United Kingdom, dzina lonse ndi United Kingdom ya Great Britain ndi Northern Ireland. Imakhala ndi makilomita 243,600 (kuphatikiza madzi amkati), kuphatikiza ma 134,400 ma kilomita ku England, ma 78,800 ma kilomita ku Scotland, 20,800 ma kilomita ku Wales, ndi 13,600 ma kilomita ku Northern Ireland. United Kingdom ndi dziko lazilumba lomwe lili kumadzulo kwa Europe. Lili ndi Isle of Great Britain (kuphatikiza England, Scotland, ndi Wales), kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa chilumba cha Ireland ndi zilumba zazing'ono zina. Imayang'anizana ndi kontinenti yaku Europe kudutsa North Sea, Strait of Dover, ndi English Channel. Dziko lake limadutsa Republic of Ireland. Mphepete mwa nyanja ili ndi kutalika kwa makilomita 11,450. Gawo lonseli lidagawika magawo anayi: zigwa za kumwera chakum'mawa kwa England, mapiri a Midwest, mapiri a Scotland, mapiri a Northern Ireland ndi mapiri. Ili ndi nyengo yankhalango yotentha kwambiri yotuluka m'nyanja, yofatsa komanso yamvula chaka chonse. Kawirikawiri kutentha kwakukulu sikupitirira 32 ℃, kutentha kotsika sikutsika -10 ℃, kutentha kwakukulu kumakhala 4 ～ 7 ℃ mu Januware ndi 13 ～ 17 ℃ mu Julayi. Mvula ndi nkhungu, makamaka m'dzinja ndi m'nyengo yozizira.

United Kingdom igawika magawo anayi: England, Scotland, Wales ndi Northern Ireland. England imagawidwa m'magawo 43, Scotland ili ndi zigawo 29 ndi maulamuliro apadera atatu, Northern Ireland ili ndi zigawo 26, ndipo Wales ali ndi zigawo 22. Kuphatikiza apo, UK ili ndi magawo 12.

B.C. Ameriya aku Mediterranean, Apikniki ndi Aselote adabwera ku Britain motsatizana. Gawo lakumwera chakum'mawa kwa Great Britain lidalamulidwa ndi Ufumu wa Roma mzaka za 1-5. Aroma atachoka, Anglo, Saxon ndi Jutes kumpoto kwa Europe adalanda ndikukhazikika. Dongosolo lamalamulo lidayamba kuchitika m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri, ndipo maiko ang'onoang'ono ambiri adalumikizana ndi maufumu asanu ndi awiri, akumenyera hegemony kwa zaka 200, yotchedwa "Anglo-Saxon Era" m'mbiri. Mu 829, Egerbert, King wa Wessex, adalumikiza England. Olowetsedwa ndi a Dani kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu, anali gawo la ufumu wachifwamba waku Danish kuyambira 1016 mpaka 1042. Pambuyo paulamuliro wochepa wa mfumu yaku Britain, Duke waku Normandy adawoloka nyanja kuti akagonjetse England mu 1066. Mu 1215 King John adakakamizidwa kusaina Magna Carta, ndipo ufumuwo udaponderezedwa. Kuyambira 1338 mpaka 1453, Britain ndi France adamenya nkhondo "ya Zaka 100" Britain idapambana koyamba kenako idagonja. Anagonjetsa a "Invincible Fleet" aku Spain mu 1588 ndipo adakhazikitsa hegemony yapanyanja.

Mu 1640, Britain idayamba kusintha kwa mabishopu padziko lapansi ndipo idakhala wotsogola wampikisano wabungwe. Pa Meyi 19, 1649, republic idalengezedwa. Mafumu adabwezeretsedwanso mu 1660 ndipo "Glorious Revolution" idachitika mu 1668, ndikukhazikitsa ulamuliro wamalamulo. England idalumikizana ndi Scotland mu 1707 kenako ndikuphatikizidwa ndi Ireland mu 1801. Kuyambira theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 18 mpaka theka loyamba la zaka za zana la 19, lidakhala dziko loyamba padziko lapansi kumaliza kusintha kwamakampani. M'zaka za zana la 19 panali tsiku lotukuka Ufumu wa Britain. Mu 1914, dzikolo lomwe limalamulidwa ndi mzindawu linali lalikulu nthawi 111 kuposa dziko lonselo. Unali mphamvu yoyamba ya atsamunda ndipo imati ndi "ufumu womwe dzuwa sililowa." Zinayamba kuchepa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itatha. United Kingdom idakhazikitsa North Ireland mu 1920 ndipo idalola kumwera kwa Ireland kusiya ulamuliro wake kuyambira 1921 mpaka 1922 ndikukhazikitsa dziko lodziyimira pawokha. Westminster Act idakhazikitsidwa mu 1931, ndipo idakakamizidwa kuvomereza ulamuliro wake kuti uziyimira pawokha pazinthu zapakhomo ndi zakunja, ndipo machitidwe atsamunda a Britain Britain adagwedezeka kuyambira pamenepo. Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, mphamvu zachuma zidafooka kwambiri ndipo ndale zidachepa. Ndi ufulu wotsatira motsatizana wa India ndi Pakistan mu 1947, dongosolo la atsamunda aku Britain lidagwa m'ma 1960.

Mbendera yadziko: Ndi rectangle yopingasa yolumikizana ndi kutalika kwake mpaka m'lifupi mwa 2: 1. Ndi mbendera ya "Rice", yomwe imapangidwa ndi mdima wabuluu komanso "Mpunga" wofiira ndi woyera. Mtanda wofiira wokhala ndi malire oyera mu mbendera umaimira woyang'anira woyera George waku England, mtanda woyera ukuyimira woyang'anira woyera wa Scotland Andrew, ndipo mtanda wofiira umaimira woyang'anira woyera wa Ireland Patrick. Mbendera iyi idapangidwa mu 1801. Amapangidwa ndi mbendera yoyambirira yaku England yoyera yoyera yoyera mbendera khumi, mbendera yoyera yoyera yoyera yaku Scotland komanso yoyera yoyera yoyera ya Ireland.

UK ili ndi anthu pafupifupi 60.2 miliyoni (June 2005), pomwe 50.4 miliyoni ali ku England, 5.1 miliyoni ku Scotland, 3 miliyoni ku Wales, ndi 1.7 miliyoni ku Northern Ireland. Onse ovomerezeka komanso olankhula zilankhulo ndi Chingerezi. Welsh amalankhulidwanso kumpoto kwa Wales, ndipo Gaelic amalankhulidwabe ku Northwest Highlands ku Scotland ndi madera ena a Northern Ireland. Nzika zambiri zimakhulupirira Chikhristu cha Chiprotestanti, chomwe chimagawika Mpingo wa England (womwe umadziwikanso kuti Anglican Church, omwe mamembala ake amakhala pafupifupi 60% ya achikulire aku Britain) ndi Church of Scotland (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Presbyterian Church, yokhala ndi achikulire 660,000). Palinso magulu azipembedzo zazikulu monga Katolika ndi Chibuda, Chihindu, Chiyuda ndi Chisilamu.

Britain ndi amodzi mwamphamvu zachuma padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo chuma chake chimakhala pakati pa mayiko akumadzulo. Zachuma chonse mu 2006 chinali 2341.371 biliyoni US dollars, ndipo munthu aliyense adafika 38,636 US dollars. M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, gawo lomwe Britain akupanga mu chuma cha dziko latsika; gawo la ntchito zamagetsi ndi mphamvu zapitilizabe kuwonjezeka, zomwe zamalonda, zachuma ndi inshuwaransi zapita mwachangu. Mabizinesi azinsinsi ndi omwe amatsogolera chuma cha Britain, kuwerengera zoposa 60% ya GDP. Makampani ogwira ntchito ndi imodzi mwazomwe zimayesa kukula kwa dziko lamakono.Makampani ogwira ntchito ku UK amawerengera 77.5% ya anthu onse pantchito, ndipo phindu lake limaposa 63% ya GDP yake. United Kingdom ndi dziko lomwe lili ndi chuma chambiri ku European Union, komanso ndi lomwe limapanga kwambiri mafuta ndi gasi wapadziko lonse lapansi. Makampani akuluakulu ndi awa: migodi, zitsulo, makina, zida zamagetsi, magalimoto, chakudya, zakumwa, fodya, nsalu, kupanga mapepala, kusindikiza, kusindikiza, zomangamanga, ndi zina zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, mafakitale oyendetsa ndege, zamagetsi, komanso zamagetsi ku UK apita patsogolo kwambiri, ndipo ukadaulo wotukuka monga kuwunika kwa mafuta panyanja, ukadaulo wazidziwitso, kulumikizana kwa satelayiti, ndi ma microelectronics zakula kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa. Ntchito zazikulu zaulimi, ziweto ndi usodzi ndizoweta ziweto, mafakitale a tirigu, kulima maluwa, ndi usodzi. Makampani opanga ntchito amaphatikizapo zachuma ndi inshuwaransi, kugulitsa, zokopa alendo ndi ntchito zamabizinesi (kupereka ntchito zalamulo ndi kufunsira, ndi zina zambiri), ndipo zapita patsogolo m'zaka zaposachedwa. Ntchito zokopa alendo ndi gawo limodzi lofunikira kwambiri pachuma ku UK. Katundu wapachaka ndiopitilira mapaundi 70 biliyoni, ndipo ndalama zokopa alendo zimawerengera pafupifupi 5% ya ndalama zokopa alendo padziko lonse lapansi. Mosiyana ndi mayiko omwe amayang'ana kwambiri zokopa alendo, chikhalidwe chachifumu ku Britain ndi chikhalidwe chawo ku Museum ndizomwe zimakopa kwambiri makampani azokopa alendo. Malo omwe alendo amapitako ndi London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Brighton, Greenwich, Oxford, Cambridge, ndi ena.

London: London, likulu la United Kingdom (London), lili m'zigwa za kumwera chakum'mawa kwa England, kuwoloka mtsinje wa Thames ndi makilomita 88 kuchokera pakamwa pa mtsinje wa Thames. Zaka 3000 zapitazo, dera la London ndi komwe aku Britain amakhala. Mu 54 BC, Ufumu wa Roma udalanda Great Britain.Mu 43 BC, kale idali malo akuluakulu achitetezo achi Roma ndipo adamanga mlatho woyamba wamatabwa kuwoloka mtsinje wa Thames. Pambuyo pa zaka za zana la 16, ndi capitalism waku Britain atakula, kuchuluka kwa London kudakulirakulira mwachangu. Mu 1500, anthu aku London adangokhala 50,000. Kuyambira pamenepo, akupitilizabe kukula.Pofika 2001, anthu aku London adafika 7.188 miliyoni.

London ndiye likulu lazandale mdzikolo.Ndi mpando wa banja lachifumu ku Britain, boma, nyumba yamalamulo komanso likulu la zipani zosiyanasiyana. Nyumba yachifumu ya Westminster ndi malo okhala nyumba zapamwamba komanso zapansi za Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku Britain, chifukwa chake amatchedwanso Nyumba Yamalamulo. Westminster Abbey, kumwera kwa Nyumba Yamalamulo, ndi pomwe mfumu kapena mfumukazi yaku England idapatsidwa korona ndipo mamembala achifumu adachita maukwati atamalizidwa mu 1065. Pali manda opitilira 20 a mafumu aku Britain, andale odziwika, akatswiri andale, asayansi, olemba ndi ojambula ngati Newton, Darwin, Dickens, Hardy, etc.

Buckingham Palace ndi British Royal Palace. Ili m'chigawo chapakati ku West London. Imalumikizidwa ndi St. James's Park kum'mawa ndi Hyde Park kumadzulo. Ndi malo omwe mamembala achifumu achi Britain amakhala ndikugwirira ntchito, komanso malo amilandu yayikulu yaku Britain. Whitehall ndi likulu la boma la Britain.ofesi ya Prime Minister, Privy Council, Ministry of the Interior, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Finance, ndi Ministry of Defense onsewa ali pano. Pakatikati pa Whitehall ndi Nyumba Ya Prime Minister ku No. 10 Downing Street, komwe ndi komwe amakhala nduna zazikulu zaku Britain zapitazo. London sikuti ndi likulu landale zaku United Kingdom zokha, komanso likulu la mabungwe ambiri apadziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza International Maritime Organisation, International Cooperative Union, International PEN, International Women’s League, Socialist International, ndi Amnesty International.

London ndi mzinda wachikhalidwe padziko lonse lapansi. British Museum inamangidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1700 ndipo ndi nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.Iyi ili ndi zakale zakale zochokera ku Britain ndi mayiko ena padziko lapansi. Kuphatikiza pa Museum of Britain, London ilinso ndi malo azikhalidwe monga Science Museum ndi National Gallery. University of London, Royal School of Dance, Royal College of Music, Royal College of Art ndi Imperial College ndi mayunivesite otchuka ku UK. University of London idakhazikitsidwa ku 1836 ndipo tsopano ili ndi makoleji opitilira 60. University of London ndi yotchuka chifukwa cha sayansi ya zamankhwala, ndipo m'modzi mwa madokotala atatu ku UK anamaliza maphunziro awo pano.

London ndi mzinda wotchuka wokaona malo wokhala ndi zotsalira zambiri zodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi. Pa Tower Hill kummwera chakum'mawa kwa Mzinda wa London, kuli Tower of London, yomwe kale idkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati linga lankhondo, nyumba yachifumu, ndende, malo osungira zakale, ndipo tsopano ndi holo yowonetsera korona ndi zida. Ili ku gombe la kumadzulo kwa mtsinje wa Thames, Nyumba yachifumu ya Westminster idamangidwa mu 750 AD ndipo ili ndi maekala 8. Ndi nyumba yayikulu kwambiri ya Gothic padziko lapansi. Hyde Park ndi amodzi mwa malo owoneka bwino ku London.Ili kumadzulo kwa mzinda wa London ndipo ili ndi malo okwana maekala 636. Ndi paki yayikulu kwambiri mzindawu. Pali "Spika's Corner" yotchuka yotchedwa "Freedom Forum" pakiyi. Sabata lililonse, anthu amabwera kuno kudzalankhula pafupifupi tsiku lonse.

Manchester: Ndilo likulu la mafakitale aku Britain aku nsalu, malo ofunikira oyendera komanso malo azamalonda, azachuma, komanso chikhalidwe. Ili pakatikati pa mzinda waukulu kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa England. Greater Manchester ikuphatikizapo Salford, Stockport, Oldham, Rochdale, Bury, Bolton, Wigan ndi Wallington, yomwe ili ndi makilomita 1,287.

Manchester ndi yotchuka chifukwa chodziwika bwino pamasewera, makamaka pokhala ndi makalabu odziwika bwino ampira.Zikafika ku Manchester, anthu mwachilengedwe amaganiza za mpira. Manchester sikuti ili ndi makalabu odziwika okha ampira, komanso malo obadwira a Industrial Revolution komanso umodzi mwamizinda yamphamvu kwambiri ku UK. Ikusintha kuchokera mumzinda wama mafakitale kutengera zopanga kukhala mzinda wopambana, wamakono komanso wamphamvu wapadziko lonse lapansi. Pali malo ambiri owonetsera zakale mumzinda, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuzama kwazikhalidwe komanso mbiri yayitali yamzindawu. Moyo wausiku waku Manchester ndi wachiwiri ku UK. Pali malo ambiri omwera mowa, malo omwera alendo, ndi malo azisangalalo omwazikana mzindawo. Mlendo aliyense ku Manchester sadzaphonya mwayi wowonera usiku wake.

Glasgow: Glasgow (Glasgow) ndi mzinda wachitatu waukulu kwambiri ku UK ndi mzinda waukulu kwambiri wamakampani ndi zamalonda ku Scotland. Ili m'malo otsika a Scotland, kuwoloka Mtsinje wa Clyde, makilomita 32 kumadzulo kwa kamtsinje kake. Mu 550 AD, Glasgow adakhazikitsa bishopu ndipo adalembedwa ngati msika ndi King of Scotland mzaka za 12th. Inakhala boma lachifumu ku 1450. Kuphatikiza kwa Scotland ndi England mu 1603, idalimbikitsa chitukuko chachuma ndipo idakhala doko lofunikira lazamalonda akunja. Chiwerengero cha anthu chikuwonjezeka kuchoka pa 77,000 mu 1801 kufika pa 762,000 mu 1901, kukhala chachiwiri mdziko muno ndikukhala amodzi mwamalo opangira zombo padziko lonse lapansi.

Pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, mafakitale monga zamagetsi, radar, ndi kuyenga mafuta adakhazikitsidwa. Kuyambira pachiyambi cha zaka za zana la 20, chitukuko cha zachuma chakhala chocheperako ndipo kuchuluka kwa anthu sikukuwonjezeka, koma mafakitale ndi malonda akadali ndi malo ofunikira ku China. Gawo lalikulu la mafakitale limaphatikizapo kupanga zombo, makina opanga makina, zida zamagetsi, zida zolondola, ndi zina. Makampani opanga zombo amakhala oyamba mdziko muno, ndimayendedwe ambirimbiri. Glasgow ndi amodzi mwa malo ofunikira kwambiri ku UK. Ndilo likulu lachikhalidwe ku Scotland. Yunivesite yotchuka ya Glasgow idakhazikitsidwa ku 1451, ndipo pali masukulu ambiri apamwamba monga University of Strathclyde, Scottish Business School, Royal Scottish Conservatory of Music, ndi Western Scotland Agricultural College. Art Gallery ndi Museum ku Kelvingrove Park zimakhala ndi zojambula zodziwika bwino zaku Europe kuyambira nthawi ya Renaissance. Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ya Huntlyn yomwe idalumikizidwa ku University of Glasgow ndiyotchuka chifukwa chopeza ndalama zosiyanasiyana komanso zaluso. Pakati pa malo amzindawu, Cathedral of San Mongo, yomangidwa m'zaka za zana la 12, ndi yotchuka kwambiri. Pali mahekitala opitilira 2 000 am'mapaki ndi malo obiriwira mumzindawu.Hampden Park ilinso ndi bwalo lalikulu kwambiri ku UK, lomwe limatha kukhala ndi anthu 150,000.