Kingdomasar Ingila Bayani na Asali
| Lokaci na gida | Lokacinku |
|---|---|
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| Yankin lokaci na gari | Bambancin yankin lokaci |
| UTC/GMT 0 awa |
| latitude / longitude |
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| 54°37'59"N / 3°25'56"W |
| iso tsara |
| GB / GBR |
| kudin |
| Pound (GBP) |
| Harshe |
| English |
| wutar lantarki |
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| tutar ƙasa |
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| babban birni |
| London |
| jerin bankuna |
| Kingdomasar Ingila jerin bankuna |
| yawan jama'a |
| 62,348,447 |
| yanki |
| 244,820 KM2 |
| GDP (USD) |
| 2,490,000,000,000 |
| waya |
| 33,010,000 |
| Wayar salula |
| 82,109,000 |
| Adadin masu masaukin yanar gizo |
| 8,107,000 |
| Adadin masu amfani da Intanet |
| 51,444,000 |
Kingdomasar Ingila gabatarwa
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Burtaniya tana da gaba daya yanki mai fadin kilomita murabba'i 243,600. Kasa ce tsibiri a yammacin Turai.Yana hade da Burtaniya, yankin arewa maso gabas na Ireland da wasu kananan tsibirai.Yana fuskantar yankin Turai ta tsallaka Tekun Arewa, mashigar Dover, da kuma Channel na Ingilishi. Landasarta ta yi iyaka da Jamhuriyar Ireland, tare da iyakar bakin teku na kilomita 11,450. Biritaniya tana da yanayin yanayin daji mai fadin yanayi mai kauri, mai laushi da danshi a duk shekara. An rarraba dukkan yankin zuwa sassa huɗu: filayen kudu maso gabashin Ingila, tsaunukan Midwest, duwatsun Scotland, filato da tsaunukan Arewacin Ireland. United Kingdom, cikakken suna United Kingdom of Great Britain da Northern Ireland. Tana da fadin kasa kilomita murabba'i 243,600 (gami da na cikin ruwa), gami da murabba'in kilomita 134,400 a Ingila, da murabba'in kilomita 78,800 a Scotland, da murabba'in kilomita 20,800 a Wales, da murabba'in kilomita 13,600 a Arewacin Ireland. Kingdomasar Burtaniya ƙasa ce tsibiri da ke yammacin Turai, wanda ya ƙunshi Biritaniya (ciki har da Ingila, Scotland, Wales), yankin arewa maso gabashin tsibirin Ireland da wasu ƙananan tsibirai. Yana fuskantar nahiyar Turai a ƙetaren Tekun Arewa, mashigar Dover, da Tashar Ingilishi. Landasarta ta yi iyaka da Jamhuriyar Ireland. Yankin gabar bakin yana da tsawon kilomita 11,450. An rarraba dukkan yankin zuwa sassa huɗu: filayen kudu maso gabashin Ingila, tsaunukan Midwest, duwatsun Scotland, filayen Arewacin Ireland da tsaunuka. Yana da yanayin yanayin teku mai zurfin yanayi, mai laushi da laima cikin shekara. Yawancin lokaci mafi yawan zafin jiki baya wuce 32 ℃, mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki baya ƙasa da -10 ℃, matsakaicin zafin jiki shine 4 ～ 7 ℃ a watan Janairu da 13 ～ 17 ℃ a watan Yuli. Damina da hazo, musamman a lokacin kaka da damuna. Kasar Ingila ta kasu kashi hudu: Ingila, Scotland, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa. An raba Ingila zuwa kananan hukumomi 43, Scotland tana da gundumomi 29 da yankuna uku na musamman, Arewacin Ireland tana da gundumomi 26, sannan Wales tana da gundumomi 22. Bugu da kari, kasar Burtaniya tana da yankuna 12. Iberian Bahar Rum, Picnics da Celts sun zo Biritaniya ɗaya bayan ɗaya a BC. Yankin kudu maso gabashin Burtaniya ya sami mulkin mallaka ne a lokacin daular Roman a cikin ƙarni na 1-5. Bayan da Romawa suka janye, Anglo, Saxon da Jutes a arewacin Turai suka mamaye suka daidaita ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Tsarin mulkin mallaka ya fara bayyana a karni na 7, kuma kananan kasashe da yawa sun dunkule sun zama masarautu bakwai, suna gwagwarmayar mulkin sarauta na shekaru 200, wanda aka fi sani da "Anglo-Saxon Era" a tarihi. A cikin 829, Egerbert, Sarkin Wessex, ya haɗu da Ingila. Esan Denmark sun mamaye ta a ƙarshen karni na 8, ya kasance wani ɓangare na masarautar 'yan fashin Danish daga 1016 zuwa 1042. Bayan ɗan gajeren mulkin da sarkin Ingila ya yi, Duke na Normandy ya ƙetare tekun don mamaye Ingila a 1066. A cikin 1215 aka tilasta Sarki John ya sanya hannu a kan Magna Carta, kuma aka dannata sarauta. Daga 1338 zuwa 1453, Birtaniyya da Faransa sun gwabza "Yakin Shekaru Dari". Birtaniyya ce ta fara cin nasara sannan ta sha kashi. Kayar da Mutanen Espanya "vinungiyar Mara vinauna" a cikin 1588 kuma suka kafa mulkin mallaka. A shekarar 1640, Biritaniya ta balle juyin juya halin burguji na farko a duniya kuma ta zama gogaggen juyin juya halin bogi. Ranar 19 ga Mayu, 1649, aka sanar da jamhuriya. Aka dawo da daular a shekarar 1660 kuma "Maɗaukakin Juyin Juya Hali" ya faru a 1668, yana kafa tsarin mulkin mallaka. Ingila ta hade da Scotland a shekarar 1707 sannan ta hade da kasar Ireland a shekarar 1801. Daga rabin rabin karni na 18 zuwa rabin farko na karni na 19, ta zama kasa ta farko a duniya da ta kammala juyin juya halin masana'antu. Karni na 19 shine ranar da masarautar Birtaniyya tayi farin jini. A shekarar 1914, mulkin mallaka da ya mamaye ya ninka na babban yankin sau 111. Shine karfin mulkin mallaka na farko kuma yayi da'awar cewa shine "daular da rana bata taba faduwa ba." Ya fara raguwa bayan yakin duniya na farko. Burtaniya ta kafa Arewacin Ireland a shekara ta 1920, kuma ta ba da damar kudancin Ireland ta balle daga mulkinta daga 1921 zuwa 1922 ta kafa kasa mai cin gashin kanta. An fitar da dokar Westminster a cikin 1931, kuma an tilasta shi ta yarda da mulkinta don samun 'yanci a cikin harkokin cikin gida da na waje, kuma tsarin mulkin mallaka na daular Birtaniyya ya girgiza tun daga lokacin. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, karfin tattalin arziki ya yi rauni matuka kuma matsayin siyasa ya fadi. Tare da 'yancin kan India da Pakistan a 1947, tsarin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ya ruguje a cikin 1960s. Tutar ƙasa: isawataccen murabba'i mai murabba'i ne wanda ya yi daidai da tsawo zuwa nisa na 2: 1. Tutar "Shinkafa" ce, wacce ta ƙunshi asalin shuɗi mai duhu da "Rice" ja da fari. Jan giciye tare da farin iyaka a cikin tuta yana wakiltar waliyin George na Ingila, farin gicci kuma yana wakiltar waliyin Scotland na Andrew, kuma jan gicci yana wakiltar waliyyin Ireland Patrick. An samar da wannan tutar a shekara ta 1801. Ya kasance daga asalin Ingila mai farin kasa ja tabbatacce tuta goma, tutar kasar Scotland mai launin shudi mai launin fari da kuma tutar kasar Ireland mai launin ja mai alamar gicciye. Burtaniya na da yawan mutane kimanin miliyan 60.2 (Yunin 2005), daga cikinsu miliyan 50.4 suna Ingila, miliyan 5.1 a Scotland, miliyan 3 a Wales, da miliyan 1.7 a Arewacin Ireland. Dukansu jami'in da yaren da harshen Ingilishi ne. Ana kuma magana da Welsh a arewacin Wales, kuma Gaelic har yanzu ana magana da shi a cikin Northwest Highlands na Scotland da wasu sassan Arewacin Ireland. Mazauna yawanci sun yi imani da Furotesta na Furotesta, galibi sun kasu zuwa Cocin na Ingila (wanda aka fi sani da Cocin Anglican, wanda membobinta suke da kusan kashi 60% na manya na Burtaniya) da kuma Cocin Scotland (wanda aka fi sani da Cocin Presbyterian, tare da mambobi 660,000 manya). Hakanan akwai manyan al'ummomin addini kamar su Cocin Katolika da Buddha, Hindu, Yahudanci da Islama. Biritaniya na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarfin tattalin arziƙi a duniya, kuma yawan kuɗin da take samu a cikin gida yana cikin sahun gaba na ƙasashen yamma. Kudaden da kasar ta samar a shekara ta 2006 sun kai dala biliyan 2341.371, kuma kowane mutum ya kai dala 38,636. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, rabon masana'antar Biritaniya a cikin tattalin arzikin kasa ya fadi; rabon masana'antun ba da hidima da makamashi ya ci gaba da karuwa, wanda kasuwanci, kudade da inshora suka bunkasa cikin sauri. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sune ginshiƙan tattalin arziƙin Burtaniya, wanda ke ɗaukar sama da 60% na GDP. Masana'antar ba da sabis na ɗaya daga cikin mizanai don auna matakin ci gaban wata ƙasa ta zamani.Masu masana'antar sabis a cikin Burtaniya sun kai kashi 77.5% na jimillar yawan masu aikinta, kuma ƙimar fitarwa ta sama da 63% na GDP. Kasar Burtaniya ita ce kasar da take da arzikin albarkatun makamashi a Tarayyar Turai, sannan kuma ita ce kasar da ke samar da mai da iskar gas a duniya.Kamfanonin hakar kwal sun zama na kashin kansu. Manyan masana'antun sune: hakar ma'adinai, karafa, injina, kayan lantarki, motoci, abinci, abubuwan sha, taba, kayan masarufi, yin takardu, bugu, wallafe-wallafe, gini, da sauransu. Bugu da kari, jiragen sama, kayan lantarki, da masana'antun sunadarai a Burtaniya sun samu ci gaba, kuma sabbin fasahohi kamar su binciken mai na karkashin ruwa, injiniyan bayanai, sadarwa ta hanyar tauraron dan adam, da na lantarki sun ci gaba sosai a 'yan shekarun nan. Babban noma, kiwon dabbobi da kamun kifi sune kiwon dabbobi, masana'antar hatsi, kayan lambu, da kiwon kifi. Masana'antar sabis sun haɗa da harkar kuɗi da inshora, kiri, yawon buɗe ido da sabis na kasuwanci (ba da sabis na shari'a da tuntuba, da sauransu), kuma ya haɓaka cikin sauri a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Yawon shakatawa yana daya daga cikin mahimman sassan tattalin arziki a Burtaniya. Outputimar fitarwa ta shekara-shekara ta fi fam biliyan 70, kuma kuɗin shigar yawon buɗe ido ya kai kusan kashi 5% na kuɗin shiga yawon buɗe ido na duniya. Ba kamar ƙasashen da ke mai da hankali kan yawon buɗe ido ba, al'adun masarautar Burtaniya da al'adun gargajiyar su ne manyan abubuwan jan hankali na masana'antar yawon buɗe ido. Babban wuraren yawon bude ido sune London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Brighton, Greenwich, Oxford, Cambridge, da sauransu. London: London, babban birnin Burtaniya (London), yana kan filayen kudu maso gabashin Ingila, a hayin Thames kuma kilomita 88 daga bakin Thames. Tun farkon shekaru 3000 da suka gabata, yankin Landan shine inda Birtaniyyawa suke. A shekara ta 54 kafin haihuwar Yesu, daular Rome ta mamaye Birtaniyya. A shekara ta 43 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, ita ce babbar tashar soja ta Rum kuma ta gina gada ta farko ta katako a ƙetaren Thames. Bayan karni na 16, tare da haɓakar tsarin jari-hujja na Biritaniya, sikelin Landan ya faɗaɗa cikin sauri. A shekara ta 1500, yawan mutanen Landan dubu 50 ne kawai. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa.Ya zuwa 2001, yawan mazaunan London ya kai miliyan 7.188. London ita ce cibiyar siyasar ƙasar.Wannan ita ce mazaunin masarautar Burtaniya, gwamnati, majalisar dokoki da kuma hedkwatar ƙungiyoyin siyasa daban-daban. Fadar Westminster wuri ne na manya da ƙananan majalissar dokokin Burtaniya, don haka ana kuma kiranta da zauren Majalisar. Westminster Abbey, kudu da dandalin majalisar, ya kasance wurin da aka naɗa sarki ko sarauniyar Ingila kuma 'yan gidan sarauta ke gudanar da ɗaurin aure bayan an kammala shi a 1065. Akwai makabartu sama da 20 na sarakunan Burtaniya, mashahuran ‘yan siyasa, masu tsara dabarun soja, masana kimiyya, marubuta da masu fasaha irin su Newton, Darwin, Dickens, Hardy, da sauransu. Fadar Buckingham ita ce Fadar Masarautar Birtaniyya. Tana a yankin tsakiyar Yammacin Landan, tana hade da St. James's Park da ke gabas da Hyde Park da ke yamma. Wuri ne inda membobin gidan masarautar Burtaniya suke rayuwa da kuma aiki, sannan kuma wuri ne na manyan al'amuran mulkin Biritaniya. Whitehall wurin zama ne na gwamnatin Birtaniyya, ofishin Firayim Minista, Privy Council, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, Ma'aikatar Kudi, da Ma'aikatar Tsaro duk suna nan. Ginin Whitehall shine Gidan Firayim Minista a Lamba 10 Downing Street, wanda shine asalin gidan firaministocin Biritaniya na baya. London ba kawai cibiyar siyasa ce ta Burtaniya ba, har ma ita ce hedkwatar kungiyoyin duniya da yawa, ciki har da International Maritime Organisation, International Cooperative Union, International PEN, International Women’s League, the Socialist International, da Amnesty International. London birni ne na al'adun duniya. Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya an gina shi a karni na 18 kuma shine mafi girman gidan kayan gargajiya a duniya.Ya tattara tsoffin kayan tarihi da yawa daga Biritaniya da sauran ƙasashen duniya. Baya ga Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya, London kuma tana da wuraren al'adu kamar sanannen Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya da Gidan Tarihi na Kasa. Jami'ar London, Royal School of Dance, Royal College of Music, Royal College of Art da Imperial College shahararrun jami'o'i ne a Burtaniya. An kafa Jami'ar London a 1836 kuma yanzu tana da kwalejoji sama da 60. Jami'ar London ta shahara da ilimin kimiyyar likita, kuma ɗayan uku daga cikin likitoci uku a cikin Burtaniya ya kammala karatu a nan. London sanannen birni ne mai yawon buɗe ido wanda ke da abubuwan tarihi da yawa da suka shahara a duniya. A kan Tudun Tudun da ke kusurwar kudu maso gabas na Landan, akwai Hasumiyar London, wacce a da ake amfani da ita a matsayin sansanin soja, masarauta, kurkuku, wuraren adana kayan tarihi, kuma yanzu wurin baje koli ne na kambi da makamai. Wanda yake gefen yamma na Thames, an gina Fadar Westminster a shekara ta 750 AD kuma ya mamaye yanki mai girman eka 8. Shine gini mafi girma na Gothic a duniya. Hyde Park shine ɗayan wuraren shakatawa na Landan.Yana can yamma da garin Landan kuma yana da fadin hekta 636. Shine mafi girman wurin shakatawa a cikin birni. Akwai shahararren "Kusurwa Mai Magana" wanda aka fi sani da "Forumungiyar 'Yanci" a wurin shakatawa. Kowane mako na mako, mutane suna zuwa nan don yin magana kusan kusan yini. Manchester: Ita ce cibiyar masana'antar auduga ta Biritaniya, muhimmiyar cibiyar jigilar kayayyaki da cibiyar kasuwanci, hada-hadar kudi, da al'adu. Ya kasance a tsakiyar babban birni a arewa maso yammacin Ingila. Greater Manchester ta hada da Salford, Stockport, Oldham, Rochdale, Bury, Bolton, Wigan da Wallington, wadanda suka kai fadin murabba'in kilomita 1,287. Manchester ta shahara da shahara a fagen wasanni, musamman saboda tana da shahararrun kungiyoyin kwallon kafa.Idan ana maganar Manchester, mutane suna tunanin kwallon kafa. Manchester ba wai kawai tana da shahararrun kungiyoyin kwallon kafa ba, sannan kuma ita ce mahaifar juyin juya halin Masana'antu kuma daya daga cikin birane masu birgewa da inganci a Burtaniya. Hakanan yana canzawa daga birni mai masana'antu wanda ya danganci masana'antu zuwa birni mai wadata, na zamani da mai kuzari. Akwai gidajen adana kayan tarihi da yawa a cikin birni, wanda ke nuna cikakken tarin al'adu da dogon tarihin garin. Rayuwar dare ta Manchester ba ta zama ta biyu ba a cikin Burtaniya.Akwai mashaya mashaya, mashaya, da wuraren nishaɗi warwatse ko'ina cikin birin.Masu ziyara a Manchester ba za su rasa damar ganin rayuwar dare ba. Glasgow: Glasgow (Glasgow) ita ce birni na uku mafi girma a cikin Birtaniyya kuma mafi girman birni na masana'antu da kasuwanci da tashar jirgin ruwa ta Scotland. Yana cikin ƙananan yankunan tsakiyar Scotland, a hayin Kogin Clyde, kilomita 32 yamma da bakin kogin. A cikin 550 AD, Glasgow ya kafa bishopric kuma Sarkin Scotland ya ba da shi a matsayin kasuwa a cikin karni na 12. Ya zama masarautar masarauta a 1450. Bayan haɗuwar Scotland da Ingila a cikin 1603, ya haɓaka ci gaban tattalin arziki kuma ya zama muhimmiyar tashar tashar kasuwancin ƙasashen waje. Bayan fara juyin juya halin masana’antu, ya ci gaba cikin hanzari.Mutane sun karu daga 77,000 a 1801 zuwa 762,000 a 1901, suna matsayi na biyu a cikin kasar kuma sun zama ɗayan manyan cibiyoyin kera jiragen ruwa a duniya. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an kafa masana'antu irin su lantarki, radar, da gyaran mai. Tun daga farkon karni na 20, bunkasuwar tattalin arziki ya kasance mai saurin tafiyar hawainiya kuma yawan jama'a bai karu ba, amma masana'antu da kasuwanci har yanzu suna da muhimmiyar matsayi a kasar Sin. Babban sassan masana'antu sun haɗa da ginin jirgi, ƙera injina, kayan lantarki, kayan ƙira, da dai sauransu. Masana'antar ƙera jirgi ita ce ta farko a ƙasar, tare da ɗakunan hawa da yawa. Glasgow shine ɗayan mahimman cibiyoyin jigilar kayayyaki a cikin Burtaniya. Har ila yau, ita ce babbar cibiyar al'adu ta Scotland. Mashahurin Jami'ar Glasgow an kafa shi ne a cikin 1451, kuma akwai manyan cibiyoyin ilimi da yawa kamar Jami'ar Strathclyde, Makarantar Kasuwancin Scottish, Royal Conservatory of Music na Royal Scottish, da Kwalejin Noma ta Yammacin Scotland. Gidan Tarihi da Gidan Tarihi a Kelvingrove Park yana dauke da tarin shahararrun zane-zane na Turai tun zamanin Renaissance. Gidan Tarihi na Huntlyn wanda yake haɗe da Jami'ar Glasgow ya shahara saboda tarin tsabar kudi da kayan fasaha. Daga cikin wuraren tarihin garin, Cathedral na San Mongo, wanda aka gina a karni na 12, shine mafi shahara. Akwai filaye da wuraren shakatawa sama da hekta 2,000 da kuma koren wurare a cikin birin.Hampden Park kuma yana da filin kwallon kafa mafi girma a Burtaniya, wanda zai iya daukar mutane 150,000. |