INetherlands, igama eligcwele lombuso waseNetherlands, inendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-41528. Itholakala entshonalanga yeYurophu, iJalimane elingumakhelwane ngasempumalanga neBelgium eningizimu. Unqamula ulwandle oluseNyakatho ngasentshonalanga nasenyakatho futhi usezintabeni zemifula iRhine, Maas neSkelt, enogu lwamakhilomitha ayi-1,075. Imifula yasendaweni iyachaphazeleka, ikakhulukazi iRhine neMaas. Kune-IJsselmeer ogwini olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga. Ugu olusentshonalanga luyizindawo eziphansi, empumalanga ngamathafa agagadayo, kanti maphakathi naseningizimu-mpumalanga yizinkangala. "INetherlands" ibizwa ngeNetherlands ngesiJalimane, okusho ukuthi "izwe eliphansi" .Iqanjwa ngoba ingxenye engaphezu kwengxenye yomhlaba wayo ingaphansi noma icishe ibe sezingeni lolwandle. Isimo sezulu saseNetherlands yisimo sezulu sehlathi esipholile esinamanzi amaningi asolwandle.

Izwe lihlukaniswe izifundazwe eziyi-12 ezinomasipala abangama-489 (2003). Amagama ezifundazwe ami kanjena: Groningen, Friesland, Drenthe, Overijssel, Gelderland, Utrecht, North Holland, South Holland, Zealand, North Brabant, Limburg, Frey UFran.

Ngaphambi kwekhulu le-16, kwakusesimweni sokwehlukaniswa kwamakhosi isikhathi eside. Ngaphansi kokubusa kweSpain ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16. Ngo-1568, kwaqubuka impi yokulwa nombuso waseSpain iminyaka engu-80. Ngo-1581, izifundazwe eziyisikhombisa ezisenyakatho zasungula iDutch Republic (eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni njenge-United Republic of the Netherlands). ISpain yamukela ngokusemthethweni inkululeko yaseDashi ngo-1648. Kwakungumbuso wamakoloni wasolwandle ngekhulu le-17. Ngemuva kwekhulu le-18, uhlelo lwamakoloni lwaseDashi lwawa kancane kancane. Ukuhlasela kweFrance ngo-1795. Ngo-1806, umfowabo kaNapoleon waba yinkosi, kwathi uHolland wabizwa ngokuthi umbuso. Ihlanganiswe neFrance ngo-1810. Ihlukaniswe neFrance ngo-1814 futhi yasungula uMbuso waseNetherlands ngonyaka olandelayo (iBelgium yahlukaniswa neNetherlands ngo-1830). Kwaba umbuso wobukhosi ngokomthethosisekelo ngo-1848. Ukungathathi hlangothi phakathi neMpi Yezwe I. Ukungathathi hlangothi kwamenyezelwa ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe II. NgoMeyi 1940, yahlaselwa futhi yathathwa ngamasosha aseJalimane, umndeni wasebukhosini kanye nohulumeni bathuthela eBrithani, kwasungulwa uhulumeni osekudingisweni. Ngemuva kwempi, washiya inqubomgomo yakhe yokungathathi hlangothi wajoyina i-NATO, i-European Community futhi kamuva i-European Union.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Lingunxande elinesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi obungu-3: 2. Kusukela phezulu kuye phansi, yakhiwa ngokuxhuma onxande abathathu abalinganayo nabalinganayo ababomvu, abamhlophe nabaluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kukhombisa ukuthi izwe libhekene nolwandle futhi lifanekisela ukujabula kwabantu; okumhlophe kufanekisela inkululeko, ukulingana, nentando yeningi, futhi futhi kumelela isimilo esilula sabantu; umbala obomvu umele ukunqoba kwenguquko.

INetherlands inabantu abayizigidi eziyi-16.357 (ngoJuni 2007). Abangaphezu kuka-90% bangamaDashi, ngaphezu kukaFris. Ulimi olusemthethweni isiDashi, kanti isiFrisian sikhulunywa eFriesland. Izakhamizi ezingama-31% zikholelwa kubuKhatholika kanti ezingama-21% zikholelwa ebuKristwini.

INetherlands yizwe elithuthukisiwe likanxiwankulu elinomkhiqizo ophelele kazwelonke wamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-612.713 e-US ngonyaka we-2006, onenani lomuntu ngamunye elingama-31,757 amadola aseMelika. Izinsiza zemvelo zaseDashi zimbi kakhulu. Le mboni ithuthukisiwe.Imikhakha emikhulu yezimboni ifaka phakathi ukucutshungulwa kokudla, ama-petrochemicals, i-metallurgy, ukukhiqizwa kwemishini, i-elekthronikhi, insimbi, ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, ukuphrinta, ukucubungula idayimane, njll. Eminyakeni engama-20 edlule, ikubalule kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zobuchwepheshe obufana nesikhala, i-microelectronics, ne-bioengineering. Kukwakha umkhumbi, ukusansimbi, njll. IRotterdam iyisikhungo sokuhluza uwoyela esikhulu kunazo zonke eYurophu. INetherlands ingelinye lamazwe amakhulu okwakhiwa kwemikhumbi emhlabeni. Ezolimo zaseDashi nazo zithuthuke kakhulu futhi zingumthengisi wesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni wemikhiqizo yezolimo. AmaDashi asebenzise umhlaba ongakulungele ukulima ukuthuthukisa ukufuya imfuyo ngokuya ngezimo zendawo, futhi manje usufinyelele enkomeni eyodwa nengulube ngayinye ngomuntu ngamunye, okwenza kwaba ngelinye lamazwe athuthukile embonini yokufuya izilwane emhlabeni. Zikhula amazambane ekubunjweni kwesihlabathi futhi zithuthukisa ukucubungula amazambane.Ingxenye engaphezu kwengxenye yokuhweba kwamazambane embewu emhlabeni ithunyelwa kusuka lapha. Izimbali ziyimboni yezinsika eNetherlands. Kukhona ingqikithi yamamitha-skwele ayizigidi eziyi-110 wezindlu zokugcina izithombo ezweni zokutshala izimbali nemifino, ngakho-ke ithokozela idumela le- "European Garden". INetherlands ithumela ubuhle kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba, kanti ukuthunyelwa kwembali kuthumela ama-40% -50% emakethe yezimbali yomhlaba wonke. Izinsizakalo zezezimali zaseDashi, imboni yomshuwalense, nezokuvakasha nazo zithuthuke kakhulu.

I-Anecdote-Ukuze baphile futhi bathuthuke, amaDashi azama konke okusemandleni awo ukuvikela izwe elincane lasekuqaleni futhi agweme "ukuphuma" lapho ulwandle luphakeme kakhulu. Balwa nolwandle isikhathi eside, befuna umhlaba olwandle. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13, kwakhiwa amadamu ukuvimba ulwandle, bese kuthi amanzi ase-cofferdam akhishwe yi-turbine yomoya. Kule minyaka engamakhulu ambalwa edlule, amaDashi akhe amakhithi olwandle angama-1 800, engeza ngaphezu kwamahektha angama-600,000 omhlaba. Namuhla, ama-20% omhlaba waseDashi ubuyiselwe ngendlela engeyiyo olwandle. Amagama "Ukubekezela" aqoshwe eSifanekisweni Sikazwelonke saseNetherlands aveza kahle isimilo sezwe labantu baseDashi.

Amsterdam : I-Amsterdam, inhloko-dolobha yoMbuso waseNetherlands (i-Amsterdam) itholakala ebhange eliseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-IJsselmeer, enabantu abangama-735,000 (2003). I-Amsterdam yidolobha elingaziwa. Kunemizila yamanzi emikhulu nemincane engaphezu kwe-160 edolobheni, exhunywe ngamabhuloho angaphezu kwe-1 000. Lapho uzulazula edolobheni, amabhuloho ayachaphazeleka nemifula iyachichima. Ngokombono wenyoni, amagagasi afana nezintambo zesatin nezicabucabu. Indawo yedolobha ingamamitha ayi-1-5 ngaphansi kogu lolwandle futhi ibizwa nge- "iVenice yaseNyakatho".

"UDan" kusho idamu ngesiDashi. Kwakuyidamu elakhiwa amaDashi elathuthukisa kancane kancane idolobhana lokudoba eminyakeni engama-700 eyedlule langena edolobheni elikhulu lamazwe namuhla. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, i-Amsterdam yayisibe yitheku elibalulekile nedolobha lokuhweba, futhi yake yaba yisikhungo sezezimali, ukuhweba namasiko emhlabeni ngekhulu le-17. Ngo-1806, iNetherlands yathutha inhlokodolobha yayo yaya e-Amsterdam, kodwa umndeni wasebukhosini, iphalamende, ihhovisi likandunankulu, iminyango emikhulu kanye nezithunywa zazihlala eThe Hague.

I-Amsterdam iyidolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke lezimboni kanye nesikhungo sezomnotho eNetherlands, enezinkampani ezingaphezu kuka-7 700 zezimboni, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwedayimane ezimbonini okungu-80% wenani eliphelele lomhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Amsterdam inesitoko esidala kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

I-Amsterdam futhi idolobha elidumile laseYurophu lamasiko nobuciko. Kuneminyuziyamu engama-40 edolobheni. UMnyuziyamu Kazwelonke uneqoqo lemisebenzi yobuciko engaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa, kufaka phakathi imisebenzi yobuciko eyenziwe ngamakhosi afana neRembrandt, iHals neVermeer, adume umhlaba wonke. I-Municipal Museum of Modern Art kanye neVan Gogh Museum badume ngokuqoqwa kwabo kwezobuciko bamaDashi bekhulu le-17 leminyaka. I- "Crow's Wheat Field" ne- "Potato Eater" zaqedwa ezinsukwini ezimbili ngaphambi kokushona kukaVan Gogh lapha.

I-Rotterdam : I-Rotterdam isendaweni yezintaba eyakhiwe ukuhlangana kwemifula iRhine neMaas ogwini oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNetherlands, amakhilomitha ayi-18 ukusuka eNorth Sea. Ekuqaleni kwakuyizwe elaphinde labuyiselwa emlonyeni woMfula iRotter. Eyasungulwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-13, kwakuyindawo encane ethekwini kanye nendawo yokuhweba kuphela. Iqale ukukhula yaba ichweba lesibili ngobukhulu lokuhweba eNetherlands ngo-1600. Ngo-1870, umgwaqo wamanzi oqonde ngqo eNyakatho yoLwandle ovela ethekwini walungiswa futhi wakhiwa ngokushesha futhi waba yichweba lomhlaba wonke.

Kusukela ngawo-1960, iRotterdam ibe yisikhumulo semithwalo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, esinomthamo ophakeme kakhulu wezimpahla ngokomlando wamathani ayizigidi ezingama-300 (1973). Kuyisango eliya esiGodini iRhine. Manje sekuyidolobha lesibili ngobukhulu eNetherlands, ihabhu lezokuthutha lamanzi, umhlaba nomoya, futhi liyisikhungo esibalulekile sezohwebo nezezezimali. IRotterdam manje iyitheku elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni elinokuhamba okukhulu kwezimpahla, kanye nesikhungo sokusabalalisa izimpahla eNtshonalanga Yurophu, kanye nechweba lamabhontjisi elikhulu kunawo wonke eYurophu. Izimboni eziyinhloko zifaka phakathi ukucwengwa, ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, ama-petrochemicals, insimbi, ukudla nokwenziwa kwemishini. IRotterdam inamayunivesithi, izikhungo zocwaningo kanye neminyuziyamu.