ITurkmenistan inendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-491,200 futhi iyizwe elingenamanzi elitholakala eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia Ephakathi. Unqamula uLwandle iCaspian entshonalanga, iKazakhstan isenyakatho, i-Uzbekistan isenyakatho-mpumalanga, i-Afghanistan isempumalanga ne-Iran iseningizimu. Ingxenye enkulu yale ndawo isezindaweni eziphansi, amathafa angaphansi kwamamitha angama-200 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, kanti u-80% wensimu imbozwe uGwadule lwaseKarakum. Eningizimu nasentshonalanga kunezintaba zaseKopet nezintaba zePalotmiz. Imifula emikhulu yi-Amu Darya, Tejan, Murghab ne-Atrek, esatshalaliswa ikakhulu empumalanga. ICarakum Grand Canal ehamba phesheya eningizimu-mpumalanga ingamakhilomitha ayi-1,450 ubude futhi inendawo enisela enamahektha angama-300,000. Inesimo sezulu esiqinile sezwekazi futhi ingenye yezindawo ezome kakhulu emhlabeni.

Ngaphandle kwenhlokodolobha i-Ashgabat, izwe lihlukaniswe izifunda ezi-5, amadolobha ayi-16, nezifunda ezingama-46. Izifundazwe ezinhlanu yilezi: Akhal, Balkan, Lebap, Mare naseDasagoz.

Emlandweni, yanqotshwa amaPheresiya, abaseMakedoniya, amaTurkey, ama-Arabhu kanye namaMongatar Tatars. Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-9 kuya kwele-10 AD, kwakubuswa yiNkosana yaseTaheri kanye neSynan Dynasty. Kusukela ngekhulu le-11 kuya kwele-15, laliphethwe amaMongar Tatars. Isizwe samaTurkmen sakhiwa ngokuyisisekelo ngekhulu le-15. Izizukulwane ze-16-17 zazingezeKhanate yaseKhiva neKhanate yaseBukhara. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1860 kuya maphakathi nawo-1980, ingxenye yendawo yahlanganiswa neRussia. Abantu baseTurkmen babamba iqhaza ku-Revolution kaFebhuwari naku-Okthoba Socialist Revolution ka-1917. Amandla aseSoviet asungulwa ngoDisemba 1917, futhi indawo yawo yahlanganiswa neTurkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Khorazmo neBukhara Soviet People's Republic. Ngemuva kokuhlukanisa indawo yokuphathwa kwezinhlanga, iTurkmen Soviet Soviet Socialist Republic yasungulwa ngo-Okthoba 27, 1924 futhi yajoyina iSoviet Union. Ngo-Agasti 23, 1990, iSupreme Soviet yaseTurkmenistan yadlulisa iSimemezelo Sobukhosi Bombuso, yamemezela inkululeko ngo-Okthoba 27, 1991, yaguqula igama layo yaba yiTurkmenistan, yajoyina iNyunyana ngoDisemba 21 wangonyaka ofanayo.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Ngunxande ovundlile onesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi obucishe bube ngu-5: 3. Umhlabathi wefulegi uluhlaza okotshani, ngebhande elibanzi elime mpo lidlula ifulegi kolunye uhlangothi lwesigxobo sefulegi, futhi amaphethini kaphethini amahlanu ahlelwe ukusuka phezulu kuye ezansi ebhentshini elibanzi. Kukhona inyanga ewucwecwe nezinkanyezi ezinhlanu ezikhombe ezinhlanu maphakathi nengxenye ephezulu yefulegi Inyanga nezinkanyezi konke kumhlophe. Okuhlaza umbala ongokwesiko abantu baseTurkmen abawuthandayo; inyanga ecwebezelayo ifanekisela ikusasa eliqhakazile; izinkanyezi ezinhlanu zifanekisela imisebenzi emihlanu yezitho zomuntu; ukubona, ukuzwa, ukuhogela, ukunambitha, nokuthinta; inkanyezi ekhombe ezinhlanu ifanekisela isimo sendaba yendawo yonke: okuqinile, Liquid, gas, crystalline ne-plasma; iphethini likakhaphethi lifanekisela imibono yendabuko kanye nezinkolelo zenkolo yabantu baseTurkmen. ITurkmenistan yaba ngelinye lama-republic ezwe elaliyiSoviet Union ngo-Okthoba 1924. Ifulegi likazwelonke elamukelwa kusukela ngo-1953 lalizofaka imivimbo emibili eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka efulethini langaphambili laseSoviet Union. Ngo-Okthoba 1991, kwamenyezelwa inkululeko kwathi kwamukelwa ifulegi lesizwe elikhona njengamanje.

I-Turkmenistan inabantu abacishe babe yizigidi eziyi-7 (Mashi 2006). Kunezinhlanga ezingaphezu kuka-100, okuyi-77% yazo amaTurkmen, ama-9.2% ama-Uzbeks, ama-6.7% amaRussia, ama-2% amaKazakh, ama-0.8% ama-Armenia, ngaphezu kwe-Azerbaijani namaTatar. Jikelele waseRussia. Ulimi olusemthethweni isiTurkmen, esingaphansi kwegatsha eliseningizimu lomndeni wolimi lwesi-Altaic. Ngaphambi kuka-1927, iTurkmen yayibhalwe ngezinhlamvu zesi-Arabhu, kamuva yabhalwa ngezinhlamvu zesiLatini, kwathi ngoCyrillic kusukela ngo-1940. Iningi lezakhamizi likholelwa ku-Islam (Sunni), kanti abaseRussia nabase-Armenia bakholelwa eSontweni Lobu-Orthodox.

Uwoyela negesi yemvelo yizimboni eziyinsika yomnotho kazwelonke waseTurkmenistan, kanti ezolimo ikakhulu zitshala ukotini nokolweni. Izinsizakusebenza zamaminerali zicebile, ikakhulu kufaka phakathi uwoyela, igesi yemvelo, i-mirabilite, iodine, izinsimbi ezingekho zensimbi nezingajwayelekile. Iningi lomhlaba wezwe liyihlane, kepha kunemithombo eminingi kawoyela negesi yemvelo ngaphansi komhlaba. Izinqolobane ezifakazelwe zegesi yemvelo zingama-cubic metres angama-22.8 trillion, okubalwa cishe ikota yemithombo egcwele yomhlaba, nezinqolobane zikawoyela zingamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-12. Ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela kukhuphukile kusuka kumathani ayizigidi ezi-3 ngonyaka ngaphambi kokuzimela kuya kumathani ayizigidi eziyishumi manje.Ukukhishwa konyaka kwegesi yemvelo kufinyelele kuma-cubic metres ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-60, futhi ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe sekufinyelele kuma-cubic metres angama-45 kuya kwangu-50 billion. Ukudla okufana nenyama, ubisi, namafutha nakho kuzanelisa ngokuphelele. ITurkmenistan iphinde yakhe izikhungo ezintsha eziphehla ugesi ezishisayo, futhi izakhamizi zayo zisebenzisa ugesi mahhala. I-GDP ngo-2004 yafinyelela kuma-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-19, ukwanda ngo-21.4% ngaphezu konyaka odlule, kanti i-GDP ngayinye yayicishe ibe ama-dollar ayi-3 000.

I-Ashgabat: I-Ashgabat iyinhloko-dolobha yaseTurkmenistan (Ashgabat), isikhungo sikazwelonke sezepolitiki, sezomnotho kanye nesiko, futhi ngelinye lamadolobha abalulekile e-Asia Ephakathi. Itholakala maphakathi naseningizimu yeTurkmenistan futhi emaphethelweni aseningizimu yoGwadule iKarakum, idolobha elincane kodwa elisebenza kanzima e-Asia Ephakathi. Ukuphakama kungamamitha angama-215 kanti indawo ingaphezu kwamakhilomitha-skwele angama-300. Inani labantu liyi-680,000. Isimo sezulu esishisayo sezwekazi, esinamazinga okushisa aphakathi no-4.4 ℃ ngoJanuwari nango-27.7 ℃ ngoJulayi. Imvula emaphakathi nenyanga ingu-5 mm kuphela.

I-Ashgabad ekuqaleni kwakuyinqaba yegatsha laseTurkmen laseJiezhen, okusho ukuthi "Idolobha Lothando". Ngo-1881, iRussia yamaTsarist yakha iHouli Naval District futhi yamisa isikhungo sokuphatha lapha. Ngobusuku beMpi Yezwe I, leli dolobha laba yisikhungo sokuhweba phakathi kweTsarist Russia ne-Iran. Ngo-1925 yaba inhlokodolobha yeTurkmenmen Soviet Socialist Republic. Ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba, uhulumeni waseSoviet wenza umsebenzi omkhulu wokwakha ngemuva kwempi e-Ashgabat.Nokho, ngo-Okthoba 1948, kwaba nokuzamazama komhlaba okungu-9-10 esikalini sikaRichter, esacishe sabhubhisa lonke idolobha, cishe i-180,000. Abantu bafa. Yakhiwa kabusha ngo-1958, futhi ngemuva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50 yokwakhiwa nentuthuko, i-Ashgabat iphinde yathuthuka. NgoDisemba 27, 1991, iTurkmenistan yamemezela inkululeko yayo kanti i-Ashgabat yaba yinhloko-dolobha yaseTurkmenistan.

Ngemuva kokuthi iTurkmenistan imemezele inkululeko yayo ngo-Okthoba 1991, uhulumeni uthathe isinqumo sokwakha inhlokodolobha ibe idolobha eliyingqayizivele lemabula elimhlophe, idolobha lamanzi kanye nenhlokodolobha eluhlaza emhlabeni. I-Ashgabat ingelinye lamadolobha akhula ngesivinini esikhulu emhlabeni. Ubuso besakhiwo bumbozwe yiyo yonke imabula emhlophe evela e-Iran, okwenza lonke idolobha libukeke limhlophe futhi likhanya.

Izingadi, utshani, nemithombo kungabonakala kuyo yonke indawo edolobheni, kanti iCentral Cultural and Rest Park edumile eseduze neNational Theatre ichume ngohlaza kanye nephunga lezimbali. Ngemuva kokuhlakazeka kweSoviet Union, izakhiwo ezinkulu ezisanda kwakhiwa edolobheni zikhona yonke indawo.Isigodlo sikamongameli sihle kakhulu, isango elingathathi hlangothi, isakhiwo sokukhunjulwa kokuzamazama komhlaba, umnyuziyamu kazwelonke kanye nendawo yezintandane kuhlukile.