asia ne-Afrika. Ngekhulu le-16 AD, uMbuso Wama-Arab wawubuswa uMbuso Wase-Ottoman. Ngekhulu le-19 AD, abaseBrithani bahlasela futhi bahlukanisa umhlaba waba izingxenye ezimbili: iHanzhi ne-Internal History. Ngo-1924, inkosi yaseNezhan u-Abdul Aziz-Saudi Arabia yathimba uHanzhi, yabe isihlanganisa iPeninsula yase-Arabia kancane kancane, futhi yamemezela ukusungulwa koMbuso weSaudi Arabia ngoSepthemba 1932.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Lingunxande elinesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi obungu-3: 2. Emhlabathini wefulegi eliluhlaza kubhalwe isisho esidumile samaSulumane ngesi-Arabhu esimhlophe: "Zonke izinto akuyona iNkosi, kodwa u-Allah, uMuhammad uyisithunywa sika-Allah." Inkemba ipendwe ngezansi, efanekisela impi engcwele nokuzivikela. Okuhlaza kukhombisa ukuthula futhi kungumbala omuhle owuthandwa amazwe amaSulumane. Imibala namaphethini efulegi lesizwe kugqamisa izinkolelo zezwe, futhi iSaudi Arabia yindawo yokuzalwa yamaSulumane.

ISaudi Arabia inenani labantu abalinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-24.6 (2005), lapho abantu bakwamanye amazwe babalelwa ku-30%, iningi labo okungama-Arabhu. Ulimi olusemthethweni yi-Arabhu, i-English ejwayelekile, i-Islam yinkolo yezwe, ama-Sunni alinganiselwa ku-85%, ama-Shia enza cishe i-15%.

ISaudi Arabia isebenzisa inqubomgomo yezomnotho yamahhala. ISaudi Arabia yaziwa ngokuthi "umbuso kawoyela", onendawo yayo yokugcina uwoyela kanye nokukhishwa okukhishwa kuqala emhlabeni, futhi izimboni zayo zikawoyela kanye ne-petrochemical ziyigazi lomnotho walo. Izinqolobane zikawoyela eziqinisekisiwe zaseSaudi Arabia ziyimiphongolo engama-261.2 billion, ebalwa ngama-26% wemithombo kawoyela emhlabeni. ISaudi Arabia ikhiqiza amathani ayizigidi ezingama-400 kuya kweziyi-500 kawoyela ongahluziwe ngonyaka.Imikhiqizo ephethiloli ithunyelwa emazweni angaphezu kwezifunda ezingama-70.Imali engenayo yePetroleum ibalelwa ngaphezu kuka-70% wemali yezimali kazwelonke, kanti ukuthunyelwa kukawoyela kubanga ngaphezu kuka-90% wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okuphelele. ISaudi Arabia nayo icebile ngokweqile emithonjeni yegesi yemvelo, enezinqolobane zegesi yemvelo ezifakazelwe ezingama-6.75 trillion cubic metres, okuphakathi kweziphezulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngokwezibalo zamanje zokukhiqizwa kukawoyela, uwoyela waseSaudi usengasetshenziswa cishe iminyaka engama-80. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona okumbiwa phansi kwegolide, ithusi, i-ayina, ithini, i-aluminium ne-zinc, okwenza kube yimakethe yesine ngobukhulu emhlabeni yegolide. Izisetshenziswa ezinkulu ze-hydraulic ngamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ingqikithi yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ingama-cubic metres angama-trillion angama-36. Ngokuya ngokusetshenziswa kwamanzi kwamanje, umthombo wamanzi amamitha angama-20 ngaphansi kobuso ungasetshenziswa cishe iminyaka engama-320. ISaudi Arabia ingumkhiqizi omkhulu wamanzi olwandle angenasawoti emhlabeni.Isamba lamanzi olwandle asolwandle asezweni alinganiselwa ku-21% wamanzi olwandle asolwandle asolwandle. Kunamadamu angama-184 anomthamo wokugcina amanzi angama-cubic metres ayizigidi ezingama-640. ISaudi Arabia inaka kakhulu ezolimo. Izwe linamahektha ayizigidi ezingama-32 zomhlaba olimekayo namahektha ayizigidi ezingama-3.6 zomhlaba olimekayo. Phakathi kwamazwe aseMpumalanga Ephakathi, iSaudi Arabia inomkhiqizo osezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu wasekhaya, okuyizinga eliphezulu phakathi kwamazwe asathuthuka. Eminyakeni esanda kwedlula, iSaudi Arabia ilandele ngamandla inqubomgomo yokuhlukaniswa kwezomnotho, izama ukuthuthukisa izimboni okungezona ezikawoyela ezifana nezimayini, imboni elula, nezolimo.Isakhiwo esisodwa somnotho esincike kuwoyela sishintshile. Ngo-2004, i-GDP ngayinye ye-Saudi Arabia yayingama-dollar ayi-11,800 ase-US. ISaudi Arabia ingenisa ikakhulukazi izimpahla zabathengi nemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali efana nemishini nezinto zokusebenza, ukudla, izindwangu, njll. ISaudi Arabia iyisimo senhlalakahle ephezulu. Sebenzisa ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kwamahhala.

Riyadh: IRiyadh City (Riyadh) iyinhloko-dolobha yoMbuso waseSaudi Arabia, isihlalo seRoyal Palace, nenhloko-dolobha yesifundazwe saseRiyadh. Indawo yasemadolobheni inamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-1,600. Kutholakala ezigodini ezintathu ezomile zeHanifa, i-Aisan neBaixahanzai eNtabeni i-Nezhi maphakathi ne-Peninsula yase-Arabia, ingamamitha angu-520 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, cishe amakhilomitha angama-386 empumalanga yePersian Gulf, kanye ne-oasis eseduze. Isimo sezulu somile futhi siyashisa. Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile ngoJulayi lingu-33 ℃ kanti izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu lingu-45 ℃; izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile ngoJanuwari lingu-14 ℃ kanti izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu liyi-100 ℃; izinga lokushisa laphakathi nonyaka lingu-25 ℃. Imvula yonyaka ingu-81.3 mm. Eduze kune-oasis enezinsuku eziningi zesundu nemithombo ecacile, eyanika iRiyadh igama layo (iRiyadh ubuningi "bengadi" ngesi-Arabhu).

Maphakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, igama elithi Riyadh laqala ukusetshenziswa ngemuva kokwakhiwa kodonga lomuzi oluzungeze iRiyadh. Ngo-1824, yaba inhlokodolobha yomndeni wasebukhosini waseSaudi. Wayengowesizwe sikaRashid ngo-1891. Ngo-1902, u-Abdul Aziz, umsunguli woMbuso waseSaudi Arabia, wahola amabutho akhe ukuba aphinde angene eRiyadh.Lapho umbuso usungulwa ngo-1932, waba yinhloko-dolobha ngokusemthethweni. Ngesikhathi kuhlaselwa iCliyad, iMasmak castle yokugcina ebisemi. Kusukela ngama-1930s, i-Riyadh isheshe yaba idolobha lesimanje ngenxa yemali enkulu yemali kawoyela kanye nentuthuko ekhulayo yokuhamba. Kukhona ujantshi osempumalanga oya echwebeni laseGulf Dammam, futhi kunesikhumulo sezindiza ezindaweni ezisenyakatho.

I-Riyadh iyisikhungo sikazwelonke sezohwebo, amasiko, ezemfundo nezokuthutha seSaudi Arabia. Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwezinsizakusebenza zikaphethiloli, sakhe idolobha elisafufusa lesimanje. Indawo yezolimo i-oasis ikhiqiza izinsuku, ukolweni nemifino. Izimboni zifaka ukucwengwa kukawoyela, uphethiloli, usimende, izindwangu, njll. Kuyindawo yokuhamba phakathi koLwandle Olubomvu nePersian Gulf, kanye nesikhungo sokusabalalisa imikhiqizo yezolimo neyezilwane. Iziteshi zokuthuthwa komhlaba kwamaSulumane e-Iran, e-Iraq nakwezinye izindawo zokuya eMecca naseMedina ngeHajj. Kunezitimela zesimanje nemigwaqo emikhulu eholela ogwini, futhi kunolayini bomoya nemigwaqo emikhulu exhumanisa okwasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.

IMecca: IMecca yindawo yokuqala engcwele e-Islam. Itholakala esigodini esincanyana ezintabeni zaseSerat entshonalanga yeSaudi Arabia, ehlanganisa indawo ecishe ibe ngamakhilomitha-skwele angama-30 kanye nabantu abangaba ngu-400,000. Izungezwe izintaba, inamagquma angaduduzi futhi ubukeka kahle. IMecca, okusho ukuthi "ncela" ngesi-Arabhu, iveza ngokusobala izici zendawo ephansi, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme nobunzima emanzini okuphuza.

Isizathu esenza iMecca idume kakhulu ukuthi uMuhammad, umsunguli wenkolo yamaSulumane, wazalelwa lapha. UMuhammad wasungula futhi wasakaza amaSulumane eMecca.Ngenxa yokuphikiswa nokushushiswa, wathuthela eMedina ngonyaka ka-622 AD.EMedina, wanquma ukujikisa indlela yokukhonza ebheke eMecca.Kusukela lapho, amaSulumane emhlabeni wonke asephendukele eMecca. khonza. Ngo-630 AD, uMuhammad wahola amabutho akhe ukuba ayothatha iMecca, alawule ilungelo lokuqapha iThempeli iKaaba, futhi washiya unkulunkulu abaningi waguqula ithempeli laba yisonto lamaSulumane. IGreat Mosque (eyaziwa nangokuthi iThempeli Elivinjelwe) maphakathi neMecca iyindawo engcwele kakhulu yamaSulumane. Ihlanganisa indawo engamamitha-skwele ayi-160,000 futhi ingathatha amaSulumane angama-300,000 ngasikhathi sinye.

"iHajj" ingenye yezinhlelo eziyisisekelo abalandeli be-Islam okufanele bazilandele. Ayigcini nje ngesiko lenkolo elihlonipha amasiko omlando futhi elikhumbula "umprofethi", kodwa futhi nohlobo lwe Kukhona umhlangano waminyaka yonke okhuthaza ngokuzenzekelayo ukuqondana nobungani phakathi kwamaSulumane avela emazweni ahlukahlukene. Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-1 000, ngokuthuthuka okwandayo kwezokuthutha, inani lamaSulumane aya eMecca ukuhambela izindawo ngezwe lenyuke unyaka nonyaka.Minyaka edlule, amaSulumane anemibala ehlukene yesikhumba nezilimi ezahlukahlukene ezivela emazweni angaphezu kwama-70 aye athutheleka eMecca, okwenza iMecca ngesikhathi seHajj ibe yinqaba. , Umhlaba we-kaleidoscope. Ngemuva kokusungulwa koMbuso weSaudi Arabia ngo-1932, iMecca yaziwa ngokuthi "inhloko-dolobha yenkolo" futhi manje iphethwe yinzalo kaMuhammad. Idolobha elidala laseMecca libizwa nge- "Ibrahim Depression" esigodini somfula. Kunemihlangano yezakhiwo zenkolo nezigodlo ezinezimpawu zasendulo.Imigwaqo emincane igcwele izitolo zasendulo.Izingubo, ulimi namasiko ezakhamizi asagcina isitayela senkathi kaMuhammad.