Bosniya da Herzegovina, cikakken sunan Bosniya da Herzegovina, suna a tsakiyar yankin tsohuwar Yugoslavia, tsakanin Croatia da Serbia. Yankin yana da murabba'in kilomita 51129. Yawan mutane miliyan 4.01 (2004), wanda Tarayyar Bosniya da Herzegovina suka kai 62.5%, Jamhuriyar Sabiya kuma tana da kashi 37.5%. Manyan kabilun sune: Bosniaks (ma'ana, kabilun musulmai a tsohuwar yankin kudu), wanda yakai kimanin kashi 43.5% na yawan mutanen; kabilun Serbia, wanda yakai kimanin 31.2% na yawan jama'ar; Kabilar Croati, sunkai kimanin 17. 4%. Kabilun uku sun yi imani da Islama, Cocin Orthodox da Katolika bi da bi. Harsunan hukuma sune Bosniyanci, Sabiya da Kroatiyanci. Bosnia da Herzegovina suna da albarkatun ma'adinai, galibi ƙarfe, lignite, bauxite, lead-zinc ore, asbestos, gishirin dutse, barite, da dai sauransu. Rashin ruwa da albarkatun gandun daji suna da yawa, kuma yankin dazuzzuka ya kai kaso 46.6% na duk yankin Bosniya da Herzegovina.

Tutar ƙasa: Launin baya yana shuɗi, fasalin babban alwatika ne na zinariya, kuma akwai jere na fararen taurari a gefe ɗaya na alwatiran. Bangarori uku na babban alwatilolin alama ce ta manyan kabilu uku da suka haɗu da Jamhuriyar Bosniya da Herzegovina, waɗanda suka hada da kabilun Musulmai, Sabiya da Kuroshiya. Zinare shine hasken rana, mai alamar bege. Shudi baya da farin taurari suna nuna Turai kuma suna nuna cewa Bosnia da Herzegovina wani ɓangare ne na Turai.

A karshen karni na 6 da farkon karni na 7, wasu Slav sun yi kudu zuwa yankin Balkans kuma suka zauna a Bosnia da Herzegovina. A ƙarshen karni na 12, Slav sun kafa Prinancin Mallaka na Bosnia. A ƙarshen karni na 14, Bosniya ta kasance ƙasa mafi ƙarfi a kudancin Slavs. Ya zama mallakar Turkiya bayan 1463 kuma Masarautar Austro-Hungary ta mamaye shi a cikin 1908. Bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Farko a cikin 1918, mutanen Slavic na kudu sun kafa Masarautar Sabiya-Kroatiya-da Sloveniya, wacce aka sauya mata suna zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia a shekarar 1929. Bosnia da Herzegovina sun kasance ɓangarenta kuma an rarraba ta zuwa lardunan gudanarwa da yawa. A shekarar 1945, mutanen dukkanin kabilun Yugoslavia suka sami nasarar yakin kin-Fascist suka kuma kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Jama'ar Yugoslavia (wacce aka sake mata suna zuwa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tarayyar Yugoslavia a shekarar 1963), kuma Bosnia da Herzegovina suka zama jamhuriya ta Tarayyar Yugoslavia. A watan Maris na shekarar 1992, Bosniya da Herzegovina sun gudanar da zaben raba gardama kan ko kasar ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta ko a’a, Bosniya da Herzegovina sun nuna goyon baya ga samun ‘yanci, kuma Sabiyawan sun ki amincewa da kuri’ar, bayan haka, yakin shekaru uku da rabi ya barke tsakanin Bosnia da Herzegovina. A ranar 22 ga Mayu, 1992, Bosnia da Herzegovina suka shiga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 1995, a karkashin kulawar Amurka, Shugaba Milosevic na Jamhuriyar Serbia na Yugoslavia, Shugaba Tudjman na Jamhuriyar Croatia da Shugaba Izetbegovic na Jamhuriyar Bosnia da Herzegovina sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Dayton-Bosnia-Herzegovina. Yaƙin Bosniya da Herzegovina ya ƙare.

Sarajevo: Sarajevo, babban birnin Bosniya da Herzegovina (Sarajevo), muhimmiyar cibiyar zirga-zirga ce ta masana'antu da jiragen kasa.Wannan sanannen sanadiyyar barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na identaya (Faruwar Sarajevo). Sarajevo tana kusa da saman saman Kogin Boyana, yanki ne na Kogin Sava.Wannan birni ne mai dadadden kewaye da tsaunuka da kyawawan wurare. Tana da filin marubba'in kilomita 142 da yawan jama'a 310,000 (2002).

Sarajevo ya canza suna sau da dama a tarihi, kuma sunan da yake a yanzu yana nufin "Fadar Gwamnan Sarkin Musulmi" a yaren Turkanci. Wannan ya nuna cewa al'adun Turkawa suna da tasirin gaske a garin. A cikin 395 AD, bayan kayen Maximus, Sarki Theodosius I ya matsar da kan iyaka tsakanin masarautun Yamma da Gabas zuwa yankin Sarajevo kafin rasuwarsa A wancan lokacin, Sarajevo gari ne wanda ba a san shi sosai ba. A karshen karni na 15, daular Usmaniyya ta Turkiyya ta fatattaki Serbia, ta mamaye Bosniya da Herzegovina, ta kuma tilastawa mazauna yankin musulunta, lamarin da ya sa wasu mazauna yankin Musulmai. A lokaci guda kuma, Masarautar Austro-Hungary ta yiwa Sabiya makamai kuma suka yi amfani da su wajen tsare kan iyakokin da kansu, kuma daga nan ne suka fara yakin da ya dauki shekaru aru aru. A tarihi, tare da hanyar da ke tsakiyar tsakiyar tsohuwar Yugoslavia (mafi dacewa ta cikin Bosnia da Herzegovina), Katolika da Orthodox, Kiristoci da Islama, Jamusawa da Slav, Russia da Yammacin Turai duk sun yi yaƙi sosai a nan. Matsayin dabarun Sarajevo ya zama mai mahimmanci. Shekarun yaƙe-yaƙe sun sanya wannan garin da ba a san shi sosai sanannen birni, kuma ya zama mahimmin gasa tsakanin ɓangarori daban-daban, kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama babban birnin Bosniya da Herzegovina.

Sarajevo birni ne mai daɗaɗɗen yanayi tare da kyawawan wurare, bayyanar birni na musamman da salon gine-gine daban-daban. Tunda ya canza hannu sau da yawa a tarihi, masu mulki daban-daban sun kawo kowane irin al'adu da addinai na kabilanci zuwa cikin gari, suna mai da shi mahadar al'adun tattalin arziki na Gabas da Yamma, kuma a hankali ya zama birni wanda ya haɗu gabas da yamma. . Birnin yana da gine-ginen Austrian na ƙarni na 19 na ƙarni iri iri, rumfuna irin na Gabas da kuma bitocin hannu irin na Turkawa.

Babban birni galibi gine-ginen gargajiya ne daga zamanin Daular Austro-Hungary. Ana rarraba majami'un Katolika, majami'u na Orthodox da kuma hasumiyar masallacin Islama tare da zinare a cikin gari. Al’umar Musulmai a Sarajevo sun fi sama da kashi daya bisa uku, wanda ya sa ya zama wurin da Musulmai suke rayuwa.Saboda haka, ana kiran Sarajevo da “Alkahira ta Turai” da “Babban Birnin Musulmin Turai”. Akwai masallatai sama da 100 a cikin garin, daga cikinsu mafi tsufa shi ne Masallacin Archi-Hislu-Bek wanda aka gina a karni na 16. Gidan kayan tarihin a cikin garin kuma yana dauke da sanannen rubutun Ibrananci "Hagada", wanda shine kayan tarihi da ba kasafai ake samun su ba kamar almara da labarai da dama wadanda aka ambata a fassarar yahudawa ta "Bible" Strongaƙƙarfan yanayin Islama da aka kirkira bayan yaƙin Bosniya da Herzegovina ya sa wasu lokuta za ka ji kamar kana cikin duniyar Larabawa a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Wannan salo na musamman a fili ya sha bamban da sauran biranen gargajiya na Turai, don haka yanzu ana kiran Sarajevo da Urushalima ta Turai.

Bugu da kari, Sarajevo ita ma cibiyar safarar kasa ce kuma cibiyar tattalin arziki da al'adu ta Bosniya da Herzegovina. Manyan masana'antun sun hada da kayan wutar lantarki, kera motoci, sarrafa karafa, sinadarai, kayan masaka, tukwane, da sarrafa abinci. Hakanan akwai jami'a da asibitoci da yawa a cikin gari tare da Makarantar Mining, Polytechnic, Science and Fine Arts.