Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, dzina lonse la Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, lili pakatikati pa dziko lomwe kale linali Yugoslavia, pakati pa Croatia ndi Serbia. Malowa ndi 51129 ma kilomita. Chiwerengero cha anthu 4.01 miliyoni (2004), omwe Federation of Bosnia ndi Herzegovina amawerengera 62.5%, ndipo Serbia Republic ili ndi 37.5%. Mitundu yayikulu ndi iyi: Bosniaks (ndiye mtundu wachisilamu m'mbuyomu kumwera), owerengera pafupifupi 43.5% ya anthu onse; Mtundu waku Serbia, owerengera pafupifupi 31.2% ya anthu onse; Mtundu waku Croatia, pafupifupi 17. 4%. Mitundu itatu imakhulupirira Chisilamu, Tchalitchi cha Orthodox ndi Chikatolika motsatana. Ziyankhulo zovomerezeka ndi Bosnia, Serbia ndi Croatia. Bosnia ndi Herzegovina ili ndi mchere wambiri, makamaka miyala yachitsulo, lignite, bauxite, miyala ya lead-zinc, asibesitosi, miyala yamchere, barite, ndi zina zambiri. Mphamvu zamadzi ndi nkhalango ndizochulukirapo, ndipo dera lomwe limafalitsa nkhalango ndi 46.6% ya gawo lonse la Bosnia ndi Herzegovina.

BiH ili ndi magulu awiri, Federation of Bosnia ndi Herzegovina ndi Republic of Serbia. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina ili ndi mayiko 10: Unna-Sana, Posavina, Tuzla-Podrinje, Zenica-Doboj, Bosna-Podrinje, Central Bosnia Mayiko, Herzegovina-Neretva, West Herzegovina, Sarajevo, West Bosnia. Republika Srpska ili ndi zigawo 7: Banja Luka, Doboj, Belina, Vlasenica, Sokolac, Srbine ndi Trebinje . Mu 1999, Brčko Special Zone idakhazikitsidwa, molunjika m'boma.

Mbendera yadziko: Mtundu wakumbuyo ndi wabuluu, kachitidweko ndi kansalu kakang'ono kagolide, ndipo pali mzere wa nyenyezi zoyera mbali imodzi ya kansaluyo. Mbali zitatu za katatu wamkulu zikuyimira mitundu itatu yayikulu yomwe ili Republic of Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, omwe ndi mafuko achi Muslim, Serbia ndi Croatia. Golide ndiye kunyezimira kwa dzuwa, kuyimira chiyembekezo. Mbiri yakuda ndi nyenyezi zoyera zikuyimira Europe ndikuwonetsa kuti Bosnia ndi Herzegovina ndi gawo la Europe.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi ndikumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri, Asilavo ena adasamukira kumwera ku Balkan ndikukhala ku Bosnia ndi Herzegovina. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 12, Asilavo adakhazikitsa boma lodziyimira palokha la Bosnia. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 14, Bosnia linali dziko lamphamvu kwambiri kumwera Asilavo. Inakhala ya Turkey pambuyo pa 1463 ndipo idalandidwa ndi Austro-Hungary Empire ku 1908. Nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itatha mu 1918, anthu aku Slavic akumwera adakhazikitsa Ufumu wa Serb-Croatia-Slovenian, womwe udasinthidwa kukhala Kingdom of Yugoslavia mu 1929. Bosnia ndi Herzegovina anali gawo lake ndipo adagawika zigawo zingapo zoyang'anira. Mu 1945, anthu amitundu yonse ku Yugoslavia adapambana nkhondo yotsutsana ndi fascist ndipo adakhazikitsa Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (yotchedwanso Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia mu 1963), ndipo Bosnia ndi Herzegovina adakhala republic of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Mu Marichi 1992, Bosnia ndi Herzegovina adapanga referendum yodziyimira ngati dzikolo linali lodziyimira pawokha kapena ayi.Bosnia ndi Herzegovina adagwirizana ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha, ndipo Aserbia adakana votiyo. Pa Meyi 22, 1992, Bosnia ndi Herzegovina adalowa nawo United Nations. Pa Novembala 21, 1995, motsogozedwa ndi United States, Purezidenti Milosevic waku Republic of Serbia waku Yugoslavia, Purezidenti Tudjman waku Republic of Croatia, ndi Purezidenti Izetbegovic wa Republic of Bosnia ndi Herzegovina adasaina Pangano Lamtendere la Dayton-Bosnia-Herzegovina. Nkhondo ku Bosnia ndi Herzegovina yatha.

Sarajevo: Sarajevo, likulu la Bosnia ndi Herzegovina (Sarajevo), ndi malo ofunikira oyendetsa mafakitale ndi njanji.Idali yotchuka poyambika kwa Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse (Chochitika cha Sarajevo). Sarajevo ili pafupi ndi malo okwera a Mtsinje wa Boyana, womwe umadutsa mumtsinje wa Sava, womwe ndi mzinda wakale wozunguliridwa ndi mapiri komanso malo okongola. Ili ndi dera lalikulu ma 142 ma kilomita ndi anthu 310,000 (2002).

Sarajevo yasintha dzinalo kangapo m'mbiri, ndipo dzina lilipoli limatanthauza "Nyumba Yoyang'anira Kazembe wa Sultan" mu Chituruki. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti chikhalidwe cha Turkey chimakhudza kwambiri mzindawu. Mu 395 AD, a Maximus atagonjetsedwa, Emperor Theodosius I adasuntha malire pakati pa maufumu akumadzulo ndi kum'mawa kupita kufupi ndi Sarajevo asanamwalire.Panthawiyo, Sarajevo anali mzinda wodziwika pang'ono. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 15, Ufumu wa Turkey Ottoman udagonjetsa Serbia, udalanda Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, ndikukakamiza nzika zakomweko kulowa Chisilamu, ndikupangitsa nzika zina kukhala Asilamu. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, Ufumu wa Austro-Hungary unanyamula Aserbia ndi kuwagwiritsa ntchito kudzitetezera okha, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo kunayamba nkhondo yomwe idatenga zaka zambiri. M'mbuyomu, panjira yapafupi ndi Yugoslavia wakale (makamaka kudzera ku Bosnia ndi Herzegovina), Akatolika ndi Orthodox, akhristu ndi Asilamu, Ajeremani ndi Asilavo, aku Russia ndi azungu onse amenya nkhondo pano. Udindo wa Sarajevo chifukwa chake wakhala wofunikira kwambiri. Zaka zambiri za nkhondo zidapangitsa tawuni yodziwika bwino iyi kukhala mzinda wodziwika bwino, ndipo idakhala cholinga cha magulu angapo, kenako kukhala likulu la Bosnia ndi Herzegovina.

Sarajevo ndi mzinda wakale wokhala ndi malo owoneka bwino, mawonekedwe apadera amzindawu komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazomangamanga. Popeza yasintha manja kangapo m'mbiri, olamulira osiyanasiyana abweretsa miyambo ndi zipembedzo zamtundu uliwonse mzindawu, ndikupangitsa kuti ukhale mphambano zachuma chakum'mawa ndi chakumadzulo, ndipo pang'onopang'ono udakhala mzinda womwe umalumikiza kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo. . Mzindawu uli ndi nyumba zokongola kwambiri zaku Austrian m'zaka za zana la 19, zikuluzikulu zaku Oriental ndi malo ochitira ntchito zamanja aku Turkey.

Mzindawu uli ndi nyumba zapamwamba kuyambira nthawi ya Ufumu wa Austro-Hungary. Mipingo ya Katolika, matchalitchi a Orthodox ndi nsanja zachiSilamu zomwe zimakhala ndi ma spiers zimagawidwa mwadongosolo mumzinda. Asilamu ku Sarajevo amatenga gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu, ndikupangitsa kukhala malo omwe Asilamu amakhala. Chifukwa chake, Sarajevo amadziwika kuti "Cairo of Europe" komanso "Muslim Capital of Europe". Pali mzikiti wopitilira 100 mzindawu, yomwe yakale kwambiri ndi Mosque ya Archi-Hislu-Bek yomwe idamangidwa mzaka za 16th. Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale mu mzindawu mulinso zolembedwa pamanja zachihebri zotchuka "Hagada", zomwe ndizopezeka zosowa monga nthano zosiyanasiyana ndi nthano zotchulidwa mukutanthauzira kwachiyuda kwa "Bible". Mkhalidwe wamphamvu wachisilamu wopangidwa pambuyo pa nkhondo ku Bosnia ndi Herzegovina umakupangitsani nthawi zina kumverera ngati muli kudziko lachiarabu ku Middle East. Mtundu wapaderawu mwachiwonekere ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi mizinda ina yaku Europe, chifukwa chake Sarajevo tsopano imadziwika kuti Jerusalem of Europe.

Kuphatikiza apo, Sarajevo ndi malo oyendetsera nthaka komanso malo azachuma komanso azikhalidwe ku Bosnia ndi Herzegovina. Makampani opanga zida zazikulu zimaphatikizapo zida zamagetsi, kupanga magalimoto, kukonza zitsulo, umagwirira, nsalu, ziwiya zadothi, komanso kukonza chakudya. Palinso yunivesite ndi zipatala zingapo mumzindawu ndi School of Mining, Polytechnic, Science and Fine Arts.