Kazakhstan, iro zita rizere reRepublic of Kazakhstan, rine nharaunda yemakiromita zviuru mazana maviri nemakumi manomwe nezvipfumbamwe. Inyika yakavharirwa muCentral Asia, yakapoteredzwa neGungwa reCaspian kumadokero, China kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva, Russia kuchamhembe, uye Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan neKyrgyzstan kumaodzanyemba. Mazhinji mapani nemapani. Kumabvazuva nekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva maAltai Mountains neTianshan; mapani anonyanya kugoverwa kumadokero, kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero; iyo yepakati chikamu makomo eKazakh. Magwenga uye semi-magwenga anotora 60% yenharaunda. Nzizi huru iRwizi Irtysh, Syr Rwizi uye Yili Rwizi. Kune makungwa mazhinji, angangoita zviuru makumi mana nemasere, pakati padzo pane makuru ari Gungwa reCaspian, Gungwa reAral, Lake Balkhash, uye Jaisangpo. Kune akaenzana anosvika chiuru nemazana mashanu echando, anofukidza nzvimbo inosvika makiromita mazana maviri nemakumi manomwe emakiromita. Iyo ine yakaoma yakaoma yakaoma kondinendi, ine inopisa uye yakaoma mwaka uye inotonhora inotonhora ine zvishoma chando. Avhareji tembiricha muna Ndira ndeye -19 ℃ kusvika -4 ℃, uye avhareji tembiricha muna Chikunguru ndi19 ℃ kusvika 26 ℃. Iwo chaiwo ekupedzisira uye mashoma ekushisa tembiricha ari 45 ℃ uye -45 ℃, zvichiteerana, uye yakanyanya tembiricha iri murenje inogona kunge yakakwira se70 ℃. Kunaya kwegore negore kuri pasi pe100 mm munzvimbo dzerenje, 300-400 mm kuchamhembe, uye 1000-2000 mm munzvimbo dzemakomo.

Nyika yakakamurwa kuita matunhu gumi nemana, anoti: North Kazakhstan, Kostanay, Pavlodar, Akmola, West Kazakhstan, East Kazakhstan, Atyrau, Aktobe, Karaganda, Mangystau, Kyzylorda, Zhambyl, Almaty, South Kazakhstan. Kune mamwe maguta maviri akananga pasi peCentral Government, anoti: Almaty neAstana.

Turkic Khanate yakavambwa kubva pakati pezana ramakore rechitanhatu kusvika muzana rechisere. Kubva kubva kuma9th kusvika kuma12th century, nyika yeOguz neHara Khanate zvakavakwa. Khitan neMongol Tatars vakapinda kubva muzana ramakore rechigumi nerimwe kusvika gumi nematatu. Iyo Kazakh Khanate yakavambwa pakupera kwezana ramakore regumi nesere, iro rakakamurwa kuita hombe, epakati uye madiki maakaundi. Dzinza reKazakh rakaumbwa zvakanyanya mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi16. Muma1930 nema1940, iyo diki account uye yepakati account yakabatanidzwa muRussia. Simba reSoviet rakagadzwa munaNovember 1917. PaAugust 26, 1920, Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic iri yeRussian Federation yakavambwa. Musi waApril 19, 1925, yakapihwa zita rekuti Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Yakatumidzwa zita rekuti Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic musi waZvita 5, 1936, ikabatana neSoviet Union panguva imwe chete, ikave nhengo yeSoviet Union. Musi waZvita 10, 1991, yakapihwa zita rekuti Republic of Kazakhstan.Pana Zvita 16 wegore rimwe chetero, "Kazakh National Independence Law" yakadzikwa, ichizivisa zviri pamutemo kuzvitonga, uye ichibatana neCommonwealth of Independent States musi wa21.

Mureza wenyika: Iyo yakatenderera yakatenderera ine chiyero chehurefu kusvika paupamhi hwe2: 1. Iyo mureza ivhu rakapfava bhuruu, riine zuva regoridhe pakati penzvimbo yepamusoro uye gondo rinobhururuka pasi paro. Iko kune yakamira yakatwasuka bhaa parutivi rwe flagpole, inova yechinyakare Kazakh pateni pateni. Chiedza chebhuruu chivara chetsika chinodiwa nevanhu veKazakh; mapatani uye mapatani anowanzoonekwa mumakapeti uye zvipfeko zverudzi rweKazakh, uye anoratidza huchenjeri nehungwaru hwevanhu veKazakh. Zuva regoridhe rinomiririra chiedza nekudziya, uye gondo rinomiririra hushingi. Kazakhstan yakagamuchira mureza uyu mushure mekuzvimirira muna Zvita 1991.

Kazakhstan ine huwandu hwevanhu vane mamirioni gumi nemashanu (21.21) (2005). Kazakhstan inyika ine vanhu vane madzinza mazhinji, inoumbwa nemadzinza e131, kunyanya Kazakh (53%), Russian (30%), chiGerman, chiUkraine, Uzbek, Uyghur, uye chiTatar. Vazhinji vagari vanotenda muIslam, kuwedzera kuEastern Orthodox, chiKristu, uye Buddhism. Kazakh ndiyo mutauro wenyika, uye chiRussia mutauro unonyanya kushandiswa mumahofisi ehurumende pamwe nevemumiriri ehurumende pamwe neKazakh.

Hupfumi hweKazakhstan hwakatungamirwa nemafuta, gasi rechisikigo, kuchera, marasha, nekurima. Akapfuma mune zviwanikwa, pane zvinopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe zvakaratidzwa zvicherwa. Nzvimbo dzeTungsten dzinotora nzvimbo yekutanga pasi rose. Kune zvakare yakawanda matura esimbi, marasha, oiri, uye gasi rechisikigo. 21.7 mamirioni mahekita esango uye masango. Kumusoro kwemvura zviwanikwa zviri makumi mashanu emabhirioni emamirimita. Kune makungwa anodarika zviuru mazana manomwe nemazana matanhatu. Zvinonyanya kushanya zvinosanganisira Almaty Alpine Ski Resort, Balkhash Lake, uye guta rekare reTurkistan.

Almaty : Alma-ata iguta revashanyi rine rakasarudzika nzvimbo. Iri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweKazakhstan uye nechekuchamhembe kweTianshan Mountains. Nzvimbo ine makomo pazasi pegomo (inonzi Wai Yili Mountain muChina) yakakomberedzwa nemakomo pamativi matatu. Inofukidza nzvimbo yemakiromita mazana masere uye iri 700-900 metres pamusoro pegungwa. Iyo inozivikanwa nekugadzira maapuro. Almaty zvinoreva Apple Guta muKazakh. Ruzhinji rwevagari ndevekuRussia, vachiteverwa nemadzinza akadai seKazakh, Ukrainian, Tatar, uye Uyghur. Huwandu hwevanhu hwasvika 1.14 mamirioni.

Almaty ine nhoroondo refu.Silk Road kubva kuChina yekare kuenda kuCentral Asia yakapfuura nepano. Guta rakavambwa muna 1854 uye muna 1867 rakava muzinda weviceroy weTurkestan. Simba reSoviet rakavambwa muna 1918 ndokuva guta guru reKazakh Soviet Socialist Republic muna 1929. Mushure mekuparara kweSoviet Union muna Zvita 1991, yakave guta guru reRepublic rakazvimirira reKazakhstan.

Almaty yakavhurwa njanji muna 1930 uye yakawedzera nekukurumidza kubva ipapo. Mune indasitiri yekugadzira michini yakagadzirwa munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, indasitiri yezvokudya uye indasitiri yechiedza zvese zvakaenzana chikamu chakakura. Mushure memakore ekusimudzira uye kuvaka, Almaty rave guta remazuva ano. Kurongeka kwenzvimbo yemadhorobha kwakatsvinda, kuzere negreenery, yakafara uye yakaenzana boulevards, uye mapaki mazhinji neminda yemichero. Iri rimwe remaguta akanaka kwazvo muCentral Asia.

Mafuro eAlmaty inzvimbo ine runyararo kuNorthland. Makomo pano ari kukwira nekudzika, iyo inoshamisa Tianshan yakavharwa nesinou, uye chando pamusoro pegomo hachichinje-gore rese.Pamusoro soro peKomsomolsk yakatarwa yakanangana nedenga rebhuruu nemakore machena, ine mwenje wesirivheri uye inoshamisa. Tora mota kubva kuguta uchitevedza mutserendende mugomo mugwagwa, munzira, makomo marefu nemvura inoyerera, inoyevedza nzvimbo. Mubani iri makiromita makumi maviri kubva kuguta, vashanyi vakanyudzwa murunako rwechisikigo nekunonoka.