I-United Kingdom, igama eligcwele yi-United Kingdom yaseGreat Britain neNyakatho ye-Ireland. Imboza indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-243,600 (kufaka phakathi amanzi amaphakathi nezwe), kufaka phakathi amakhilomitha-skwele ayi-134,400 eNgilandi, amakhilomitha-skwele angama-78,800 eScotland, amakhilomitha-skwele angama-20,800 eWales, namakhilomitha-skwele ayi-13,600 eNyakatho ye-Ireland. I-United Kingdom iyizwe eliyisiqhingi elisengxenyeni esentshonalanga yeYurophu, eliqukethe iGreat Britain (kubandakanya iNgilandi, iScotland, iWales), ingxenye esenyakatho-mpumalanga yesiqhingi sase-Ireland nezinye iziqhingi ezincane. Ibheke ezwenikazi laseYurophu ngaphesheya koLwandle lwaseNyakatho, iStrait of Dover, kanye ne-English Channel. Umhlaba wayo unemingcele neRiphabhlikhi yase-Ireland. Ugu lunobude obuphelele bamakhilomitha ayi-11,450. Yonke insimu ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezine: amathafa aseningizimu-mpumalanga yeNgilandi, izintaba zaseMidwest, izintaba zaseScotland, amathafa aseNyakatho ye-Ireland nezintaba. Kungokwesimo sezulu sasemahlathini esipholile esinamakhasi abanzi, esimnene futhi esinomswakama unyaka wonke. Imvamisa izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu alidluli u-32 ℃, izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu alikho ngaphansi kuka -10 ℃, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lingu-4 ～ 7 ℃ ngoJanuwari nango-13 ～ 17 ℃ ngoJulayi. Kuyana futhi kunenkungu, ikakhulukazi ekwindla nasebusika.

I-United Kingdom ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezine: i-England, iScotland, iWales neNyakatho ye-Ireland. I-England ihlukaniswe izifunda ezingama-43, iScotland inezifunda ezingama-29 neziphathimandla ezikhethekile ezi-3, iNyakatho ye-Ireland inezifunda ezingama-26, kanti iWales inezifunda ezingama-22. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-UK inezindawo eziyi-12.

B.C. Ama-Iberiya aseMedithera, amaPiknik namaCelt eza eBrithani ngokulandelana. Ingxenye eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeGreat Britain yayiphethwe uMbuso WaseRoma eminyakeni eyi-1-5. Ngemva kokuba amaRoma ehoxile, ama-Anglo, amaSaxon, namaJutes asenyakatho yeYurophu ahlasela futhi ahlala ngokulandelana. Uhlelo lwe-feudal lwaqala ukwenzeka ngekhulu lesi-7, futhi amazwe amaningi amancane ahlangana aba imibuso eyisikhombisa, elwela ubukhosi iminyaka engama-200, eyaziwa njenge- "Anglo-Saxon Era" emlandweni. Ngo-829, u-Egerbert, iNkosi yaseWessex, wahlanganisa iNgilandi. Ihlaselwe ngabakwaDanes ekupheleni kwekhulu lesishiyagalombili, yayiyingxenye yombuso wamakhukhukazi waseDenmark kusuka ku-1016 kuya ku-1042. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esifushane sokubusa kwenkosi yaseBrithani, uMbusi waseNormandy wawela ulwandle ukuze anqobe iNgilandi ngo-1066. Ngo-1215 iNkosi uJohn yaphoqeleka ukuba isayine iMagna Carta, futhi ubukhosi bancishwa. Kusukela ngo-1338 kuya ku-1453, iBrithani neFrance balwa "iMpi Yeminyaka Eyikhulu". IBrithani yawina kuqala yabe sehlulwa. Wanqotshwa iSpanish "i-Invincible Fleet" ngo-1588 wasungula negemony yolwandle.

Ngo-1640, iBrithani yaqala inguquko yokuqala yonxiwankulu emhlabeni futhi yaba umanduleli wenguquko yonxiwankulu. NgoMeyi 19, 1649, kwamenyezelwa i-republic. Ubukhosi babuyiselwa ku-1660 futhi i- "Glorious Revolution" yenzeka ngo-1668, yasungula ubukhosi bomthethosisekelo. INgilandi yahlangana neScotland ngo-1707 yabe seyihlangana ne-Ireland ngo-1801. Kusuka engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-18 kuya engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19, kwaba izwe lokuqala emhlabeni ukuqedela inguquko yezimboni. Ikhulu le-19 leminyaka laliwusuku oluvelele loMbuso WaseBrithani. Ngo-1914, leli koloni elalithathwa yilo lalilikhulu ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyi-111 kunalelizwekazi. Kwakuwumbuso wokuqala wamakoloni futhi wawuthi "ungumbuso ongashiswa yilanga." Iqale ukwehla ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. I-United Kingdom yasungula iNyakatho ye-Ireland ngo-1920 futhi yavumela i-Ireland eseningizimu ukuthi ihlukane nokubusa kwayo kusukela ngo-1921 kuya ku-1922 futhi yasungula izwe elizimele. Umthetho waseWestminster wamenyezelwa ngonyaka we-1931, futhi waphoqeleka ukuthi uvume ukuthi ubukhosi bawo buzimele ezindabeni zasekhaya nezangaphandle, futhi uhlelo lwamakholoni loMbuso WaseBrithani lwazanyazanyiswa kusukela lapho. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili, amandla ezomnotho ancipha kakhulu futhi isimo sezepolitiki sehla. Ngokuzimela okulandelanayo kweNdiya nePakistan ngo-1947, uhlelo lwamakholoni aseBrithani lwawa ngawo-1960.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Ngunxande ovundlile onesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi buka-2: 1. Yifulegi elithi "Ilayisi", elenziwe ngesizinda esimnyama esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye "nelayisi" elibomvu nomhlophe. Isiphambano esibomvu esinomngcele omhlophe efulethini simele usanta ongumvikeli uGeorge waseNgilandi, isiphambano esimhlophe simele usanta ophethe iScotland Andrew, kanti isiphambano esibomvu simele usanta ophethe u-Ireland Patrick. Leli fulegi lakhiqizwa ngo-1801. Lakhiwa ifulegi laseNgilandi elimhlophe elibomvu elibomvu elihle eliyishumi ifulegi, ifulegi laseScotland elihlaza okwesibhakabhaka elimhlophe nelifulegi elimhlophe elibomvu.

I-UK inabantu abalinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-60.2 (ngoJuni 2005), okuyizigidi ezingama-50.4 baseNgilandi, abayizigidi ezi-5.1 eScotland, abayizigidi ezi-3 eWales, nase-1.7 million eNyakatho ye-Ireland. Zombili izikhulu ezisemthethweni nolimi lwesiNgisi zingamaNgisi. IsiWelsh siyakhulunywa futhi enyakatho yeWales, kanti iGaelic isakhulunywa eNorthwest Highlands yaseScotland nasezingxenyeni ezithile zeNyakatho ye-Ireland. Izakhamizi ikakhulukazi zikholelwa ebuKristwini bamaProthestani, ikakhulu buhlukaniswe iSonto LaseNgilandi (elaziwa nangokuthi iSonto Lase-Anglican, amalungu alo anamalungu acishe abe ngama-60% abantu abadala baseBrithani) kanye neSonto LaseScotland (elaziwa nangokuthi iPresbyterian Church, elinamalungu abantu abadala abangama-660,000). Kukhona nemiphakathi emikhulu yenkolo efana neSonto LamaKatolika nobuBuddha, ubuHindu, ubuJuda nobuSulumane.

IBrithani ingenye yamandla omnotho emhlabeni, futhi umkhiqizo wayo ophelele wasekhaya uphakathi kwezwe eliphambili emazweni aseNtshonalanga. Umkhiqizo wezwe ophelele ngonyaka ka-2006 wawuyi-2341.371 billion dollars wase-US, kanti umuntu ngamunye wafinyelela kuma-dollar angama-38,636 aseMelika. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, isabelo sokukhiqizwa kweBrithani emnothweni wezwe sinciphile; isabelo sezimboni zezinsizakalo namandla siqhubeke nokwanda, okukhona kuso ezentengiselwano, ezezimali kanye nomshuwalense. Amabhizinisi azimele ayinsika yomnotho waseBrithani, abalwa ngaphezu kwama-60% we-GDP. Imboni yezinsizakalo ingenye yamazinga okukala izinga lokuthuthuka kwezwe lesimanje.Imboni yezinsizakalo e-UK ibalwa ngama-77.5% wokuqashwa kwayo konke, futhi inani layo lokukhiphayo libala ngaphezu kuka-63% we-GDP yalo. I-United Kingdom iyizwe elinemithombo yamandla ecebe kakhulu e-European Union, futhi iphinde ibe ngumkhiqizi omkhulu emhlabeni kawoyela negesi yemvelo.Imboni yezimayini zamalahle izimele ngokuphelele. Izimboni eziyinhloko yilezi: ukumbiwa kwezimayini, ukusansimbi, imishini, okokusebenza ngogesi, izimoto, ukudla, iziphuzo, ugwayi, izindwangu, ukwenza amaphepha, ukuphrinta, ukushicilela, ukwakha, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezokundiza, i-elekthronikhi, amakhemikhali nezinye izimboni e-UK zithuthuke kakhulu, futhi ubuchwepheshe obuvelayo njengokuhlola uwoyela waselwandle, ubunjiniyela bemininingwane, ukuxhumana ngesathelayithi, kanye ne-microelectronics sekuthuthuke kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva. Ezolimo eziyinhloko, ukufuya kanye nokudoba ukufuya izilwane, imboni yokusanhlamvu, ukulima nokulima. Imboni yezinsizakalo ifaka ezezimali nezomshuwalense, ezokuthengisa, ezokuvakasha nezamabhizinisi (ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zomthetho nezokubonisana, njll.), Futhi yathuthuka ngokushesha kule minyaka edlule. Ezokuvakasha zingenye yemikhakha yezomnotho ebaluleke kakhulu e-UK. Inani lonyaka lokukhipha lingaphezu kwamakhilogremu angama-70, kanti imali engenayo yezokuvakasha ibalelwa ku-5% wemali engenayo yezokuvakasha emhlabeni. Ngokungafani namazwe agxile kwezokuvakasha ezibabazekayo, isiko lobukhosi baseBrithani namasiko omnyuziyamu yizona ezikhanga kakhulu embonini yezokuvakasha. Izindawo eziyinhloko zabavakashi yiLondon, i-Edinburgh, iCardiff, iBrighton, iGreenwich, i-Oxford, iCambridge, njll.

ILondon: ILondon, inhlokodolobha yase-United Kingdom (eLondon), itholakala emathafeni aseningizimu-mpumalanga yeNgilandi, inqamula iThames namakhilomitha angama-88 ukusuka emlonyeni woMfula iThames. Eminyakeni engama-3000 eyedlule, indawo yaseLondon yilapho kwakuhlala khona abaseBrithani. Ngo-54 BC, uMbuso WaseRoma wahlasela iGreat Britain.Ku-43 BC, kwake kwaba yisiteshi esikhulu sezempi samaRoma futhi wakha ibhuloho lokuqala lamapulangwe eliwela iThames. Ngemuva kwekhulu le-16 leminyaka, ngokwanda kongxiwankulu baseBrithani, isilinganiso seLondon sakhula ngokushesha. Ngo-1500, inani labantu baseLondon lalingama-50 000 kuphela. Kusukela lapho, liye laqhubeka nokukhula.Ngonyaka ka-2001, inani labantu baseLondon lafinyelela ezigidini ezingama-7.188.

ILondon iyisikhungo sezepolitiki ezweni.Kuyisihlalo somndeni wasebukhosini baseBrithani, uhulumeni, iphalamende nendlunkulu yamaqembu ezepolitiki ahlukahlukene. Isigodlo saseWestminster yindawo yezindlu eziphezulu nezingezansi zePhalamende laseBrithani, ngakho-ke ibizwa nangokuthi iHholo Lephalamende. I-Westminster Abbey, eningizimu yePhalamende Yesikwele, bekuyindawo lapho inkosi noma indlovukazi yaseNgilandi yathweswa khona umqhele futhi amalungu omndeni wasebukhosini enza imishado ngemuva kokuphothulwa kwayo ngo-1065. Kunamathuna angaphezu kwama-20 amakhosi aseBrithani, osopolitiki abadumile, osomaqhinga bezempi, ososayensi, ababhali nabadwebi abanjengoNewton, Darwin, Dickens, Hardy, njll.

Isigodlo saseBuckingham yiBritish Royal Palace, esenkabeni yeWest London.Ixhunywe eSt. IWhitehall iyisihlalo sikahulumeni waseBrithani.Ihhovisi likandunankulu, iPrivy Council, uMnyango Wezangaphakathi, uMnyango Wezangaphandle, uMnyango Wezezimali kanye noMnyango Wezokuvikela konke kutholakala lapha. Umnyombo weWhitehall yiNdlu kaNdunankulu eseNombolo 10 Downing Street, okuyindawo yokuhlala ngokusemthethweni yondunankulu baseBrithani. ILondon ayisiyo nje kuphela isikhungo sezepolitiki sase-United Kingdom, kodwa futhi iyikomkhulu lezinhlangano eziningi zomhlaba, kubandakanya i-International Maritime Organisation, i-International Cooperative Union, i-International PEN, i-International Women’s League, iSocialist International, ne-Amnesty International. I-London idolobha lamasiko lomhlaba wonke. UMnyuziyamu waseBrithani wakhiwa ngekhulu le-18 futhi uyigcinamagugu elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni.Unezinsalela eziningi zasendulo ezivela eBrithani nakwamanye amazwe emhlabeni. Ngaphezu kweBritish Museum, iLondon nayo inezikhungo zamasiko njengeSayensi Museum edumile kanye neNational Gallery. INyuvesi yaseLondon, iRoyal School of Dance, iRoyal College of Music, iRoyal College of Art neImperial College ngamanyuvesi adumile e-UK. IYunivesithi yaseLondon yasungulwa e-1836 futhi manje inamakholeji angaphezu kwe-60. IYunivesithi yaseLondon idume ngesayensi yayo yezokwelapha, futhi udokotela oyedwa kwabathathu e-UK waphumelela lapha.

ILondon yidolobha lezivakashi elidume umhlaba wonke linezinsalela eziningi zamasiko ezidume umhlaba wonke. ETower Hill ekhoneni eliseningizimu-mpumalanga yeDolobha laseLondon, kukhona iTower of London.Lombhoshongo wake wasetshenziswa njengenqaba yamasosha, isigodlo sasebukhosini, ijele, izinqolobane zokugcina umlando, futhi manje sekuyihholo lombukiso lemqhele nezikhali. Itholakala osebeni olusentshonalanga yoMfula iThames, isigodlo saseWestminster sakhiwa ngo-750 AD futhi sithatha indawo engamahektare ayi-8. Yisakhiwo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni samaGothic. IHyde Park ingenye yezindawo ezinhle zaseLondon.Itholakala entshonalanga yedolobha laseLondon futhi ithatha indawo engamahektare angama-636. Iyipaki enkulu kunazo zonke edolobheni. Kukhona i- "Speaker's Corner" edumile eyaziwa nangokuthi "Inkundla Yenkululeko" epaki. Njalo phakathi nesonto, abantu beza lapha ukuzokhuluma cishe usuku lonke.

IManchester: Isikhungo somkhakha wezindwangu waseBrithani, isikhungo esibalulekile sezokuthutha kanye nesikhungo sezohwebo, sezezimali namasiko. Itholakala maphakathi nedolobha elikhulu enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNgilandi. IGreater Manchester ifaka phakathi iSalford, iStockport, i-Oldham, iRochdale, iBury, iBolton, iWigan neWallington, ehlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-1,287.

IManchester idume ngedumela layo lezemidlalo, ikakhulukazi ngokuba namaqembu adumile ebhola. Uma kukhulunywa ngeManchester, abantu ngokwemvelo bacabanga ngebhola. IManchester ayigcini nje ngokuba namakilabhu adumile ebhola, ibuye ibe yindawo yokuzalwa ye-Industrial Revolution futhi ingenye yamadolobha aphilayo futhi ashukumisayo e-UK. Kubuye kuguqulwe kusuka edolobheni lezimboni elisuselwa ekukhiqizeni liye edolobheni elichumayo, lesimanje nelinempilo. Kuneminyuziyamu nemipheme eminingi edolobheni, ekhombisa ukuqongelela kwamasiko okujulile nomlando omude wedolobha. Impilo yasebusuku yaseManchester ingeyesibili e-UK. Kunemigoqo eminingi, izindawo zokudlela nezindawo zokuzijabulisa ezisakazeke kulo lonke idolobha. Noma yisiphi isivakashi eManchester ngeke siphuthelwe yithuba lokubona impilo yaso yasebusuku.

IGlasgow: IGlasgow (iGlasgow) idolobha lesithathu ngobukhulu e-UK kanye nedolobha kanye netheku elikhulu kunawo wonke laseScotland. Kutholakala ezindaweni eziphansi enkabeni yeScotland, ngaphesheya koMfula iClyde, amakhilomitha angama-32 entshonalanga yomlomo womfula. Ngo-550 AD, uGlasgow wasungula isikhundla sobubhishobhi futhi waqokwa njengemakethe yiNkosi yaseScotland ngekhulu le-12. Kwaba ngumasipala wasebukhosini ngo-1450. Ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa kweScotland neNgilandi ngo-1603, yathuthukisa intuthuko yezomnotho futhi yaba itheku elibalulekile lokuhweba langaphandle. Ngemuva kokuqala kwenguquko yezimboni, yathuthuka ngokushesha okukhulu.Isibalo sabantu sakhuphuka sisuka ku-77,000 ngo-1801 saya ku-762,000 ngo-1901, sabeka isibili ezweni futhi saba ngesinye sezikhungo zezimboni ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, izimboni ezinjenge-elekthronikhi, i-radar, nokucwengwa kukawoyela zasungulwa. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, intuthuko yezomnotho ibilokhu ihamba kancane uma kuqhathaniswa futhi nenani labantu alikakhuphuki, kepha izimboni nezentengiselwano zisesikhundleni esibalulekile eChina. Imikhakha emikhulu yezimboni ifaka phakathi ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, ukukhiqizwa kwemishini, okokusebenza kagesi, izinsimbi zokunemba, njll. Imboni yokwakha imikhumbi ibalwa kuqala ezweni, inamagceke amaningi emikhumbi. IGlasgow ingenye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhamba e-UK. Futhi yisikhungo esiyinhloko samasiko eScotland. INyuvesi yaseGlasgow edumile yasungulwa e-1451, futhi kunezikhungo eziningi zemfundo ephakeme njenge-University of Strathclyde, iScotland Business School, iRoyal Scottish Conservatory of Music, kanye neWestern Scotland Agricultural College. I-Art Gallery neMnyuziyamu eKelvingrove Park kuhlala iqoqo lezinto ezidumile zase-Europe kusukela ku-Renaissance. IHuntlyn Museum enamathiselwe e-University of Glasgow idume ngokuqoqwa kwayo kwezinhlamvu zemali ezahlukahlukene kanye nengcebo yobuciko. Phakathi kwezindawo zomlando wedolobha, iCathedral yaseSan Mongo, eyakhiwe ngekhulu le-12, idume kakhulu. Kunamahektha angaphezu kwama-2 000 amapaki nezindawo eziluhlaza edolobheni.I-Hampden Park nayo inenkundla yebhola enkulu kunazo zonke e-UK, engathatha abantu abangu-150,000.