I-United Kingdom, igama elipheleleyo yi-United Kingdom ye-Great Britain kunye ne-Northern Ireland. Igubungela indawo yeekhilomitha ezingama-243,600 (kubandakanya amanzi angaphakathi elizweni), kubandakanya i-134,400 yeekhilomitha e-England, 78,800 yeekhilomitha eScotland, 20,800 yeekhilomitha e-Wales, kunye ne-13,600 yeekhilomitha kwi-Northern Ireland. I-United Kingdom lilizwe elikwisiqithi esikwiNtshona yeYurophu, kwaye i-Isle of Great Britain (kubandakanya iNgilani, iScotland, kunye neWales), indawo ekumntla mpuma wesiqithi saseIreland kunye nezinye iziqithi ezincinci. Ijongene nelizwekazi laseYurophu ngaphesheya koLwandle oluMantla, iStrait yaseDover, kunye ne-English Channel. Umda womhlaba wayo yiRiphabhlikhi yaseIreland. Unxweme lunobude beekhilomitha ezili-11,450. Ummandla wonke uhlulwe waba ziinxalenye ezine: amathafa akumazantsi mpuma eNgilani, iintaba zaseMidwest, iintaba zaseScotland, amathafa aseMantla eIreland kunye neentaba. Yeyaselwandle enemozulu epholileyo enamagqabi abanzi, emnene nofumileyo unyaka wonke. Ngokwesiqhelo ubushushu obuphezulu abudluli kuma-32 ℃, obona bushushu bungezantsi kune -10 ℃, iqondo lobushushu eliphakathi li-4 ～ 7 ℃ ngoJanuwari kwaye 13 ～ 17 ℃ ngoJulayi. Imvula kunye nenkungu, ngakumbi ekwindla nasebusika.

I-United Kingdom yahlulwe yangamacandelo amane: iNgilani, iScotland, iWales neNyakatho yeIreland. INgilani yahlulwe yangamacandelo angama-43, iScotland inezithili ezingama-29 kunye nemimandla emithathu ekhethekileyo, iNyakatho yeIreland inezithili ezingama-26, kwaye iWales inezithili ezingama-22. Ukongeza, i-UK ineendawo ezili-12.

BC Ama-Iberiya amaMeditera, iiPikniki kunye namaCelts eza eBritane ngokulandelelana. Inxalenye esempuma-mpuma yeBritani yayilawulwa buBukhosi baseRoma kwiinkulungwane eziyi-1-5. Emva kokuba amaRoma arhoxile, amaNgesi, amaSaxon, namaJute akumantla eYurophu ahlasela aza ahlala ngokulandelelana. Inkqubo ye-feudal yaqala ukubonakala ngenkulungwane ye-7, kwaye amazwe amaninzi amancinci ahlanganisana kwizikumkani ezisixhenxe, elwela i-hegemony iminyaka engama-200, eyaziwa njenge "Anglo-Saxon Era" kwimbali. Ngo-829, u-Egerbert, uKumkani wase-Wessex, wahlanganisa iNgilane. Ukuhlaselwa ngamaDanes ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-8, yayiyinxalenye yobukhosi baseDenmark ukusuka ku-1016 ukuya ku-1042. Emva kwexesha elifutshane lolawulo lokumkani wase-Bhritane, i-Duke yase Normandy yawela ulwandle iyoyisa i-England ngo-1066. Ngo-1215 uKumkani uJohn wanyanzelwa ukuba atyikitye iMagna Carta, kwaye ubukumkani bacinezelwa. Ukususela ngo-1338 ukuya ku-1453, i-Bhritane ne-France balwa “iMfazwe Yeminyaka Elikhulu” I-Bhritane yaphumelela kuqala yaza yaphulukana nayo. Woyisa iSpanish "i-Invincible Fleet" nge-1588 kwaye waseka i-hegemony yaselwandle.

Ngo-1640, i-Bhritane yaqhushumba inguquko yokuqala yoohlohlesakhe kwihlabathi kwaye yaba ngumanduleli wenguqulelo yoohlohlesakhe. Ngomhla we-19 kaMeyi, 1649, kwaziswa i-republic. Ubukhosi babuyiselwa kwi-1660 kwaye "uQinisekiso oluZukileyo" lwenzeka ngo-1668, ukuseka ubukhosi bomgaqo-siseko. INgilani yadibana neScotland ngo-1707 yaza yadityaniswa ne-Ireland ngo-1801. Ukusuka kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-18 ukuya kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-19, yaba lilizwe lokuqala ehlabathini ukugqibezela uguquko kwimizi-mveliso. Inkulungwane ye-19 yayiyeyona ntsuku iphambili kubukhosi base-Bhritane. Ngo-1914, ikholoni eyayiphantsi kwayo yayinkulu ngokuphindwe izihlandlo ezili-111 kunaleyo yelizwekazi. Yayingumbuso wokuqala wobukoloniyali kwaye wabizwa ngokuba "bubukumkani obungatshonelwa lilanga." Iqale ukwehla emva kweMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. I-United Kingdom yaseka iNyakatho ye-Ireland ngo-1920 kwaye yavumela i-Ireland esemazantsi ukuba yahlukane nolawulo lwayo ukusuka ngo-1921 ukuya ku-1922 kwaye yaseka ilizwe elizimeleyo. Umthetho waseWestminster wabhengezwa ngo-1931, kwaye wanyanzelwa ukuba aqonde ubukhosi bawo ukuba buzimele kwimicimbi yasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, kwaye inkqubo yobukoloniyali yoBukhosi base-Bhritane yanyikima ukusukela ngoko. Ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, amandla ezoqoqosho abuthathaka kakhulu kwaye imeko yezopolitiko yehla. Ngokuzimela ngokulandelelana kweIndiya nePakistan ngo-1947, inkqubo yobukoloniyali yaseBritane yawa ngeminyaka yoo-1960.

Iflegi yesizwe: Ngxande ethe tyaba enomlinganiso wobude kububanzi be-2: 1. Yiflegi "yelayisi", enombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka omnyama kunye "nerayisi" ebomvu nomhlophe. Umnqamlezo obomvu kunye nomda omhlophe kwiflegi umele umgcini wesanta uGeorge waseNgilani, umnqamlezo omhlophe umele isanta yaseScotland Andrew, kwaye umnqamlezo obomvu umele ingcwele yomgcini weIreland uPatrick. Le flegi yaveliswa ngo-1801. Yayiyimihlaba yokuqala yaseNgilani emhlophe ebomvu ineflegi ezilishumi, iflegi emhlophe yaseScotland emhlophe yawela kunye nomhlaba omhlophe obomvu wase-Ireland.

Abemi base-United Kingdom bamalunga ne-60.2 yezigidi (ngoJuni 2005), ezingama-50.4 ezigidi zabo baseNgilani, abazizigidi ezi-5.1 eScotland, abazizigidi ezi-3 eWales, nase-1.7 yezigidi eMantla eIreland. Zombini ezaseburhulumenteni kunye nolwimi lwesiNgesi. IsiWelsh sikwathethwa emantla eWales, kwaye iGaelic isathethwa eNorthwest Highlands yaseScotland nakwiinxalenye zeMantla eIreland. Abahlali ubukhulu becala bakholelwa kubuKrestu bamaProtestanti, ubukhulu becala bohlulwe baba yiCawe yaseNgilani (ekwabizwa ngokuba yiCawa yaseTshetshi, enamalungu angama-60% abantu abadala baseBritane) kunye neCawa yaseScotland (ekwabizwa ngokuba yiCawa yaseRhabe, enamalungu abantu abadala abangama-660,000). Kukwakho noluntu olukhulu ngokwenkolo olunje ngeCawa yamaKatolika kunye nobuBuddha, ubuHindu, ubuJuda kunye ne-Islam.

I-Bhritane lelinye lawona magunya oqoqosho lwehlabathi, kwaye imveliso yawo yasekhaya ikwinqanaba eliphambili kumazwe aseNtshona. Ngo-2006, imveliso yelizwe iyonke yayiyi-2341.371 yezigidigidi zeedola zaseMelika, kwaye umntu ngamnye wafikelela kuma-38, 636 eedola zaseMelika. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, isabelo semveliso yase-Bhritane kuqoqosho lwesizwe sehlile; isabelo sokwenza amashishini kunye namandla kuqhubekile nokwanda, urhwebo, ezemali kunye neinshurensi zikhule ngokukhawuleza. Amashishini abucala yeyona nto iphambili kuqoqosho lwase-Bhritane, ebalwa ngaphezulu kwe-60% ye-GDP. Umzi mveliso weenkonzo yenye yemigangatho yokulinganisa inqanaba lophuhliso lweli lizwe langoku.Ishishini leenkonzo e-UK libala i-77.5% yabantu bayo bonke abaqeshiweyo, kunye nexabiso layo lemveliso elingaphezulu kwama-63% kwi-GDP yayo. I-United Kingdom lelona lizwe lityebileyo ngezixhobo zamandla kwi-European Union, kwaye ikwangumvelisi ophambili weoyile kunye negesi yendalo.Ishishini lezemigodi yamalahle lizimeleyo. Amashishini aphambili ngala: ezemigodi, isinyithi, oomatshini, izixhobo ze-elektroniki, iimoto, ukutya, iziselo, icuba, amalaphu, ukwenza iphepha, ushicilelo, ushicilelo, ulwakhiwo, njl. Ukongeza, i-aviation, i-elektroniki, kunye nemizi-mveliso yamachiza e-UK ahambele phambili, kwaye itekhnoloji evelayo enje ngokuhlola ioyile yangaphantsi kolwandle, ubunjineli bolwazi, unxibelelwano ngesathelayithi, kunye nemicroelectronics ziphuhlile kakhulu kule minyaka idlulileyo. Olona shishino luphambili, ukufuya kunye nokuloba kukufuya izilwanyana, ishishini leenkozo, ukulima izilwanyana kunye nokuloba. Umzi mveliso weenkonzo ubandakanya ezemali kunye neinshurensi, ukuthengisa, ukhenketho kunye neenkonzo zeshishini (ukubonelela ngeenkonzo zomthetho nezokubonisana, njlnjl.), Kwaye ikhule ngokukhawuleza kule minyaka idlulileyo. Ezokhenketho lelinye lawona macandelo abaluleke kakhulu kwezoqoqosho e-UK. Ixabiso lonyaka lokuphuma lingaphezulu kweebhiliyoni ezingama-70 zeepawundi, kwaye ingeniso yezokhenketho i-akhawunti emalunga ne-5% yengeniso yehlabathi yezokhenketho. Ngokungafaniyo namazwe agxile kukhenketho oluhle, inkcubeko yobukhosi baseBritane kunye nenkcubeko yemyuziyam zezona zinto zinomtsalane kushishino lokhenketho. Iindawo eziphambili zabakhenkethi yiLondon, i-Edinburgh, iCardiff, iBrighton, iGreenwich, iOxford, iCambridge, njl.

ILondon: Idolophu enkulu yaseBritane iLondon (London) imi kumathafa akumazantsi mpuma eNgilane, ngaphesheya kweThames, kwiikhilomitha ezingama-88 ukusuka kumlambo i-Thames. Kwangoko kwiminyaka engama-3000 eyadlulayo, indawo yaseLondon yayihlala apho amaNgesi ahlala khona. Ngo-54 BC, uBukhosi baseRoma bahlasela iBritani enkulu.Ngowama-43 BC, yayikade isisikhululo somkhosi samaRoma kwaye yakha ibhulorho yokuqala yamaplanga ngaphesheya kweThames. Emva kwenkulungwane ye-16, ngokukhula kongxowankulu baseBritane, izinga laseLondon lakhula ngokukhawuleza. Ngo-1500, abemi baseLondon babengama-50 000 kuphela ukusukela ngoko, iyaqhubeka nokukhula .. Ngo-2001, abantu baseLondon bafikelela kwizigidi ezisi-7.188.

ILondon liziko lezopolitiko leli lizwe.Isihlalo sosapho lwasebukhosini lwaseBritane, urhulumente, ipalamente kunye nekomkhulu lamaqela ezopolitiko ahlukeneyo. Ibhotwe lase Westminster yindawo yendlu ephezulu nephantsi yePalamente yase-Bhritane, ikwabizwa ngokuba yiHolo lePalamente. I-Westminster Abbey, emazantsi ePalamente Square, ibiyindawo apho inkosi okanye ukumkanikazi waseNgilane abekwa khona isithsaba kwaye amalungu osapho lwasebukhosini abamba imitshato emva kokuba igqityiwe ngo-1065. Bangaphezulu kwama-20 ookumkani base-Bhritane, abezopolitiko abadumileyo, iingcali kwezomkhosi kunye noososayensi, ababhali kunye namagcisa anje ngoNewton, uDarwin, uDickens, uHardy, njl.

IBhotwe laseBuckingham liBhotwe laseBritane.Ibekwe kumbindi weNtshona yeLondon.Ixhunyiwe kwiSt.James's Park esempuma kunye neHyde Park entshona.Yindawo apho amalungu osapho lwasebukhosini lwaseBritane ahlala kwaye asebenza khona, ikwayindawo yemicimbi ephambili yombuso waseBritane. I-Whitehall sisihlalo sikarhulumente wase-Bhritane.I-ofisi yenkulumbuso, i-Privy Council, i-Ministry of the Interior, i-Ministry of Foreign Affairs, i-Ministry of Finance, kunye ne-Ofisi yezoKhuselo zonke zikhona apha. Isiseko seWhitehall yiNdlu yeNkulumbuso kwiNombolo ye-10 eDowning Street, indawo yokuhlala esemthethweni yeenkulumbuso zaseBritane zangaphambili. ILondon ayisiyiyo kuphela indawo yezopolitiko e-United Kingdom, kodwa ikwangumbutho omkhulu wemibutho yamazwe aphesheya, kubandakanya i-International Maritime Organisation, i-International Cooperative Union, i-International PEN, i-International Women’s League, i-Socialist International, kunye ne-Amnesty International.

ILondon sisixeko senkcubeko yehlabathi. Iziko loLondolozo lweMbali laseBritane lakhiwa ngenkulungwane ye-18 kwaye lelona ziko lolondolozo lwembali likhulu emhlabeni.Igcina izinto zakudala ezininzi zaseBritani nakwamanye amazwe. Ukongeza kwiMyuziyam yase-Bhritane, iLondon ikwanazo nezixhobo zenkcubeko ezinje ngeMyuziyam eyaziwayo yeNzululwazi kunye neGalari yeSizwe. IYunivesithi yaseLondon, iRoyal School of Dance, iRoyal College yoMculo, iRoyal College yezobugcisa kunye neKholeji yaseImperial ziiyunivesithi ezidumileyo e-UK. IYunivesithi yaseLondon yasekwa kwi-1836 kwaye ngoku ineekholeji ezingaphezu kwe-60. IYunivesithi yaseLondon idume ngesayensi yayo yezonyango, kwaye omnye kwabagqirha abathathu e-UK waphumelela apha.

ILondon sisixeko esidumileyo sabakhenkethi esineempawu ezininzi zenkcubeko edumileyo kwihlabathi. KwiTower Hill kwikona ekumzantsi-mpuma weSixeko saseLondon, kukho iNqaba yaseLondon, neyakha yasetyenziswa njengenqaba yomkhosi, ibhotwe, intolongo, oovimba abagcina iincwadi, kwaye ngoku yindawo yokubonisa izithsaba nezixhobo. Ifunyenwe kwintshona yeThames, iBhotwe laseWestminster lakhiwa ngonyaka we-750 AD kwaye ligubungela indawo yeehektare eziyi-8. Sesona sakhiwo sikhulu seGothic emhlabeni. IHyde Park yenye yeendawo ezintle zaseLondon.Imi entshona yedolophu yaseLondon kwaye igubungela indawo yeehektare ezingama-636. Yeyona paki inkulu esixekweni. Kukho "uSomlomo weKona" odumileyo okwaziwa ngokuba yi "Freedom Forum" epakini. Rhoqo evekini, abantu beza apha ukuza kuthetha phantse yonke imini.

IManchester: Liziko lemizi-mveliso yempahla elukiweyo yaseBritane, indawo ebalulekileyo yezothutho kunye nezorhwebo, ezezimali kunye neziko lenkcubeko. Ifumaneka embindini wedolophu enkulu emantla ntshona eNgilane. IGreater Manchester ibandakanya iSalford, iStockport, iOldham, iRochdale, iBury, iBolton, iWigan kunye neWallington, egubungela ummandla we-1,287 yeekhilomitha.

IManchester idume ngokugqwesa kwezemidlalo, ngakumbi ukuba neeklabhu zebhola ekhatywayo ezaziwayo.Xa kufikwa eManchester, abantu ngokwendalo bacinga ngebhola ekhatywayo. IManchester ayaneli nje ngokuba neeklabhu zebhola ekhatywayo ezidumileyo, ikwayindawo yokuzalwa yoHlaziyo lwezoShishino kwaye sesinye sezixeko ezomeleleyo nezomeleleyo e-UK. Ikwatshintsha ukusuka kwisixeko seshishini esisekwe kwimveliso siye kwisixeko esiphumelelayo, sanamhlanje nesinamandla. Zininzi iimyuziyam kunye neegalari esixekweni, ezibonisa ingqokelela yenkcubeko kunye nembali ende yesixeko. Ubusuku bobusuku baseManchester buyindawo yesibini e-UK.Kukho iindawo ezininzi, ii-pubs, kunye neendawo zokuzonwabisa ezisasazeke esixekweni.Abandwendweli eManchester abayi kuphoswa lithuba lokubona ubomi bayo bobusuku.

IGlasgow: IGlasgow (iGlasgow) sisixeko sesithathu ngobukhulu e-UK naseScotland esona sixeko sikhulu sezorhwebo kunye nezibuko. Ifumaneka kwimimandla esezantsi esembindini weScotland, inqumle uMlambo iClyde, iikhilomitha ezingama-32 kwintshona yomlomo womlambo. Ngo-550 AD, uGlasgow waseka ubishophu kwaye wabhalwa njengemarike nguKumkani waseScotland ngekhulu le-12. Yaba ngumasipala wasebukhosini ngo-1450. Emva kokudibana kweScotland neNgilani ngo-1603, yakhuthaza ukukhula kwezoqoqosho kwaye yaba lizibuko elibalulekileyo kurhwebo lwangaphandle. Emva kokuqala kohlaziyo lweshishini, lwakhula ngokukhawuleza.Abemi benyuka ukusuka kuma-77,000 ngo-1801 ukuya kuma-762,000 ngo-1901, bekwindawo yesibini kwilizwe kwaye baba lelinye lawona maziko amakhulu emizi-mveliso ehlabathini.

Emva kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, amashishini afana ne-elektroniki, iradar, kunye nokucokisa ioyile kwasekwa. Ukusukela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho belucotha noko kwaye noluntu alukonyukanga, kodwa ezorhwebo nezorhwebo zisesikhundla esibalulekileyo e-China. Amacandelo aphambili emizi-mveliso abandakanya ukwakhiwa kweenqanawa, ukuveliswa koomatshini, izixhobo zombane, izixhobo ezichanekileyo, njl. Njl. IGlasgow yenye yezona ndawo zibaluleke kakhulu kwezothutho e-UK. Ikwaliziko eliphambili lenkcubeko eScotland. IYunivesithi edumileyo yaseGlasgow yasekwa e-1451, kwaye kukho amaziko emfundo aphakamileyo anje ngeDyunivesithi yaseStrathclyde, iScotland Business School, iRoyal Scottish Conservatory of Music, kunye neKholeji yezoLimo yaseNtshona Scotland. Igalari yezobuGcisa kunye neMyuziyam eKelvingrove Park igcina ingqokelela yobugcisa baseYurophu obudumileyo ukusukela ngexesha loKuvuselelwa. Imyuziyam yaseHuntlyn eqhotyoshelwe kwiDyunivesithi yaseGlasgow idume ngokuqokelelwa kwayo kweemali ezahlukeneyo kunye nobuncwane bobugcisa. Phakathi kweendawo zembali zesixeko, iCathedral yaseSan Mongo, eyakhiwe ngenkulungwane ye-12, yeyona idumileyo. Kukho iihektare ezingaphezu kwe-2 000 zeepaki kunye neendawo eziluhlaza esixekweni.IHampden Park ikwanayo nebala lebhola elikhulu e-UK, elinokuhlalisa abantu abayi-150,000.