IKazakhstan, igama eligcwele leRiphabhulikhi yaseKazakhstan, inendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angu-2,724,900. Izwe elingavinjelwe e-Asia Ephakathi, linqunywe uLwandle iCaspian entshonalanga, iChina ngaseningizimu-mpumalanga, iRussia ngasenyakatho, ne-Uzbekistan, iTurkmenistan neKyrgyzstan eningizimu. Iningi lingamathafa namathafa aphansi. Empumalanga naseningizimu-mpumalanga yizintaba i-Altai kanye nezintaba zeTianshan; amathafa asatshalaliswa kakhulu entshonalanga, enyakatho naseningizimu-ntshonalanga; ingxenye emaphakathi ngamagquma aseKazakh. Izingwadule kanye nezingwadule ezinemihlaba kuhlala ama-60% endawo. Imifula emikhulu yi-Irtysh River, iSyr River ne-Ili River. Kunamachibi amaningi, cishe angama-48,000, phakathi kwawo amakhulu kukhona uLwandle iCaspian, i-Aral Sea, iLake Balkhash neJaisangpo. Kukhona izinguzunga zeqhwa ezingaba yi-1,500, ezihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-2,070. Inesimo sezulu esomile kakhulu sezwekazi, esinamazinga okushisa ashisayo nawomile nobusika obubandayo obuneqhwa elincane. Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile ngoJanuwari ngu -19 ℃ kuya -4 ℃, kanti izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile ngoJulayi ngu-19 ℃ kuye ku-26 ℃. Amazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu futhi aphansi angama-45 ℃ no -45 ℃, ngokulandelana, kanti izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ehlane lingafinyelela kuma-70 ℃. Imvula yaminyaka yonke ingaphansi kuka-100 mm ezindaweni eziwugwadule, 300-400 mm enyakatho, kanye no-1,000-2000 mm ezindaweni ezinezintaba.

Izwe lihlukaniswe izifunda eziyi-14, okuyilezi: INyakatho Kazakhstan, iKostanay, iPavlodar, i-Akmola, iNtshonalanga Kazakhstan, i-East Kazakhstan, Atyrau, Aktyubinsk, Karaganda, Mangystau, Kyzylorda, Zhambyl, Almaty, eNingizimu Kazakhstan. Kukhona nomasipala ababili ngqo ngaphansi kukaHulumeni Omkhulu, okungukuthi: i-Almaty ne-Astana.

I-Turkic Khanate yasungulwa kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lesi-6 kuya kwelesi-8. Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-9 kuye kwele-12, kwakhiwa isizwe sase-Oguz neKhanate. AmaKhatar namaKhitan namaMongol ahlasela kusukela ngekhulu le-11 kuya kwele-13. IKazakh Khanate yasungulwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15, yahlukaniswa yaba ama-akhawunti amakhulu, aphakathi, namancane. Isizwe saseKazakh sakhiwa ngokuyisisekelo ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16. Ngawo-1930 kanye no-1940, i-akhawunti encane ne-akhawunti emaphakathi zahlanganiswa neRussia. Amandla eSoviet asungulwa ngoNovemba 1917. Ngo-Agasti 26, 1920, kwasungulwa iKyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic engaphansi kweRussia Federation. Ngo-Ephreli 19, 1925, saqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi yiKazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Yaqanjwa njengeKazakh Soviet Socialist Republic ngoDisemba 5, 1936, futhi yajoyina iSoviet Union ngasikhathi sinye, yaba yilungu leSoviet Union. NgoDisemba 10, 1991, saqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi yiRiphabhlikhi yaseKazakhstan.NgoDisemba 16 wonyaka ofanayo, kwaphasiswa "Umthetho Kazwelonke Wokuzimela Kazakh", wamemezela ngokusemthethweni inkululeko, futhi wajoyina i-Commonwealth of Independent States ngomhlaka 21.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Ngunxande ovundlile onesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi buka-2: 1. Umhlabathi wefulegi uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokukhanyayo, nelanga legolide phakathi nendawo yefulegi nokhozi olundiza ngaphansi kwalo. Kukhona umugqa omile mpo ohlangothini lwefulegi, okuyiphethini yendabuko yegolide laseKazakh. Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka umbala wendabuko othandwa ngabantu baseKazakh; amaphethini namaphethini avame ukubonakala kukhaphethi nezingubo zabantu baseKazakh, okukhombisa ukuhlakanipha nokuhlakanipha kwabantu baseKazakh. Ilanga legolide lifanekisela ukukhanya nokufudumala, kanti ukhozi lufanekisela isibindi. IKazakhstan yamukele leli fulegi ngemuva kokuzimela ngoDisemba 1991.

IKazakhstan inabantu abayizigidi eziyi-15.21 (2005). IKazakhstan yizwe elinezinhlanga eziningi, elinamaqembu ezinhlanga ayi-131, ikakhulukazi amaKazakh (53%), amaRussia (30%), amaJalimane, ama-Ukraine, ama-Uzbek, ama-Uyghur namaTatar. Izakhamuzi eziningi zikholelwa kubuSulumane, ngaphezu kwe-Eastern Orthodox, ubuKristu, nobuBuddha. IsiKazakh wulimi lukazwelonke, kanti isiRashiya yilona limi olusemthethweni olusetshenziswa kuma-ejensi wombuso nakuma-ejensi kahulumeni wasekhaya kanye naseKazakh.

Umnotho waseKazakhstan ubuswa uwoyela, igesi yemvelo, izimayini, amalahle nezolimo. Ecebile ngemithombo yemvelo, kunamadiphozithi angaphezu kwama-90 afakazelwe. Izinqolobane zeTungsten zihlala endaweni yokuqala emhlabeni. Kunenqwaba yezinqolobane zensimbi, amalahle, uwoyela negesi yemvelo. Amahektha ayizigidi ezingama-21.7 amahlathi kanye nokutshalwa kwamahlathi. Imithombo yamanzi angaphezulu ingama-cubic metres ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-53. Kunamachibi namachibi angaphezu kwama-7 600. Okuheha izivakashi ngokuyinhloko kubandakanya i-Almaty Alpine Ski Resort, iBalkhash Lake, nedolobha lasendulo laseTurkistan.

I-Almaty : I-Alma-ata yidolobha lezivakashi elinendawo enhle eyingqayizivele. Itholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga yeKazakhstan nasenyakatho yezintaba zaseTianshan. Indawo enamagquma ngaphansi kwentaba (ebizwa ngeNtaba yaseWai Yili eChina) izungezwe izintaba ezinhlangothini ezintathu. Imboza indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-190 futhi ingamamitha ayi-700-900 ngaphezulu kogu lolwandle. Idume ngokukhiqiza ama-apula.I-Almaty isho ukuthi i-Apple City ngesiKazakh. Iningi labahlali ngabantu baseRussia, kulandele amaqembu ezinhlanga ezifana neKazakh, i-Ukraine, iTatar, ne-Uyghur. Inani labantu liyi-1.14 million.

I-Almaty inomlando omude, kanti nomgwaqo weSilika osuka eChina lasendulo uya e-Asia Ephakathi udlule lapha. Idolobha lasungulwa ngo-1854 kwathi ngo-1867 laba yisikhungo sokuphatha se-viceroy yaseTurkestan. Umbuso waseSoviet wasungulwa ngo-1918 futhi waba yinhloko-dolobha yaseKazakh Soviet Socialist Republic ngo-1929. Ngemuva kokuhlakazeka kweSoviet Union ngoDisemba 1991, yaba inhlokodolobha yeRiphabhulikhi ezimele yaseKazakhstan.

I-Almaty yavulelwa ujantshi ngo-1930 futhi yathuthuka ngokushesha kusukela lapho. Embonini yokukhiqiza imishini eyakhiwe ngesikhathi seMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba, imboni yokudla kanye nemboni elula zombili zaba nesabelo esikhulu. Ngemuva kweminyaka yentuthuko nokwakhiwa, i-Almaty isiphenduke idolobha lesimanje. Isakhiwo sendawo yasemadolobheni sihle, sigcwele uhlaza, ama-boulevards abanzi futhi acabalele, namapaki amaningi nezithelo zezithelo.Kungenye yamadolobha amahle kakhulu e-Asia Ephakathi.

Amaphethelo e-Almaty ayindawo enhle enokuthula eNorthland. Izintaba lapha zikhuphuka zenyuka, iTianshan enhle kakhulu igcwele iqhwa, futhi iqhwa eziqongweni zalo aliguquki unyaka wonke.Isiqongo esiphakeme kunazo zonke saseKomsomolsk sisethwe sibheke esibhakabhakeni esiluhlaza namafu amhlophe, ngokukhanya kwesiliva nokukhazimulayo. Thatha imoto edolobheni ugudle umgwaqo omkhulu oyintaba, endleleni, izintaba eziphakeme namanzi agelezayo, indawo ebabazekayo. Kulesi sigodi esiqhele ngamakhilomitha angama-20 ukusuka edolobheni, izivakashi zigxile ebuhleni bemvelo nasekulibazisekeni.