Tajikistan, the full name of the Republic of Tajikistan, covers an area of ​​143,100 square kilometers, and is a landlocked country located in southeastern Central Asia. It borders Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan to the west and Kyrgyzstan, China's Xinjiang to the east, and Afghanistan to the south. It is located in a mountainous area, 90% of which are mountainous areas and plateaus, and about half of them are above 3000 meters above sea level. It is known as the "mountain country". The northern mountain range belongs to the Tianshan mountain system, the central part belongs to the Gisar-Altai mountain system, the southeast is the snow-covered Pamirs, and the highest is the communist peak with an elevation of 7495 meters. In the north is the western edge of the Fergana Basin, and in the southwest there are the Wahsh Valley, Gysar Valley and Penchi Valley. Most of the rivers belong to the brackish water system, mainly including the Syr River, Amu Darya, Zelafshan, Vakhsh and Fernigan. The water resources are considerable. Lakes are mostly distributed in the Pamirs. Kara Lake is the largest salt lake with an altitude of 3965 meters. The whole area has a typical continental climate. The continental climate in high mountain areas increases with the increase in altitude, and the temperature difference between north and south is large. The whole territory has a typical continental climate, with an average temperature of -2℃～2℃ in January and an average temperature of 23℃～30℃ in July. The annual precipitation is 150-250 mm. The western part of Pamir is covered with snow all year round, forming huge glaciers. There are many kinds of animals and plants in the territory, and there are more than 5,000 species of plants alone.

The country is divided into three states, one district, and one municipality directly under the Central Government: Gorno-Badakhshan State, Soghd State (formerly Leninabad State), Khatlon State, and the Central Government District and Dushanbe city.

From the 9th to the 10th century AD, the Tajik nation was basically formed, and it was an ancient nation in Central Asia. In the 9th century, the Tajiks established the first vast and powerful Samanid dynasty with Bukhara as the capital in history. The national culture and customs of the Tajiks were in this century-long historical period. form. Joined the kingdoms of Ghaznavid and Kharazm in the 10th-13th century. Conquered by the Mongol Tatars in the 13th century. Joined the Bukhara Khanate since the 16th century. In 1868, parts of Fergana and Samarkand in the north were merged into Russia, and Bukhara Khan in the south was a Russian vassal state. The Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic was established on October 16, 1929, and it joined the Soviet Union on December 5 of the same year. On August 24, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of Tajikistan adopted the Declaration of the Sovereignty of the Republic. At the end of August 1991, it was renamed the Republic of Tajikistan. On September 9th of the same year, the Republic of Tajikistan declared its independence. This day was confirmed as the Republic’s Independence Day and it joined the CIS on December 21.

National flag: It is a horizontal rectangle with a ratio of length to width of about 2:1. From top to bottom, it consists of three parallel horizontal rectangles of red, white, and green. In the middle of the white part, there is a crown and seven evenly distributed five-pointed stars. Red symbolizes the victory of the country, green symbolizes prosperity and hope, and white represents religious belief; the crown and pentagram symbolize the country's independence and sovereignty. Tajikistan became a republic of the former Soviet Union in 1929. Since 1953, it has adopted a red flag with a yellow five-pointed star, sickle and hammer pattern on the upper part and white and green horizontal stripes on the lower part. Independence was declared on September 9, 1991, and the current national flag was adopted.

Tajikistan has a population of 6,919,600 (December 2005). The main ethnic groups are Tajik (70.5%), Uzbek (26.5%), Russian (0.32%), in addition to Tatar, Kyrgyz, Ukrainian, Turkmen, Kazakh, Belarus, Armenia and other ethnic groups. Most of the residents believe in Islam, most of them are Sunni, and the Pamir area belongs to the Shiite Ismaili tribe. The national language is Tajik (indo-European Iranian language family, similar to Persian), and Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication.

Natural resources are mainly non-ferrous metals (lead, zinc, tungsten, antimony, mercury, etc.), rare metals, coal, rock salt, in addition to oil, natural gas, abundant uranium ore and a variety of building materials . Uranium reserves rank first in the Commonwealth of Independent States, and lead and zinc mines rank first in Central Asia. Industry is mainly concentrated in Dushanbe and Leninabad, mainly mining, light industry and food industry. The power industry has made great achievements, and its per capita power resource reserves rank among the top in the world. The light industry is dominated by cotton ginning, silk reeling and textile blanket making. The folk handicrafts are exquisite and unique in form. The food industry is mostly oil extraction, fat extraction, wine brewing, and fruit and vegetable processing. Agriculture is the leading sector of the economy. Orchard, sericulture and grape cultivation are more important. The livestock industry is mainly grazing, raising sheep, cattle and horses. The cotton planting industry plays an important role in agriculture, and is especially famous for producing high-quality fine fiber cotton.

Dushanbe: Dushanbe (Dushanbe, Душанбе) is the capital of Tajikistan, located at 38.5 degrees north latitude and 68.8 degrees east longitude, between the Varzob and Kafirnigan rivers The Gisar Basin, 750-930 meters above sea level, covers an area of ​​125 square kilometers. The highest temperature in summer can reach 40℃, and the lowest temperature in winter is -20℃. The population is 562,000. The residents are mainly Russians and Tajiks. Other ethnic groups include Tatars and Ukrainians.

Dushanbe is a new city established by three remote villages including Kyushambe after the October Revolution. Since 1925, it has been called a city. Before 1925, it was called Kishrak (meaning village). It was called Dushanbe from 1925 to 1929, which was originally translated as Joushambe, meaning Monday. It was named after the Monday market. From 1929 to 1961, it was called Stalinabad, which means "Stalin City". In 1929, it became the capital of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (republic of the former Soviet Union). After 1961, it was renamed Dushanbe. In September 1991, it became the capital of the Republic of Tajikistan that declared its independence.

Dushanbe is the national political, industrial, scientific, and cultural education center. The streets in the city have a rectangular grid layout, and most of the buildings are bungalows to prevent earthquakes. Administrative, cultural, educational and scientific research institutions are in the city center, and the southern and western parts of the city are new industrial and residential areas. The scientific research institutions mainly include the Republic Academy of Sciences and the Tajik Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Institutions of higher learning include Tajik National University, National Medical University, Taoslav University, Agricultural University, etc.