Ubuholandi, izina ryuzuye ry’Ubwami bw’Ubuholandi, bufite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 41528. Iherereye mu burengerazuba bw’Uburayi, mu Budage buturanye n’iburasirazuba n’Ububiligi mu majyepfo. Irahana imbibi n’inyanja y’amajyaruguru iburengerazuba n’amajyaruguru kandi iherereye muri delta yinzuzi za Rhine, Maas na Skelt, ifite inkombe ya kilometero 1.075. Inzuzi zo muri kariya gace zambukiranya, cyane cyane nka Rhine na Maas. Hano hari IJsselmeer kuruhande rwamajyaruguru yuburengerazuba. Inkombe y'iburengerazuba ni ikibaya, iburasirazuba ni ikibaya cyuzuye, naho hagati no mu majyepfo y'iburasirazuba ni imisozi miremire. "Ubuholandi" bwitwa Ubuholandi mu kidage, bisobanura "igihugu cyo mu kibaya". Yiswe izina kubera ko kimwe cya kabiri cy’ubutaka bwacyo kiri munsi cyangwa hafi y’inyanja. Ikirere cy’Ubuholandi ni ikirere gishyuha cyo mu nyanja ikirere cy’amababi yagutse.

Igihugu kigabanyijemo intara 12 zifite amakomine 489 (2003). Amazina yintara naya akurikira: Groningen, Friesland, Drenthe, Overijssel, Gelderland, Utrecht, Hollande y'Amajyaruguru, Hollande yepfo, Zelande, Brabant y'Amajyaruguru, Limburg, Frey Fran.

Mbere yikinyejana cya 16, yari mu bihe byo gutandukana kwa feodal igihe kirekire. Ku butegetsi bwa Esipanye mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 16. Mu 1568, hamaze imyaka 80 intambara yo kurwanya ubutegetsi bwa Esipanye. Mu 1581 intara ndwi zo mu majyaruguru zashizeho Repubulika y’Ubuholandi (izwi ku izina rya Repubulika yunze ubumwe y’Ubuholandi). Mu 1648 Espagne yemeye ku mugaragaro ubwigenge bw'Ubuholandi. Byari imbaraga zabakoloni zo mu nyanja mu kinyejana cya 17. Nyuma y'ikinyejana cya 18, gahunda y'abakoloni b'Abadage yarasenyutse buhoro buhoro. Igitero cy'Abafaransa mu 1795. Mu 1806, murumuna wa Napoleon yabaye umwami, naho Ubuholandi bwitwa ubwami. Yinjijwe mu Bufaransa mu 1810. Yatandukanijwe n'Ubufaransa mu 1814 ashinga ubwami bw'Ubuholandi umwaka ukurikira (Ububiligi bwatandukanijwe n'Ubuholandi mu 1830). Yabaye ubwami bugendera ku itegekonshinga mu 1848. Yakomeje kutabogama mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose. Kutabogama byatangajwe mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose. Muri Gicurasi 1940, yaratewe kandi yigarurirwa n'ingabo z'Abadage, umuryango wa cyami na guverinoma bimukira mu Bwongereza, maze guverinoma mu buhungiro ishyirwaho. Nyuma y'intambara, yaretse politiki yo kutabogama maze yinjira muri NATO, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi nyuma y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi.

Ibendera ryigihugu: Ni urukiramende rufite igipimo cyuburebure n'ubugari bwa 3: 2. Kuva hejuru kugeza hasi, ikorwa muguhuza ibice bitatu bisa kandi bingana buringaniye buringaniye bwumutuku, umweru nubururu. Ubururu bwerekana ko igihugu gihanganye ninyanja kandi kigereranya umunezero wabaturage; umweru ugereranya ubwisanzure, uburinganire, na demokarasi, kandi ugereranya imico yoroshye yabaturage; umutuku ugereranya intsinzi ya revolution.

Ubuholandi butuwe na miliyoni 16.357 (Kamena 2007). Kurenga 90% ni Abadage, usibye na Fris. Ururimi rwemewe ni Ikidage, naho Igifaransa kivugwa muri Friesland. 31% by'abaturage bemera Gatolika naho 21% bemera ubukristu.

Ubuholandi ni igihugu cy’abapitaliste cyateye imbere gifite umusaruro rusange w’igihugu kingana na miliyari 612.713 z'amadolari y’Amerika mu 2006 naho impuzandengo ya 31,757 by'amadolari ya Amerika ku muntu. Umutungo kamere w’Ubuholandi urakennye cyane. Inganda zateye imbere.Inganda nyamukuru z’inganda zirimo gutunganya ibiribwa, ibikomoka kuri peteroli, metallurgie, gukora imashini, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, ibyuma, kubaka ubwato, gucapa, gutunganya diyama, n’ibindi. Mu myaka 20 ishize, byagize uruhare runini mu iterambere ry’inganda zikorana buhanga cyane nko mu kirere, mikorobe, n’ubuhanga bw’ibinyabuzima. Nubwubatsi bwubwato, metallurgie, nibindi Rotterdam nicyo kigo kinini cyo gutunganya peteroli mu Burayi. Ubuholandi ni kimwe mu bihugu bikomeye byubaka ubwato ku isi. Ubuhinzi bw’Ubuholandi nabwo bwateye imbere cyane kandi ni igihugu cya gatatu ku isi cyohereza ibicuruzwa hanze mu buhinzi. Abadage bakoresheje ubutaka budakwiriye guhingwa kugira ngo bateze imbere ubworozi hakurikijwe imiterere yaho, none bugeze ku nka imwe n'ingurube imwe kuri buri muntu, bituma iba kimwe mu bihugu byateye imbere mu nganda z’ubworozi ku isi. Bahinga ibirayi ku musenyi kandi biteza imbere gutunganya ibirayi.Birenze kimwe cya kabiri cy’imbuto y’ibirayi ku isi byoherezwa hano. Indabyo ninganda zinkingi mubuholandi. Ubuso bwa metero kare miliyoni 110 za pariki mu gihugu zikoreshwa mu guhinga indabyo n'imboga, bityo bikishimira izina rya "Ubusitani bw’iburayi". Ubuholandi bwohereza ubwiza mu mpande zose z'isi, kandi kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bingana na 40% -50% by'isoko mpuzamahanga ry'indabyo. Serivise yimari yu Buholandi, inganda zubwishingizi, nubukerarugendo nabyo byateye imbere cyane.

Anecdote-Kugirango babeho kandi biteze imbere, Abadage bagerageza uko bashoboye kugirango barinde igihugu gito cyambere kandi birinde "hejuru" mugihe inyanja iba yuzuye. Barwanye ninyanja igihe kirekire, basubiza ubutaka mu nyanja. Nko mu kinyejana cya 13, hubatswe ingomero kugira ngo bahagarike inyanja, hanyuma amazi yo muri cofferdam akurwa na turbine y'umuyaga. Mu binyejana byashize, Abadage bubatse kilometero 1.800 za bariyeri zo mu nyanja, bongeraho hegitari zirenga 600.000. Muri iki gihe, 20% by'ubutaka bw'Ubuholandi bwongeye kugarurwa mu nyanja. Amagambo "Kwihangana" yanditseho Ikirango cy'igihugu cy'Ubuholandi yerekana neza imiterere y'igihugu cy'Abaholandi.

Amsterdam : Amsterdam, umurwa mukuru w’ubwami bw’Ubuholandi (Amsterdam) iherereye ku nkombe y’amajyepfo ashyira uburengerazuba bwa IJsselmeer, ituwe n’abaturage 735.000 (2003). Amsterdam ni umujyi udasanzwe. Umujyi ufite inzira zirenga 160 nini nini nini zihuza ibiraro birenga 1.000. Kuzenguruka umujyi, ibiraro byambukiranya imigezi n'inzuzi. Urebye inyoni, inyanja imeze nka satine na cobwebs. Ubutaka bwumujyi buri muri metero 1-5 munsi yinyanja kandi bwitwa "Venise ya ruguru".

"Dan" bisobanura urugomero mu giholandi. Urugomero rwubatswe n’Abaholandi ni rwo rwateje imbere umudugudu w’uburobyi mu myaka 700 ishize muri metero mpuzamahanga ubu. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 16, Amsterdam yabaye icyambu gikomeye n'umujyi w'ubucuruzi, kandi wigeze kuba ikigo cy'imari, ubucuruzi n'umuco ku isi mu kinyejana cya 17. Mu 1806, Ubuholandi bwimuriye umurwa mukuru wabwo i Amsterdam, ariko umuryango w’ibwami, inteko ishinga amategeko, ibiro bya minisitiri w’intebe, minisiteri nkuru n’ubutumwa bwa diplomasi byagumye i La Haye.

Amsterdam nigisagara kinini n’inganda n’ubukungu mu Buholandi, gifite inganda zirenga 7.700, kandi umusaruro wa diyama mu nganda ugera kuri 80% by’isi yose. Byongeye kandi, Amsterdam ifite isoko ryimigabane ya kera kwisi.

Amsterdam kandi ni umujyi uzwi cyane wumuco nubuhanzi byu Burayi. Muri uyu mujyi hari ingoro ndangamurage 40. Inzu Ndangamurage y’igihugu ifite icyegeranyo cy’ibikorwa by’ubuhanzi birenga miliyoni, harimo ibihangano byakozwe na ba shebuja nka Rembrandt, Hals na Vermeer, bizwi cyane ku isi. Inzu ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi bugezweho hamwe n’inzu ndangamurage ya Van Gogh izwiho gukusanya ibihangano by’Abadage bo mu kinyejana cya 17. "Umurima w’ingano wa Crow" na "Kurya ibirayi" byarangiye hasigaye iminsi ibiri ngo urupfu rwa Van Gogh rwerekanwe hano.

Rotterdam : Rotterdam iherereye kuri delta yakozwe no guhuza imigezi ya Rhine na Maas ku nkombe y’amajyepfo ashyira uburengerazuba bw’Ubuholandi, ku birometero 18 uvuye ku nyanja y'Amajyaruguru. Ubusanzwe yari igihugu cyasubiwemo ku nkombe z'umugezi wa Rotter. Ryashinzwe mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 13, ryari icyambu gito gusa n'ikigo cy'ubucuruzi. Yatangiye gutera imbere mu cyambu cya kabiri kinini mu bucuruzi mu Buholandi mu 1600. Mu 1870, inzira y'amazi yerekeza mu nyanja y'Amajyaruguru kuva ku cyambu yaravuguruwe kandi atera imbere byihuse kandi aba icyambu ku isi.

Kuva mu myaka ya za 1960, Rotterdam nicyo cyambu kinini ku isi, gifite amateka arenga toni miliyoni 300 (1973). Ni irembo ryerekeza mu kibaya cya Rhine. Ubu ni umujyi wa kabiri munini mu Buholandi, ihuriro ry’amazi, ubutaka n’ikirere, n’ikigo gikomeye cy’ubucuruzi n’imari. Ubu Rotterdam nicyo cyambu kinini ku isi gifite ibicuruzwa byinshi byinjira mu mahanga, ndetse n’ikigo gikwirakwiza ibicuruzwa mu Burayi bw’iburengerazuba, n’icyambu kinini cya kontineri mu Burayi. Inganda nyamukuru zirimo gutunganya, kubaka ubwato, ibikomoka kuri peteroli, ibyuma, ibiribwa n’imashini. Rotterdam ifite kaminuza, ibigo byubushakashatsi ningoro ndangamurage.