I-Turkmenistan inendawo engama-491,200 eekhilomitha kwaye lilizwe elinomhlaba elikumzantsi-ntshona we-Asia eseMbindini. Imida yoLwandle lweCaspian ngasentshona, Kazakhstan ukuya emantla, Uzbekistan ukuya emantla mpuma, Afghanistan ukuya empuma, naseIran emazantsi. Uninzi lwommandla usezantsi, amathafa ubukhulu becala angaphantsi kweemitha ezingama-200 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle, kwaye i-80% yommandla ugutyungelwe yiNtlango yeKarakum. Emazantsi nasentshona ziintaba zeKopet kunye neePalotmiz. Eyona milambo iphambili yiAmu Darya, Tejan, Murghab kunye neAkrek, ezihanjiswa ikakhulu empuma. ICarakum Grand Canal ewela ngapuma mpuma yi-1,450 yeekhilomitha ubude kwaye inendawo yokunkcenkceshela emalunga nama-300,000 eehektare. Inemozulu eqinileyo yelizwekazi kwaye yenye yeendawo ezomileyo kwihlabathi.

Ngaphandle kwekomkhulu iAshgabat, ilizwe lahlulwe langamazwe ama-5, iidolophu ezili-16, kunye nezithili ezingama-46. La mazwe mahlanu ngala: Akhal, Balkan, Lebap, Mare nase Dasagoz.

Kwimbali, yoyiswa ngamaPersi, amaMakedoni, amaTurkey, ama-Arabhu, kunye namaMongol Tatars. Ukususela ngekhulu le-9 ukuya kwele-10 AD, lalilawulwa yiTherii Dynasty kunye neSynan Dynasty. Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-11 ukuya kweye-15, yayilawulwa ngamaMongar Tatars. Uhlanga lwaseTurkmen lwasekwa ngenkulungwane ye-15. Isizukulwana se-16-17 sasikwiKhanate yeKhiva kunye neKhanate yaseBukhara. Ukusukela emva kweminyaka yoo-1860 ukuya kwiminyaka yoo-1980, inxenye yommandla wawudityaniswe neRashiya. Abantu baseTurkmen bathathe inxaxheba kwiNguqu kaFebruwari kunye no-Okthobha uSoshiyali kwi-1917. Amandla eSoviet amiselwa ngoDisemba ka-1917, kwaye ummandla wayo wadityaniswa kwiRiphabliki yaseSoviet ye-Autonomous Soviet, Khorazmo kunye neBukhara Soviet People's Republic. Emva kokunciphisa indawo yolawulo lobuhlanga, i-Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic yasekwa nge-27 ka-Okthobha ngo-1924 kwaye yajoyina iSoviet Union. Nge-23 ka-Agasti ka-1990, iSoviet Ephakamileyo yaseTurkmenistan yapasisa iSibhengezo soBukhosi boMbuso, yabhengeza inkululeko ngo-Okthobha 27, 1991, yalitshintsha igama layo laba yiTurkmenistan, yaza yajoyina neManyano ngoDisemba 21 kwakuloo nyaka.

Iflegi yesizwe: Luxande oxwesileyo olunomlinganiso wobude kububanzi obumalunga ne-5: 3. Iflegi yomhlaba iluhlaza mnyama.Kwicala lepali yeflegi, kukho ibhendi ethe nkqo ebanzi edlula ngaphezulu kwiflegi.Iipateni ezintlanu zekhaphethi zicwangcisiwe ukusuka phezulu kuye ezantsi kwibhendi ebanzi. Kukho inyanga eqengqelekileyo kunye neenkwenkwezi ezintlanu ezibhekiswe ezintlanu embindini wenxalenye ephezulu yeflegi Inyanga neenkwenkwezi zonke zimhlophe. Oluhlaza ngumbala wemveli owuthandwayo ngabantu baseTurkmen; inyanga ecwecwe ifanekisela ikamva eliqaqambileyo; iinkwenkwezi ezintlanu zifanekisela imisebenzi emihlanu yamalungu omntu; ukubona, ukuva, ukujoja, ukungcamla, kunye nokuchukumisa; inkwenkwezi enamanqaku amahlanu ifanekisela imeko yendalo iphela: yomelele, Ulwelo, irhasi, icrystalline kunye neplasma; iphethini yekhaphethi ifanekisela izimvo zesiko kunye neenkolelo zonqulo zabantu baseTurkmen. I-Turkmenistan yaba yenye yeeriphabliki eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union ngo-Okthobha u-1924. Iflegi yesizwe eyamkelwa ukusukela ngo-1953 yayikukongeza imivumbo emibini eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwiflegi yelizwe elalisakuba yiSoviet Union. Ngo-Okthobha u-1991, inkululeko yabhengezwa kwaye iflegi yesizwe yangoku yamkelwa.

I-Turkmenistan inabantu abaphantse babe zizigidi ezisi-7 (ngo-Matshi 2006). Kukho amaqela eentlanga angaphezu kwe-100, apho i-77% ingamaTurkmen, ama-9.2% ama-Uzbeks, ama-6.7% amaRashiya, ama-2% amaKazakh, ama-0.8% ama-Armenia, ukongeza kwiAzerbaijan kunye neTatar. Ngokubanzi Russian. Olona lwimi lusemthethweni yiTurkmen, eyeyesebe lasezantsi losapho lolwimi lweAltaic. Phambi kuka-1927, ulwimi lwaseTurkmen lwalubhalwa ngoonobumba besiArabhu, kamva ngoonobumba besiLatin, kwaye ukusukela ngo-1940, kwasetyenziswa oonobumba beCyrillic. Uninzi lwabahlali bakholelwa kubuSilamsi (eSunni), kwaye amaRashiya kunye namaArmeniya akholelwa kwiCawa yamaOthodoki.

Ioyile kunye nerhasi yendalo ziintsika zeshishini kuqoqosho lwesizwe lwaseTurkmenistan, kwaye ezolimo ikakhulu zikhulisa umqhaphu nengqolowa. Imithombo yezimbiwa ityebile, ikakhulu kubandakanya ioyile, igesi yendalo, i-mirabilite, iodine, i-non-ferrous kunye neentsimbi ezinqabileyo. Uninzi lomhlaba welizwe uyintlango, kodwa kukho intabalala yeoyile kunye nemithombo yegesi yendalo phantsi komhlaba. Ugcino lwerhasi yendalo zii-22.8 zeetriliyoni zekyubhiki mitha, lubala malunga nekota yoovimba behlabathi, kunye noovimba beoyile ziibhiliyoni ezili-12 zeetoni. Imveliso yeoyile inyukile ukusuka kwizigidi ezi-3 zeetoni ngonyaka phambi kokuzimela ukuya kwiitoni ezili-10 zezigidi.Imveliso yonyaka yegesi yendalo ifikelele kwizigidi ezingama-60 zeekyubhiki mitha, kwaye ukuthunyelwa kwelinye ilizwe kufikelele kuma-cubic metres angama-45 ukuya kuma-50 ezigidi. Ukutya okufana nenyama, ubisi, kunye neoyile nako kukwanele. I-Turkmenistan ikwakha inani lezityalo ezitsha zamandla obushushu, kwaye abemi bayo basebenzisa umbane simahla. I-GDP ngo-2004 yafikelela kwi-19 yezigidigidi zeedola zase-US, inyuka ngama-21.4% kunyaka ophelileyo, kwaye i-GDP nganye yayingama-3,000 eedola zaseMelika.

I-Ashgabat: IAshgabat yidolophu enkulu yeTurkmenistan (Ashgabat), iziko lesizwe lezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho kunye nenkcubeko, kunye nesinye sezixeko ezibalulekileyo kwi-Central Asia. Ifumaneka kumbindi nakumazantsi eTurkmenistan nakumazantsi e-Karakum Desert, sisixeko esincinci kodwa esisebenza nzima kwi-Central Asia. Ukuphakama ziimitha ezingama-215 kwaye indawo ingaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezingama-300 zesikwere. Abemi bangama-680,000. Yimozulu eyomileyo yelizwekazi, kunye neqondo lobushushu eliphakathi kwe-4.4 ℃ ngoJanuwari kunye ne-27.7 ℃ ngoJulayi. Umyinge wemvula qho ngenyanga yi-5 mm kuphela.

IAshgabad ekuqaleni yayiyinqaba yesebe laseTurkmen laseJiezhen, elithetha "IsiXeko Sothando". Ngo-1881, iRussia yaseTsarist yakha iSithili seNqanawa saseHouli kwaye yamisela iziko lolawulo apha. Ngobusuku beMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, isixeko saba liziko lezorhwebo phakathi kweTsarist Russia neIran. Kwi-1925 yaba likomkhulu leTurkmenmen Soviet Socialist Republic. Emva kokuphela kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, urhulumente waseSoviet wenza ulwakhiwo olukhulu e-Ashgabat.Nangona kunjalo, ngo-Okthobha u-1948, kwabakho inyikima enobukhulu obuyi-9-10 kwisikali seRichter, esiphantse satshabalalisa isixeko sonke, phantse i-180,000. Abantu basweleka. Yaphinda yakhiwa ngo-1958, kwaye emva kweminyaka engaphezulu kwama-50 yokwakha kunye nophuhliso, iAshgabat iphinde yaphuhliswa. NgoDisemba 27, 1991, iTurkmenistan yabhengeza inkululeko yayo kwaye iAshgabat yaba likomkhulu leTurkmenistan.

Emva kokuba iTurkmenistan ibhengeze inkululeko yayo ngo-Okthobha u-1991, urhulumente uthathe isigqibo sokwakha ikomkhulu lesixeko esimhlophe esimhlophe semabhile, isixeko samanzi kunye nekomkhulu eliluhlaza emhlabeni. I-Ashgabat sesinye sezixeko ezikhula ngokukhawuleza kwihlabathi liphela.Zonke izakhiwo ezitsha zenziwe ngabayili baseFrance kwaye zakhiwa ngabantu baseTurkey Umphezulu wesakhiwo ugqunywe ngayo yonke imabhile emhlophe evela eIran, isenza sonke isixeko sikhangeleke simhlophe kwaye siqaqambile.

Izitiya, ingca kunye nemithombo yamanzi inokubonwa kuyo yonke indawo esixekweni, kwaye iPark yeNkcubeko edumileyo kunye neRest Park kufutshane neTheatre kaZwelonke inentaphane yezityalo kunye nevumba leentyatyambo. Emva kokuqhekeka kweSoviet Union, izakhiwo ezinkulu ezisandul 'ukwakhiwa esixekweni zikho kuyo yonke indawo.Ibhotwe likamongameli lihle kakhulu, isango elingathathi hlangothi, isikhumbuzo senyikima, imyuziyam yesizwe kunye nekhaya labantwana.