Ubwongereza, izina ryuzuye ni Ubwongereza bwu Bwongereza na Irilande y'Amajyaruguru. Ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 243.600 (harimo n'amazi yo mu gihugu), harimo kilometero kare 130.400 mu Bwongereza, kilometero kare 78.800 muri Scotland, kilometero kare 20.800 muri Wales, na kilometero kare 13,600 muri Irilande y'Amajyaruguru. Ubwongereza ni igihugu cyirwa giherereye mu burengerazuba bw’Uburayi, kigizwe n’Ubwongereza (harimo Ubwongereza, Scotland, Wales), igice cy’amajyaruguru y’amajyaruguru y’izinga rya Irilande hamwe n’ibirwa bito. Irahura n'umugabane w'u Burayi hakurya y'inyanja y'Amajyaruguru, Inzira ya Dover, n'Umuyoboro w'icyongereza. Ubutaka bwabwo buhana imbibi na Repubulika ya Irilande. Inkombe z'inyanja zifite uburebure bwa kilometero 11.450. Ifasi yose igabanyijemo ibice bine: ikibaya cyo mu majyepfo y’amajyepfo y’Ubwongereza, imisozi yo mu burengerazuba bwo hagati, imisozi ya Scotland, ikibaya cya Irilande y'Amajyaruguru n'imisozi. Ni iy'ikirere gishyuha kigari-gifite amababi y’amashyamba afite ikirere cyoroheje kandi cyuzuye umwaka wose. Mubisanzwe ubushyuhe bwo hejuru ntiburenga 32 ℃, ubushyuhe bwo hasi ntabwo buri munsi ya -10 ℃, ubushyuhe buringaniye ni 4 ～ 7 ℃ muri Mutarama na 13 ～ 17 ℃ muri Nyakanga. Imvura n'ibicu, cyane cyane mu gihe cyizuba n'itumba.

Ubwongereza bugabanyijemo ibice bine: Ubwongereza, Scotland, Wales na Irilande y'Amajyaruguru. Ubwongereza bugabanijwemo intara 43, Scotland ifite uturere 29 nubutabera 3 budasanzwe, Irilande y'Amajyaruguru ifite uturere 26, naho Wales ifite uturere 22. Byongeye kandi, Ubwongereza bufite intara 12.

B.C. Mediterranean Iberians, Picnics na Celts baje mubwongereza bikurikiranye. Igice cyo mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bw’Ubwongereza cyategekwaga n’Ingoma y’Abaroma mu kinyejana cya 1-5. Abanyaroma bamaze kuvaho, Abongereza, Abasajya, na Jute mu majyaruguru y’Uburayi barateye maze batura umwe umwe. Sisitemu ya feodal yatangiye gushingwa mu kinyejana cya 7, maze ibihugu byinshi bito byinjira mu bwami burindwi, birwanira hegemoni imyaka 200, bizwi ku izina rya "Anglo-Saxon Era" mu mateka. Mu 829, Egerbert, Umwami wa Wessex, yahuje Ubwongereza. Yatewe n'Abanyadane mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 8, yari mu bwami bw'abambuzi ba Danemarke kuva 1016 kugeza 1042. Nyuma yigihe gito cyubutegetsi bwumwami wUbwongereza, Duke wa Normandy yambutse inyanja yigarurira Ubwongereza mu 1066. Mu 1215 Umwami Yohani yahatiwe gusinya Magna Carta, maze ubwami burahagarikwa. Kuva mu 1338 kugeza 1453, Ubwongereza n'Ubufaransa byarwanye "Intambara Yimyaka ijana". Ubwongereza bwatsinze mbere buratsindwa. Yatsinze Espagne "Invincible Fleet" mu 1588 ashyiraho hegemoni yo mu nyanja.

Mu 1640, Ubwongereza bwatangije impinduramatwara ya mbere ya burugumesitiri ku isi maze iba intangiriro ya revolisiyo ya burugumesitiri. Ku ya 19 Gicurasi 1649, repubulika iratangazwa. Ingoma yagaruwe mu 1660 kandi "Impinduramatwara y'icyubahiro" yabaye mu 1668, ishyiraho ubwami bugendera ku itegekonshinga. Ubwongereza bwahujwe na Scotland mu 1707 hanyuma buhuza na Irlande mu 1801. Kuva mu gice cya kabiri cy'ikinyejana cya 18 kugeza mu gice cya mbere cy'ikinyejana cya 19, cyabaye igihugu cya mbere ku isi cyarangije impinduramatwara mu nganda. Ikinyejana cya 19 cyari igihe cyiza cy'ingoma y'Ubwongereza. Mu 1914, ubukoloni bwigaruriwe bwikubye inshuro 111 ugereranije n'ubw'umugabane wa Afurika. Ni bwo butegetsi bwa mbere bw'abakoloni kandi buvuga ko ari "ubwami butigera buba ku zuba." Yatangiye kugabanuka nyuma y'intambara ya mbere y'isi yose. Ubwongereza bwashinze Irilande y'Amajyaruguru mu 1920 kandi bwemerera Irilande y'Amajyepfo kuva ku butegetsi bwayo kuva 1921 kugeza 1922 no gushinga igihugu cyigenga. Itegeko rya Westminster ryatangajwe mu 1931, kandi byabaye ngombwa ko ryemera ko ryigenga ryigenga mu bibazo by’imbere mu gihugu ndetse n’ububanyi n’amahanga, kandi kuva icyo gihe gahunda y’abakoloni y’Ubwongereza yarahungabanye. Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, ingufu z'ubukungu zacogoye cyane kandi politiki iragabanuka. Ubwigenge bwakurikiranye n'Ubuhinde na Pakisitani mu 1947, gahunda y'abakoloni b'Abongereza yarasenyutse mu myaka ya za 1960.

Ibendera ryigihugu: Ni urukiramende rutambitse rufite igipimo cy'uburebure n'ubugari bwa 2: 1. Nibendera rya "Umuceri", rigizwe nubururu bwijimye bwijimye n'umutuku n'umweru "Umuceri". Umusaraba utukura ufite umupaka wera mu ibendera ugereranya umutagatifu w’Ubwongereza, George, umusaraba wera ugereranya umutagatifu wa Scotland, Andereya, naho umusaraba utukura ugereranya umutagatifu wa Irilande, Patrick. Iri bendera ryakozwe mu 1801 kandi ryakozwe mu kuzuza icyahoze ari cyera cy’Ubwongereza cyera gitukura cyiza cyiza, ibendera ry’ubururu ryera ry’ubururu bwa Scotland hamwe n’ibendera ryera ritukura rya Irilande.

Ubwongereza bufite abaturage bagera kuri miliyoni 60.2 (Kamena 2005), muri bo miliyoni 50.4 bari mu Bwongereza, miliyoni 5.1 muri Scotland, miliyoni 3 muri Wales, na miliyoni 1.7 muri Irilande y'Amajyaruguru. Byombi byemewe na lingua franca ni Icyongereza. Welsh nayo ivugwa mu majyaruguru ya Wales, naho Gaelic iracyavugwa mu misozi yo mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Scotland no mu bice bya Irilande y'Amajyaruguru. Abaturage ahanini bizera Ubukristo bw'Abaporotesitanti, bugabanijwe cyane mu Itorero ry'Ubwongereza (rizwi kandi ku Itorero ry'Abangilikani, abayoboke baryo bagera kuri 60% by'abakuze b'Abongereza) ndetse n'Itorero rya Scotland (rizwi kandi ku Itorero Peresibiteriyeni, rifite 660.000 bakuze). Hariho kandi imiryango minini y’amadini nka Kiliziya Gatolika n’Ababuda, Abahindu, Abayahudi n’Ubuyisilamu.

Ubwongereza nimwe mubihugu byubukungu bwubukungu bwisi, kandi ibicuruzwa byinjira mu gihugu biza mubambere mubihugu byiburengerazuba. Umusaruro rusange w’igihugu mu 2006 wari miliyari 2341.371 z'amadolari y’Amerika, naho umuturage agera ku madolari 38,636 y’Amerika. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, umubare w’inganda z’Abongereza mu bukungu bw’igihugu wagabanutse; umubare w’inganda za serivisi n’ingufu wakomeje kwiyongera, muri byo ubucuruzi, imari n’ubwishingizi byateye imbere byihuse. Ibigo byigenga nibyo shingiro ry'ubukungu bw'Ubwongereza, bingana na 60% bya GDP. Inganda zitanga serivisi ni kimwe mu bipimo bipima urugero rw'iterambere ry'igihugu kigezweho.Uruganda rwa serivisi mu Bwongereza rufite 77.5% by'abaturage bose bafite akazi, naho umusaruro wacyo ukaba urenga 63% bya GDP. Ubwongereza nicyo gihugu gifite ingufu zikize cyane mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, kandi ni nacyo gitanga ingufu za peteroli na gaze gasanzwe ku isi.Uruganda rukora amakara rweguriwe abikorera ku giti cyabo. Inganda nyamukuru ni: ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, metallurgie, imashini, ibikoresho bya elegitoronike, imodoka, ibiryo, ibinyobwa, itabi, imyenda, gukora impapuro, gucapa, gutangaza, kubaka, n'ibindi. Byongeye kandi, inganda z’indege, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, n’inganda mu Bwongereza ziratera imbere cyane, kandi ikoranabuhanga rigenda ryiyongera nko gucukumbura peteroli yo mu nyanja, ubwubatsi bw’amakuru, itumanaho rya satellite, hamwe na mikorobe yateye imbere cyane mu myaka yashize. Ubuhinzi nyamukuru, ubworozi n’uburobyi ni ubworozi, inganda z’ingano, ubuhinzi bwimbuto, n’uburobyi. Inganda za serivisi zirimo imari n’ubwishingizi, gucuruza, ubukerarugendo na serivisi z’ubucuruzi (gutanga serivisi zemewe n’ubujyanama, nibindi), kandi byateye imbere vuba mumyaka yashize. Ubukerarugendo nimwe mu nzego z’ubukungu zikomeye mu Bwongereza. Umusaruro w’umwaka urenga miliyari 70 z'amapound, naho amafaranga y’ubukerarugendo agera kuri 5% y’amafaranga yinjira mu bukerarugendo ku isi. Bitandukanye n’ibihugu byibanda ku bukerarugendo nyaburanga, umuco w’abami n’umuco w’ingoro ndangamurage n’ibyingenzi bikurura inganda z’ubukerarugendo. Ahantu nyaburanga hasurwa ni London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Brighton, Greenwich, Oxford, Cambridge, n'ibindi.

London: London, umurwa mukuru w’Ubwongereza (Londere), iherereye mu bibaya byo mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bw’Ubwongereza, hakurya ya Thames na kilometero 88 uvuye ku munwa wa Thames. Nko mu myaka 3000 ishize, agace ka Londres niho Abongereza babaga. Muri 54 mbere ya Yesu, ubwami bw'Abaroma bwateye u Bwongereza.Mu 43 mbere ya Yesu, cyahoze ari ikigo gikuru cya gisirikare cy’Abaroma maze bubaka ikiraro cya mbere cy’ibiti hakurya ya Thames. Nyuma yikinyejana cya 16, hamwe n’ubwiyongere bwa capitalism y’abongereza, igipimo cya Londres cyagutse vuba. Mu 1500, abaturage ba Londres bari 50.000 gusa. Kuva icyo gihe, yakomeje kwiyongera.Mu 2001, abaturage ba Londres bageze kuri miliyoni 7.188.

London ni ikigo cya politiki cy’igihugu. Ni icyicaro cy’umuryango w’abami b’abongereza, guverinoma, inteko ishinga amategeko n’icyicaro cy’imitwe ya politiki itandukanye. Ingoro ya Westminster niho hazabera amazu yo hejuru no hepfo y’Inteko ishinga amategeko y’Ubwongereza, bityo nanone yitwa Inzu y’Inteko. Westminster Abbey, mu majyepfo y’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, niho hantu umwami cyangwa umwamikazi w’Ubwongereza yambitswe ikamba kandi abagize umuryango w’abami bakoze ubukwe nyuma yo kuzura mu 1065. Hano hari amarimbi arenga 20 y'abami b'Abongereza, abanyapolitiki bazwi, abahanga mu bya gisirikare, abahanga, abanditsi n'abahanzi nka Newton, Darwin, Dickens, Hardy, n'ibindi.

Ingoro ya Buckingham ni Ingoro y'Ubwami y'Abongereza. Iherereye mu gace ko hagati mu Burengerazuba bwa Londres. Ihuza na Parike ya Mutagatifu James mu burasirazuba na Parike ya Hyde mu burengerazuba. Ni ahantu abagize umuryango w'abami b'Abongereza baba kandi bakorera, kandi ni n'ahantu hakorerwa ibibazo bikomeye bya Leta y'Ubwongereza. Whitehall ni icyicaro cya guverinoma y'Ubwongereza.Ibiro bya Minisitiri w’intebe, Inama ya Privy, Minisiteri y’ubutegetsi bw’igihugu, Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga, Minisiteri y’Imari, na Minisiteri y’Ingabo byose biherereye hano. Intandaro ya Whitehall ni Inzu ya Minisitiri w’intebe iri ku mwanya wa 10 Downing Street, ikaba ari inzu y’abaminisitiri ba minisitiri w’intebe bahoze mu Bwongereza. London ntabwo ari ikigo cya politiki cy’Ubwongereza gusa, ahubwo ni icyicaro cy’imiryango mpuzamahanga, harimo n’umuryango mpuzamahanga w’amazi, Umuryango mpuzamahanga w’amakoperative, PEN mpuzamahanga, Umuryango mpuzamahanga w’abagore, Umuryango mpuzamahanga w’abasosiyaliste, na Amnesty International.

London numujyi wumuco wisi. Inzu Ndangamurage y'Ubwongereza yubatswe mu kinyejana cya 18 kandi ni yo ngoro ndangamurage nini ku isi.Yakusanyije ibisigisigi byinshi bya kera byaturutse mu Bwongereza no mu bindi bihugu ku isi. Usibye Ingoro Ndangamurage y'Ubwongereza, Londres ifite n'ibikoresho ndangamuco nk'Ingoro Ndangamurage izwi cyane ndetse n'Ingoro y'igihugu. Kaminuza y'i Londres, Ishuri ry’imbyino rya Royal, Ishuri Rikuru ry’umuziki, Royal College of Art na Imperial College ni kaminuza zizwi cyane mu Bwongereza. Kaminuza y'i Londres yashinzwe mu 1836, ubu ifite kaminuza zirenga 60. Kaminuza y'i Londres izwi cyane mu bumenyi bw'ubuvuzi, kandi umwe mu baganga batatu mu Bwongereza yarangije hano.

London numujyi wubukerarugendo uzwi kwisi yose hamwe nibisigisigi byumuco bizwi kwisi. Ku Munara wa Hill mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bw’Umujyi wa Londres, hari umunara wa Londres, wahoze ukoreshwa nk'igihome cya gisirikare, ingoro, gereza, ububiko, ubu ukaba ari ahantu herekanwa amakamba n'intwaro. Ingoro ya Westminster iherereye ku nkombe y’iburengerazuba ya Thames, yubatswe mu 750 nyuma ya Yesu, ifite ubuso bungana na hegitari 8. Ni inyubako nini ya Gothique nini ku isi. Parike ya Hyde ni hamwe mu hantu hazwi cyane i Londres. Iherereye mu burengerazuba bw’umujyi wa Londres. Ifite ubuso bwa hegitari 636 kandi ni parike nini muri uyu mujyi. Hano hari parike izwi cyane ya "Speaker's Corner" izwi kandi nka "Forumu y'Ubwisanzure" muri parike. Buri cyumweru, abantu baza hano kuvuga hafi umunsi wose.

Manchester: Nicyo kigo cy’inganda z’imyenda y’Ubwongereza, ihuriro ry’ubwikorezi n’ikigo cy’ubucuruzi, imari, n’umuco. Iherereye hagati ya metero nkuru mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'Ubwongereza. Manchester United irimo Salford, Stockport, Oldham, Rochdale, Bury, Bolton, Wigan na Wallington, ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1,287.

Manchester irazwi cyane kubera siporo izwi cyane cyane kuba ifite amakipe azwi yumupira wamaguru. Iyo bigeze kuri Manchester, abantu basanzwe batekereza kumupira wamaguru. Manchester ntabwo ifite clubs z'umupira w'amaguru zizwi gusa, ni naho havuka impinduramatwara mu nganda kandi ni umwe mu mijyi ikomeye kandi ifite imbaraga mu Bwongereza. Irimo ihinduka kandi kuva mumujyi winganda zishingiye ku nganda zihinduka umujyi mpuzamahanga utera imbere, ugezweho kandi ufite imbaraga. Muri uyu mujyi hari ingoro ndangamurage na galeries nyinshi, byerekana umuco wuzuye hamwe n'amateka maremare y'umujyi. Ubuzima bwa nijoro bwa Manchester ni ubwa kabiri mu Bwongereza.Hari utubari, utubari, hamwe n’ahantu ho kwidagadurira hatatanye mu mujyi. Abashyitsi ba Manchester ntibazabura amahirwe yo kubona ubuzima bwijoro.

Glasgow: Glasgow (Glasgow) numujyi wa gatatu munini mu Bwongereza hamwe n’umujyi wa Scotland n’inganda nini n’ubucuruzi n’icyambu. Iherereye mu kibaya cya Scotland rwagati, hakurya y'uruzi rwa Clyde, mu birometero 32 mu burengerazuba bw'umugezi. Mu 550 nyuma ya Yesu, Glasgow yashinze umwepiskopi kandi yahawe isoko nk'umwami wa Scotland mu kinyejana cya 12. Yabaye komine yumwami mu 1450. Nyuma yo guhuza Scotland n'Ubwongereza mu 1603, byateje imbere ubukungu kandi biba icyambu gikomeye cy'ubucuruzi bw'amahanga. Nyuma y’intangiriro y’impinduramatwara mu nganda, yateye imbere mu buryo bwihuse.Abaturage barazamutse bava ku 77.000 mu 1801 bagera kuri 762.000 mu 1901, baza ku mwanya wa kabiri mu gihugu maze baba kimwe mu bigo binini byubaka ubwato ku isi.

Nyuma y'intambara ya kabiri y'isi yose, hashyizweho inganda nka electronics, radar, no gutunganya peteroli. Kuva mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, iterambere ry'ubukungu ryatinze cyane kandi abaturage ntibiyongera, ariko inganda n'ubucuruzi biracyafite umwanya ukomeye mu Bushinwa. Inzego nyamukuru zinganda zirimo kubaka ubwato, gukora imashini, ibikoresho byamashanyarazi, ibikoresho byuzuye, nibindi. Inganda zubaka ubwato ziza kumwanya wa mbere mugihugu, hamwe nubwubatsi bwinshi. Glasgow ni hamwe mu masoko akomeye yo gutwara abantu mu Bwongereza. Nicyo kigo nyamukuru cyumuco cya Scotland. Kaminuza izwi cyane ya Glasgow yashinzwe mu 1451, kandi hariho amashuri makuru menshi nka kaminuza ya Strathclyde, Ishuri ry’Ubucuruzi rya Scottish, Royal Music Conservatory of Muzika, hamwe n’ishuri rikuru ry’ubuhinzi rya Scotland. Ingoro Ndangamurage na Muzehe muri Parike ya Kelvingrove irimo icyegeranyo cy’ibihangano bizwi cyane by’i Burayi kuva Renaissance. Inzu Ndangamurage ya Huntlyn yometse kuri kaminuza ya Glasgow izwiho gukusanya ibiceri bitandukanye n'ubutunzi bw'ubuhanzi. Mu mateka y’umujyi, Katedrali ya San Mongo, yubatswe mu kinyejana cya 12, ni yo izwi cyane. Muri uyu mujyi hari hegitari zirenga 2000 za parike n’ahantu h'icyatsi.Hampden Park ifite kandi ikibuga kinini cy’umupira wamaguru mu Bwongereza, gishobora kwakira abantu 150.000.